419:
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was designed with a complex three-level system of underground floors, where parking, bunkers, ventilation chambers and refrigeration equipment were located. The structure was equipped with a separate sewerage and an autonomous power supply system. There is a theory that the building is connected by underground passages to subway tunnels, but official sources do not confirm or refute this information. According to the memoirs of one of the builders, Felix
Mikhailovich Ashurov, when installing the flagpole, Dmitry Chechulin ordered it to be shortened by three meters for a more harmonious combination of proportions; however, due to possible delays, workers were ordered to install the already prepared bar in secret from the architect over a weekend.
511:
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the
President of Russia located on the third floor of the building. Traditionally, at the end of each year, the President holds meetings with the Council of Ministers in the White House, but ordinary meetings are rarely held in the building. In 2008, there was a large-scale reconstruction of the fifth floor of the building. At the same time, some media outlets reported on the construction of a swimming pool and gym within the building, but official sources did not confirm this information. A year later, a private restaurant was opened on the twelfth floor of the complex. In 2012, plans were made to move the offices of the officials to a new federal center in
480:
715:
symmetrical pyramidal structure composed of three parts. The powerful base with divergent ramps and a front staircase is supported by a wide seven-storey building with side wings. Above them stands a twenty-storey tower with rounded edges. The strict rhythm of the windows is disturbed on the upper technical floor, where the openings are much narrower. The outer walls of the structure are lined with granite and white marble. The building is crowned by a small tower with a gilded
Russian coat of arms and a flagpole on which the
333:
605:
571:"The first shell hit the meeting room, the second in Khasbulatov's office, the third in mine. And they were beaten with high-explosive shells, not insacks, as they claim today. The building will not burn from the dummy. I was sitting in my office when the projectile broke the window and exploded in the right corner . Fortunately, my table was on my left. A stunned man came out of there. I don't know what saved me."
54:
70:
640:– had been installed in its place. During this, the building was fenced off from the embankment with a massive fence that prevented rallies at the walls of the building. Nevertheless, protesters continued to gather next to the White House on the Humpback Bridge. In 1996, on the territory of the nearby Presnensky Park, a chapel was opened in memory of those who died in the House of Soviets.
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77:
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suggested that restorers mark the burnt floors on the facade with black granite cladding; however, this idea was abandoned in favor of recreating the original appearance of the complex. According to some data, repairs on the upper floors of the building were carried out by
Turkish workers. During the
584:
on each floor. Such caution is by no means unnecessary, since armed supporters of parliament are still in the basements of the Armed Forces building. In the first minutes after the assault, as soon as the shots subsided and special forces soldiers went to inspect the upper floors of the White House,
575:
Because of the shelling, a fire began on the 12th and 13th floors of the White House. The fire covered the entire upper part and destroyed 30% of the total area of the building, later the damage was estimated at 170 billion rubles. The situation in the White House after the assault was described by a
375:
frame with monolithic stiffness cores was used. Outside, the structure was lined with individual claydite concrete panels, which were previously finished with marble. The total area of the complex was 732,000 square meters, with a total area of office space around 132,000 square meters. The building
643:
Restoration work was carried out for almost a year, and in 1994 the repaired complex was occupied by the
Government of the Russian Federation. An inscription at the base of the tower reads "House of the Government of the Russian Federation," the official name of the building. There is an office for
538:
volunteer formations and retired military personnel were organized at the House of
Soviets. Data on weapons stored in the building vary. From September 23 to October 4, 1993, the Tenth Session of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was held in the building, as the conference
566:
fired 12 shells at the upper floors of the building. Arkady
Baskaev, who was appointed commandant of the House of Soviets after the assault, said that the fire in the building of the Supreme Soviet arose as a result of shelling from tanks. Subsequently, Alexander Rutskoy described the incident as
714:
In 1965, Dmitry
Chechulin used his plans for the unrealized project of the Aeroflot building to develop the plans for the future House of Soviets. However, the monumental complex of the White House differed from the original idea of the architect. The simplified composition of the building had a
651:
In
September 2020, the press service of the Government of the Russian Federation reported that the condition of White House was recognized as an emergency, citing issues with the roof and leaks in the basement among other issues. The Russian government has planned to allocate more than 5 billion
534:. An emergency session of the Supreme Soviet was convened, during which, among other things, it was decided to protect the building from possible siege. The events caused a spontaneous rally near the walls of the building. Protective detachments from security, civilians,
492:. It was during this period that the name "White House" was assigned to the building, which was widely used by the state media. In 1992, the building was depicted on the back side of commemorative coins in honor of the "victory of democratic forces" and the anniversary of
444:. At that time, the building was surrounded by a living chain of Muscovites who supported the president. An improvised barricade was built around the building, using materials such as garbage cans, fences of nearby parks, benches, and sawn trees. Protestors also painted
661:
493:
723:
The premises of the complex are decorated with multicolored stone marble inserts. The main assembly hall is located in the central part of the seven-storey base and faces the Moscow River. In total, the building has 27 meeting and reception rooms.
719:
is fixed. The height of the structure with the flagpole is 119 meters; without it, 102 meters. The building was the last lifetime project of Dmitry
Chechulin and is a unique object of Moscow's development, forming a panorama of the embankment.
1102:"Заключение Комиссии Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по дополнительному изучению и анализу событий, происходивших в городе Москве 21 сентября - 5 октября 1993 года - Тайна беззакония - РУССКОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНИЕ"
487:
The building was not stormed, presumably due to the possible number of civilian and military casualties. Later, the events that took place near the walls of the House of Soviets and elsewhere in the Soviet Union were defined as the
379:
Construction was completed in 1981, with a total cost exceeding 94 million rubles. After the completion of the project, team leader Dmitry Chechulin, architect Vitaly Mazurin, and designer Yuri Dykhovichny were awarded the
636:
restoration work, the clock on the tower of the main facade of the building was restored and reused; however, by the second half of 1994, the clock was dismantled and a golden image of a double-headed eagle – the
440:, in support of whom large-scale rallies were held around the building. During this period, Yeltsin repeatedly spoke to the audience, with his most famous speech being delivered on August 19 from a tank of the
364:, which rises above a significant part of the city, as the site on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment was inconvenient due to nearby buildings; however, because of the good view alongside the high bank of the
553:
During this period, rallies were held in different parts of Moscow, which caused armed skirmishes, and the territory around the building was recognized as a particularly dangerous zone. At a meeting of the
1667:"Дом Правительства России («Белый дом») метро Краснопресненская, Краснопресненская наб., 2 - описание, точный адрес в г. Москва, часы работы и отзывы о Дом Правительства России («Белый дом») | Time Out"
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streams of marauders rushed into the halls. The inside the parliament building is completely looted. Everything you can have been carried away: TVs, phones, table lamps and even plumbing."
448:
of political topics on the walls of the building. By August 20, approximately two hundred thousand people had gathered around the structure including public and political figures
418:
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616:(the executive branch), under whose control the reconstruction of the building took place. The reformed parliament, known thereafter by its Imperial-era title of the
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of the building was similar in size to the ship, it was supplemented with numerous sculptural compositions. The main entrance of the planned building emphasized the
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was closed for repair. The Congress and the Supreme Soviet stated the termination of the powers of President Boris Yeltsin and their transfer to
944:
688:. The original idea for the Aeroflot building was developed in honor of the rescue, by Soviet pilots, of the passengers of the sunken steamship
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684:
During the construction of the White House, Dmitry Chechulin used elements of his unrealized 1934 design for the headquarters of state airline
580:"By order of the White House Commandant Major General Arkady Baskaev, there is enhanced security from assault rifles and special forces of the
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Following the events of the 1993 constitutional crisis, control of the building was transferred via a decree by Boris Yeltsin to the
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1000:"Международный фонд социально-экономических и политологических исследований (Горбачев-Фонд) - Августовский путч. Летопись событий"
945:"ШАР: ШКОЛА АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ - Белый Дом на Краснопресненской набережной Москвы. Ашуров Феликс Михайлович, из воспоминаний"
558:, it was decided to storm the House of Soviets, after which President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on attracting troops from the
344:
at this site. The plan for the reconstruction of the territory was prepared by a group of architects known as Mosproekt-1, led by
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596:, states that there were about 1,500 victims in total, whose bodies were taken out of the building in secret passages.
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708:
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400:. In 1991 the Soviet Union issued a 50-kopeck stamp depicting the White House and honoring resistance to the
254:
223:
1125:
648:, but this idea was postponed indefinitely. The following year, a helipad was installed near the building.
1126:"газета "Дуэль" : политика экономика Россия поединок история цензура демократия борьба общество идея"
637:
562:
to Moscow. During the seizure of the building, six tanks from the Taman Division that were placed on the
625:
518:
In the midst of the constitutional crisis of 1993, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 1400 to dissolve the
469:
526:. The House of Soviets was disconnected from television and radio. According to the conclusion of the
332:
356:, and others, alongside a team of engineers. The overall design follows Chechulin's 1934 draft of the
948:
923:
734:
Video: Government commission inside the former House of Soviets after assault and fire (October 1993)
711:; but the structure did not correspond to the site in size and configuration, so it was never built.
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285:
340:
In 1965, construction of the House of Soviets began to accommodate the administrative bodies of the
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1550:
593:
563:
461:
392:, used the White House. The Supreme Soviet of Russia remained in the building until the end of the
372:
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The House of Soviets was the first multi-storey building in which a uniformly shaped prefabricated
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1642:""Белый Дом" - Энциклопедия Москвы - Что значит, описание, фото, толкование, определение"
1150:
604:
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In August 1991, the House of Soviets became the center of a confrontation against the
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689:
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Panorama of Krasnopresnenskaya embankment, with the White House in the center (2008)
483:
Makeshift barricade near the walls of the House of Soviets during 1991 coup attempt
453:
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17:
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Anafema : khronika gosudarstvennogo perevorota : zapiski razvedchika
733:
645:
617:
273:
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1704:
1367:
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1347:
1200:
1052:
1024:"Ходорковский: "Кандидатуру Путина я не приветствовал, и Путин это знает""
770:
707:. It was assumed that the Aeroflot building would form a new look for the
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1101:
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535:
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1174:
974:
1526:"Ъ: переезд чиновников в новую Москву отложен на неопределенный срок"
738:
360:
building. Initially, Chechulin proposed constructing the building on
277:
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It was built from 1965 to 1981 according to the design of architect
336:
View of Moscow (1972) showing the construction site of the complex.
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Image: Project of the Aeroflot building by Dmitry Chechulin, 1934
1129:
1202:
Prestupnyĭ rezhim : "liberalʹnai︠a︡ tiranii︠a︡" Elʹt︠s︡ina
695:. The construction was supposed to have simplified forms; the
1474:
1322:"От Советов — к Правительству: история Белого дома в Москве"
899:"Главный архитектор КГБ раскрыл тайну президентской госдачи"
819:"Главный архитектор КГБ раскрыл тайну президентской госдачи"
530:, the president's actions were illegal and contradicted the
556:
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
514:
The White House in 1993, soon after it was shelled by tanks
1551:"На реконструкцию Белого дома направят свыше ₽5 млрд"
259:
244:
The House of the Government of the Russian Federation
228:
40:
The House of the Government of the Russian Federation
772:
Vsi︠a︡ Moskva ot A do I︠A︡ : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡
311:, the building became a center of resistance to the
284:. The building serves as the primary office of the
195:
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182:
164:
146:
136:
126:
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89:
39:
608:Facade of the building after reconstruction (2008)
500:Forceful dispersal of the Supreme Soviet of Russia
422:Rally at the walls of the House of Soviets during
396:in 1991, as well as during the first years of the
769:Vostryshev, Mikhail; Вострышев, Михаил. (2011).
388:, which had until then held its sessions in the
1401:. Московская правда. 2016-01-21. Archived from
1346:Shevchenko, Valeriĭ; Шевченко, Валерий (2013).
578:
569:
1614:"Проект здания Центрального дома "Аэрофлота""
315:. The structure was badly damaged during the
288:and is the official workplace of the Russian
247:
216:
8:
620:, was elected in December 1993 and moved to
76:
576:correspondent of the Kommersant newspaper:
368:, the current location was chosen instead.
1767:Buildings and structures completed in 1981
1380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
803:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
36:
1393:
1391:
431:State Committee on the State of Emergency
313:State Committee on the State of Emergency
328:Construction and use in the Soviet Union
1246:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
844:"Архитектурно-проектная мастерская №20"
750:
600:End of the 20th century and the present
1373:
1236:
1226:
796:
261:Dom pravitelstva Rossiyskoi Federatsii
249:Дом Правительства Российской Федерации
46:Дом Правительства Российской Федерации
1752:Former seats of national legislatures
1636:
1634:
1475:"Белый дом подстраивается под Путина"
1046:
1044:
592:, referring to eyewitness letters in
237:
7:
975:"Проблемы реконструкции Белого дома"
969:
967:
965:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
652:rubles for reconstruction purposes.
614:Government of the Russian Federation
319:and was subsequently reconstructed.
1424:"Путин приехал в Дом правительства"
1349:Zhertvy chërnogo okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 1993
1262:""Я работаю в гостинице "Украина"""
775:. S. Shokarev, С. Шокарев. Moskva.
1742:Buildings and structures in Moscow
506:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
25:
1449:"Путин посетит Дом правительства"
1151:"Октябрьское Восстание 1993 года"
1078:"Воронин Ю.М Стреноженная Россия"
887:(in Russian). Москва: Stroyizdat.
709:Belorussky railway station square
1686:
1524:Новости, Р. И. А. (2013-10-04).
1051:Новости, Р. И. А. (2016-08-19).
872:(in Russian). Москва: Stoyizdat.
408:Role in 1991 coup d'état attempt
75:
68:
52:
1747:Legislative buildings in Europe
1620:from the original on 2018-09-28
1595:from the original on 2022-01-03
1473:Шишкунова, Елена (2008-03-13).
1030:(in Russian). 11 September 2009
433:. The opposition was headed by
414:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
402:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
163:
1762:Government buildings in Russia
1:
1772:1981 establishments in Russia
1399:"Белый дом на Красной Пресне"
1292:. Sankt-Peterburg: Palei︠a︡.
1175:"Ситуация вокруг Белого дома"
1053:"Августовский путч 1991 года"
885:Строительство высокого зданий
520:Congress of People's Deputies
282:Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment
27:Government building in Moscow
1128:. 2017-11-15. Archived from
947:. 2018-09-28. Archived from
582:Ministry of Internal Affairs
532:Russian Constitution of 1978
268:and previously known as the
32:White House (disambiguation)
1199:Khasbulatov, R. I. (2011).
260:
229:
170:; 43 years ago
152:; 59 years ago
1788:
1575:Галина Тараканова (2014).
1500:"Бизнес-центр «Белый дом»"
503:
494:Russia's state sovereignty
411:
407:
317:1993 constitutional crisis
307:. During the August 1991
301:People's Control Committee
270:House of Soviets of Russia
29:
924:"Хроника путча. Часть IV"
868:Zhuravlev, A. М. (1985).
384:. From 1981 to 1993, the
248:
217:
63:
51:
44:
1181:(in Russian). 1993-10-08
981:(in Russian). 1993-10-09
524:Supreme Soviet of Russia
386:Supreme Soviet of Russia
305:Supreme Soviet of Russia
98:House of Soviets of the
93:House of Soviets of the
45:
1718:55.754935°N 37.573146°E
672:The White House (2014).
191:Design and construction
681:
673:
638:coat of arms of Russia
609:
587:
573:
515:
484:
426:
337:
1616:. Культура.РФ. 2018.
1581:. Аргументы и Факты.
1578:Красная стройплощадка
1286:Ivanov, Ivan (1995).
679:
671:
607:
513:
482:
470:Mstislav Rostropovich
421:
335:
264:), also known as the
239:[ˈbʲɛlɨjˈdom]
1757:Government of Moscow
1723:55.754935; 37.573146
703:, which resembled a
541:Grand Kremlin Palace
528:Constitutional Court
466:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
390:Grand Kremlin Palace
286:government of Russia
147:Construction started
58:The building in 2016
30:For other uses, see
1714: /
1694:Architecture portal
631:American architect
594:Nezavisimaya Gazeta
564:Novoarbatsky Bridge
560:Ministry of Defense
462:Eduard Shevardnadze
373:reinforced concrete
309:coup d'état attempt
280:. It stands on the
266:Russian White House
119:Architectural style
106:General information
18:White House, Moscow
883:Kozak, Yu (1986).
682:
674:
610:
590:Ruslan Khasbulatov
516:
485:
450:Ruslan Khasbulatov
427:
398:Russian Federation
338:
100:Russian Federation
1359:978-5-4438-0548-1
1212:978-5-9955-0304-0
1179:www.kommersant.ru
1155:1993.sovnarkom.ru
1082:1993.sovnarkom.ru
979:www.kommersant.ru
782:978-5-4320-0001-9
669:
548:Alexander Rutskoy
474:Andrey Makarevich
458:Alexander Rutskoy
435:Russian President
424:1991 coup attempt
354:Vladimir Lukyanov
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16:(Redirected from
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297:Dmitry Chechulin
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850:. 2013-08-08
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127:Town or city
90:Former names
1721: /
1530:РИА Новости
1266:The Village
1237:|work=
1057:РИА Новости
490:August Coup
382:Lenin Prize
213:White House
1736:Categories
1709:37°34′23″E
1706:55°45′18″N
1673:2022-09-04
1652:2022-09-04
1646:Магия слов
1624:2018-08-08
1599:2018-08-10
1561:2022-09-04
1536:2022-09-04
1510:2022-09-04
1485:2022-09-04
1459:2022-09-04
1434:2022-09-04
1409:2018-08-10
1352:. Moskva.
1332:2022-09-04
1272:2022-09-04
1205:. Moskva.
1185:2022-09-04
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854:2022-09-02
848:archive.ph
829:2022-09-02
745:References
692:Chelyuskin
646:Kommunarka
618:State Duma
274:government
114:Parliament
1504:Forbes.ru
1453:ИА REGNUM
1376:cite book
1368:893907798
1239:ignored (
1229:cite book
1221:778785503
903:www.mk.ru
823:www.mk.ru
799:cite book
791:729552404
697:stylobate
567:follows:
255:romanized
230:Belyy dom
224:romanized
218:Белый дом
165:Completed
1618:Archived
1593:Archived
1479:Известия
1428:vesti.ru
1308:35150959
690:SS
686:Aeroflot
522:and the
446:graffiti
358:Aeroflot
303:and the
701:portico
536:Cossack
323:History
272:, is a
173: (
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137:Country
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278:Moscow
183:Height
141:Russia
131:Moscow
342:RSFSR
186:119 m
95:RSFSR
1583:ISBN
1382:link
1364:OCLC
1354:ISBN
1304:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1248:link
1241:help
1217:OCLC
1207:ISBN
805:link
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
235:IPA:
211:The
175:1981
168:1981
157:1965
150:1965
111:Type
1555:РБК
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