96:
problem have by and large failed," and "the policies of the agricultural committees of
Congress and the Department of Agriculture have discriminated against the needs of the poor and the hungry in the interests of the agricultural producers." The Board made recommendations including the declaration of a national emergency, particularly targeting 280 counties, migrant farm camps, and Indian reservations not yet served by food programs. Further, the Board advocated an overhaul of the food assistance distribution programs, including making food stamps free and nutritious school lunches available for all students and free for low-income students.
314:, had been pushing in Congress. Anti-hunger attendees largely refrained from carrying out threats of disruptions to the conference, and a groundswell of moderate voices joined the hunger lobby in making demands for emergency food relief for the hungry and permanent income assistance for the poor. Even conservative corporate heads in attendance like Robert J. Stuart, Jr., the president of Quaker Oats, pressed Nixon to act immediately on hunger.
370:), a designation which protects a manufacturer from needing approval for a food additive from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA.) The latter debate became particularly controversial when an association representing the largest food companies was allowed to present a pre-packaged set of GRAS recommendations for panel approval.
26:
vowed “to put an end to hunger in
America…for all time.” The three-day gathering came at the end of a decade of social, cultural, and political change which had resulted in a sudden awareness of the widespread malnutrition and hunger afflicting many poor in the United States. Eight-hundred academics
300:
paraphrased Nixon’s opening remarks: “…the nation cannot live with its conscience if the problems are not solved.” Nixon pledged to end hunger, feed every needy child at school, and raise food stamp spending from $ 350 million to $ 2.5 billion. However, many of the hundreds of hunger activists in
401:
On
December 24, 1969, Mayer presented Nixon with the completed Conference Report containing 1,800 recommendations. In return, Nixon announced expansion of food lunch programs to cover 6.6 million needy children, nearly double the number covered at that point. To accomplish this, private companies
95:
In 1967, the
Citizens' Crusade Against Poverty formed a Citizens' Board of Inquiry into Hunger and Malnutrition in the United States, producing a report that found "hunger and malnutrition affect millions of Americans and are increasing in severity every year," "Federal programs to alleviate the
112:
televised the special "CBS Reports: Hunger In
America," which showed children and families living in dire poverty in Virginia, Texas, and Alabama, and on an Indian reservation in Arizona. The images of starving children in America, and interviews with doctors about the conditions they observed,
177:
allowed consumers to pick a balanced basket of food. However, food stamps had to be purchased, and the neediest families did not have the money to buy them. Alternatively, counties could choose to continue to offer surplus commodity assistance, which was free and required less certification
279:
to organize the White House
Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health. Mayer skillfully planned the balance of political, scientific, business-orientation, and advocacy interests among the participants, negotiating with both the White House and the many who wanted to participate.
424:
The improvement in food security of
Americans was due largely to expansion, increases, and adjustments of the food stamp program. Nixon and Moynihan’s $ 1,600 guaranteed income program had died in the Senate along with any hope of the conference’s $ 5,500
27:
and scientists, business and civic leaders, activists, and politicians developed more than 1,800 recommendations, which were reviewed by the 2,700 conference attendees and delivered in a full report to the
President on December 24, 1969. The
68:
line during the 1960s. Still, blacks and other minorities had a poverty rate three times that of whites, and poverty in the deep South, urban ghettos, and Indian
Reservations was associated with starvation, hunger, and malnutrition.
309:
Latinos, the Black Caucus, and others had been strongly advocating a universal guaranteed income plan at the $ 5,500 level or more. This was far above the $ 1,600 cash and $ 720 in food assistance bundle that Nixon’s advisor,
99:
With the national extent of hunger and malnutrition unknown, the first
National Nutrition Survey was mandated in 1967. Preliminary survey results were released in January 1969, in time to inform the White House Conference.
161:, Joseph Clark, and Robert F. Kennedy hoped Johnson would make more efforts to end hunger and malnutrition as part of the Great Society initiative, but Johnson was focused on the need to pay for the Vietnam War.
210:
Some Southern politicians did not acknowledge the extensive hunger and malnutrition in their state and sought to block improvements in food assistance during the Johnson presidency. Mississippi Congressman
92:, to show them the widespread poverty and hunger afflicting families and children living there. Kennedy was particularly shocked and affected and immediately began calling attention to the hunger issue.
43:(SBP) are among the 1,400 nutrition and food assistance programs and recommendations implemented or improved as a result of the White House Conference. In May 2022, President Joe Biden announced a new
417:
The 1970s saw a sharp decrease in hunger and malnutrition due to food assistance, although the prevalence of hunger rose again with cuts to food programs in the early 1980s during President
215:, chair of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, used the power of the purse strings to obstruct food assistance reform and emergency aid, including, even, for Mississippi.
222:
of South Carolina began to address hunger and poverty in his state, prompting other congressional leaders to do the same. At the opposite end of the political spectrum, in 1968 Senator
402:
would be allowed to provide packaged lunches to schools without kitchen facilities. Nixon’s total hunger efforts won praise from the biggest anti-hunger advocate in Congress, Senator
1218:
1228:
502:
178:
paperwork. Many Southern counties discouraged food assistance, using restrictions and offering the food stamps for sale instead of free commodity surplus.
72:
During this time of growing wealth in America, a number of events brought growing awareness of the extent of hunger and malnutrition. In 1967, Senators
28:
366:
Consumer advocates and industry heads debated issues including food labeling, use of health claims, and revisions to "Generally Recognized As Safe" (
61:
378:
Responding to the pressure from the hunger activists, Nixon gave Mayer the go-ahead to announce three actions before the close of the conference:
1196:
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173:
allowed commodity surplus to be used for domestic food assistance, but the food aid was devoid of choice, variety, and needed nutrients. The
44:
1223:
302:
145:
nuclear threats didn’t deter the optimism, buoyed by a long stretch of global economic growth, that positive changes would come. President
333:
Move control of food programs from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
1057:
Goldberg, Jeanne; Mayer, Jean (1990). "The White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health Twenty Years Later: Where Are We Now?".
618:. Economic Research Report Number. Vol. 132. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
692:. Boston, MA: Public Impact Initiative at Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University.
1233:
390:
Agreement to meet immediately with six conference leaders to discuss their request for a large-scale, emergency, hunger relief effort.
932:
Hunter, Marjorie (November 23, 1969). "Panels Planning White House Conference on Nutrition Urge Substantial Cash Aid for the Poor".
269:
Have the Office of Economic Opportunity redirect funds to the poorest areas to fight hunger and malnutrition and improve health.
226:
became the top congressional food and nutrition advocate after the assassination of presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy.
723:
191:
36:
342:
Prior to the conference, the 26 panels prepared hundreds of nutrition-focused recommendations, concerning, for example:
65:
495:
418:
187:
317:
The priority list of requests which Mayer sent to the President on the last day of the Conference were for Nixon to:
263:
647:
Special (December 3, 1969). "Text of President Nixon's Speech to the Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health".
384:
Forcing of food stamp programs into 307 counties in the U.S. which still had no federal food assistance program;
22:
was a historic first and resulted in landmark legislation. In his opening address on December 2, U.S. President
195:
170:
85:
40:
31:(SNAP, formerly known as Food Stamps), Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (
977:
Auerbach, Stuart (December 4, 1969). "Hunger Unit Hits U.S. Food Grading for Stressing Looks, Not Nutrition".
690:
Hungry: How the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health Changed the Course of US Food Policy
80:
led a Senate subcommittee to Jackson, Mississippi to hold a hearing on poverty. Afterward, Marian Wright (now
1084:
Mayer, Jean (January 1, 1990). "Nutritional Problems in the United States: Then and Now Two Decades Later".
1037:
Rosenthal, Jack (December 25, 1969). "White House to Provide Meals for More Pupils — Hunger Drive Praised".
755:
Hunger, U.S.A.: A Report by the Citizens' Board of Inquiry into Hunger and Malnutrition in the United States
688:
Sarson, Katrina (Director); Eileen Kennedy, D.Sc.; Irwin Rosenberg, M.D.; Marshall Matz (December 2, 2019).
604:
This article previewed the Conference and was published in several other nutrition journals in Autumn, 1969.
311:
670:
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, Health: Final Report. (1970). Washington, D.C.: The White House
610:
437:
WIC began as a pilot in 1972 and had quick success in healthier outcomes for women, infants, and children.
174:
443:
Reforms to food labeling in the early 1970s, such as the FDA's first nutrition information label in 1973.
899:
Rich, Spencer (December 3, 1969). "Hunger Must End — Nixon: Pledges Action At Conference On Nutrition".
126:
81:
246:
Mandate food assistance programs in the remaining 440 counties nationally which had so far declined it;
1145:
Mintz, Morton (February 7, 1971). "Leaders of '69 Hunger Conference Urge Nixon to Make New Efforts".
288:
Mayer, designed, what was in effect, a hunger conference and a nutrition conference joined into one.
199:
158:
249:
Eliminate county-to-county variations in eligibility requirements designed to reduce participation;
77:
1161:
1097:
1007:
Blakeslee, Sandra (December 3, 1969). "Panel on Food Safety Debates Use of Most Food Additives".
169:
Beginning in the 1930s, the government began buying agricultural surplus to support farmers. The
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729:
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534:
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73:
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619:
594:
585:
Mayer, Jean (1969). "A Report on The White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health".
565:
514:
476:
Food labeling, health claim, safety, and additive regulations remain in need of improvement.
212:
130:
23:
869:
Rosenthal, Jack (December 2, 1969). "Nixon and Hunger: Parley Called Test of Commitment".
428:
403:
297:
223:
1130:
Oberdorfer, Don (April 16, 1970). "White House Conferences: A Way to Feign Commitment".
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219:
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141:, and other movements agitated for change and elicited, sometimes, a violent reaction.
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In a May 6, 1969 Message to Congress, President Richard Nixon described the need to:
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1101:
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1969: Nixon, the Message to Congress, and announcement of the White House Conference
836:
783:
Public Health Service Act Amendment for 1967 (Partnership for Health Bill; 90-174)
992:
Auerbach, Stuart (December 3, 1969). "Report on Controlling Additives Diluted".
490:
275:
To support his initiative, on June 11, 1969, Nixon announced the appointment of
253:
32:
962:
Rosenthal, Jack (December 5, 1969). "Conference on Hunger Lists 5 Priorities".
914:
Aarons, Leroy (December 3, 1969). "Activists Stir Conference on Income Plan".
276:
1191:. Earthscan food and agriculture. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge.
848:
548:
1022:
Rich, Spencer (December 5, 1969). "Nixon Vows to Widen Food Stamp Program".
623:
612:
Alleviating Poverty in the United States: The Critical Role of SNAP Benefits
190:, part of Johnson’s Great Society, expanded and nutritionally enhanced the
577:
556:
Cross, A.T. (1980). "USDA's Strategies for the 80s: Nutrition Education".
125:
were a decade of tremendous cultural, social, and political upheaval. The
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306:
142:
134:
47:
which was scheduled to convene on September 28, 2022 in Washington, D.C.
240:
Initially increase but then replace the commodity distribution program;
1163:
From Label to Table: Regulating Food in America in the Information Age
884:
Walter Cronkite (Contributor) (December 2, 1969). "CBS Evening News".
406:, who would soon run against Nixon in the 1972 presidential election.
330:
Provide all school children with a free, healthy breakfast and lunch;
138:
812:
The liberal hour: Washington and the politics of change in the 1960s
434:
School lunches were expanded, although not as much as Nixon wanted.
157:
and many other legislative initiatives. Anti-hunger advocates like
351:
Fortification or enrichment of foods like milk and grain products;
122:
814:. The Penguin history of American life. New York: Penguin Press.
713:
367:
243:
Increase food stamp benefits and decrease purchase requirements;
795:
Charles Kuralt (Reporter) (May 21, 1968). "Hunger in America".
324:
Set a guaranteed annual income of $ 5,500 for a family of four;
64:
resulted in a large decrease in the number of people below the
947:
Rich, Spencer (December 7, 1969). "Moderates Battle Hunger".
387:
Accelerated implementation of increased food stamp benefits;
56:
Hunger awareness: activists and politicians in the mid-1960s
1115:
Mayer, Jean (March 14, 1974). "Nutrition Conference Set".
524:
Features a detailed list of the planned panels and chairs.
503:"The White House Conference On Food, Nutrition And Health"
301:
attendance were not convinced of Nixon’s commitment. The
715:
Let them eat promises; the politics of hunger in America
256:, to fight malnutrition in pregnant women and infants;
45:
White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition and Health
464:
Barriers to food stamp use remain for those in need.
448:
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health
266:
to administer food assistance and nutrition efforts;
20:
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health
104:
Hunger awareness: “CBS Reports — Hunger in America”
1189:Food policy in the United States: an introduction
927:
925:
450:permanently raised public awareness of nutrition.
397:1,800 recommendations and more White House action
810:Mackenzie, G. Calvin; Weisbrot, Robert (2008).
457:Continuing shortfalls: proposals never realized
473:Movement of all food programs out of the USDA.
165:Commodity Surplus, Assistance, and Food Stamps
218:In contrast to Whitten, conservative Senator
198:2-year pilot, and permanently authorized the
8:
1052:
1050:
1048:
558:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
440:Better nutrition and food safety standards.
745:
743:
1219:Public policy of the Nixon administration
609:Tiehen L, Joliffe D, Gundersen C (2012).
354:Universal fluoridation of water supplies;
327:Restructure and increase food assistance;
88:, took the Senators on a tour across the
29:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
1166:. Univ of California Press. p. 97.
835:Hollings, Ernest F. (November 8, 1983).
683:
681:
679:
194:which had been enacted in 1946, added a
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660:
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639:
531:All You Can Eat: How Hungry Is America?
321:Immediately declare a hunger emergency;
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
470:Nutrition education in public schools.
259:Expand the national nutrition survey;
252:Pilot a food program, later known as
7:
303:National Welfare Rights Organization
62:post–World War II economic expansion
1229:Food and drink in the United States
60:A long period of prosperity due to
599:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1969.tb06449.x
14:
837:"The return of hunger to America"
1094:10.1097/00017285-199001000-00004
519:10.1097/00017285-196900430-00009
348:Encouragement of breast-feeding;
182:The Child Nutrition Act of 1966
1160:Frohlich, Xaq (October 2023).
1059:Journal of Nutrition Education
357:National nutrition monitoring;
1:
1071:10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80296-2
570:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05242-1
192:National School Lunch Program
37:National School Lunch Program
996:. Washington, DC. p. 6.
467:Universal guaranteed income.
1224:Health in the United States
496:Hunger in the United States
206:Fights to reform and expand
188:Child Nutrition Act of 1966
1250:
410:Contributions and outcomes
264:Food and Nutrition Service
1234:1969 in American politics
841:Christian Science Monitor
113:received wide attention.
797:CBS News Special Reports
757:. Boston: Beacon Press.
446:According to Mayer, the
196:School Breakfast Program
171:Agricultural Act of 1949
117:Politics, policies, laws
86:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
41:School Breakfast Program
751:Kennedy, Robert Francis
624:10.22004/ag.econ.262233
533:. Seven Stories Press.
312:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
513:(3): 45. Autumn 1969.
175:Food Stamp Act of 1964
1187:Wilde, Parke (2013).
360:Food additive safety.
220:Ernest Fritz Hollings
82:Marian Wright Edelman
781:(December 5, 1967),
712:Kotz, Nick. (1969).
374:White house response
200:Special Milk Program
84:), a lawyer for the
529:Berg, Joel (2008).
779:Kennedy, Robert F.
1198:978-1-84971-428-0
1173:978-0-520-29881-1
1117:Los Angeles Times
821:978-1-59420-170-7
764:978-0-8070-0589-7
718:. Prentice-Hall.
587:Nutrition Reviews
540:978-1-58322-978-1
338:The nutrition arm
147:Lyndon B. Johnson
90:Mississippi Delta
74:Robert F. Kennedy
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1041:. pp. 1–23.
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421:Administration.
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213:Jamie L. Whitten
131:anti-Vietnam War
39:(NSLP), and the
24:Richard M. Nixon
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483:Further reading
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429:Meals on Wheels
419:Ronald Reagan's
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404:George McGovern
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298:Walter Cronkite
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871:New York Times
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593:(9): 247–251.
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149:initiated his
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1134:. p. 21.
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873:. p. 49.
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