2149:
667:
2467:
2057:
1949:
47:
1597:
945:
1745:
1328:. These writers, who generally supported the Caucasian fight for liberation, went beyond the chauvinism of the colonial autocracy and rendered the Caucasian peoples' cultures accessible to the Russian intelligentsia. At the same time, Russian culture exerted an influence on Caucasian cultures, bolstering positive aspects while weakening the impact of the Caucasian peoples' reactionary feudalism and reducing the internecine fighting between tribes and clans.
2596:
2137:
1260:
2812:
2555:
2016:
1416:
1215:
602:
549:
2857:
651:
2791:(Egypt) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the United States nor the Soviet Union, but finally tilted towards the Soviet Union, while smaller independence movements, both by strategic necessity and ideological choice, were supported either by Moscow or by Beijing. Few independence movements were totally independent of foreign aid. In the 1960s and 1970s,
2699:
1619:
earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the
Americas, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to
376:
39:
2361:. However, it was soon brought within British India, of which it remained a part until 1937. Burma was governed as a province of India, not considered very important, and barely any accommodation was made to Burmese political culture or sensitivities. As reforms began to move India towards independence, Burma was simply dragged along.
2357:. Burma had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years, however, it was always considered an "imperial backwater". This accounts for the fact that Burma does not have an obvious colonial legacy and is not a part of the Commonwealth. In the beginning, in the mid-1820s, Burma was administered from Penang in Britain's
1089:
2080:." The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions, and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government.
2487:: this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power, and led to widespread fears among European populations. During the first part of the 20th century, while China was still subject to various European imperialisms, Japan became an imperialist power, conquering what it called a "
841:), so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged. In the Western Hemisphere, the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers, soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive (as perceived by Old World standards)
993:) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements. Later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own, primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests, such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada, or islands in the Caribbean, such as
2627:
declared that the signatories would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". Though
Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation, rather than the British Empire, the words were not so easily retracted:
1956:
Like the other
European colonists, the French began their colonization via commercial activities, starting with the establishment of a factory in Surat in 1668. The French started to settle down in India in 1673, beginning with the purchase of land at Chandernagore from the Mughal Governor of Bengal,
1701:
in 1619âand the French. The internal conflicts among Indian
Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing
1307:
the culture of Russia and that of the
Caucasian peoples interacted in a reciprocally beneficial manner. The turbulent tenor of life in the Caucasus, the mountain peoples' love of freedom, and their willingness to die for independence were felt far beyond the local interaction of the Caucasian peoples
1030:
However, the
English, French and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese, and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish, trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at a massive
1018:
voyage). The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one's faith but to start a new society afresh, structured according to the colonist's wishes. The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the
English, who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French
776:
and the
Philippines, parts of which the Portuguese had already explored, sailing from the Indian Ocean. The two by now global empires, which had set out from opposing directions, had finally met on the other side of the world. The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the
2875:
is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial,
1049:
From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the
Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one
2115:
Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the
British Empire, they have not
1976:
By the early eighteenth century, the French had become the chief European rivals of the British. During the eighteenth century, it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control, but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War (1756â1763) permanently
1040:
brought between 10 and 12 million black African slaves to the New World. The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent, ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it.
1618:
on the Spanish throne, the main tie between the metropole and its colonies in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy, had been cut, leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country. With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years
1035:
and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil. Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labor, plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labour-intensive crops. They turned to the centuries-old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the
398:. The Portuguese started the long age of European colonization with the conquest of Ceuta, Morocco in 1415, and the conquest and discovery of other African territories and islands, this would also start the movement known as the Age of Discoveries. The Spanish and Portuguese launched the
2083:
During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the
3019:
Commentators have identified three broad waves of European colonial and imperial expansion, connected with specific territories. The first targeted the Americas, North and South, as well as the Caribbean. The second focused on Asia, while the third wave extended European control into
1984:
The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498. Soon after this, other explorers, traders and missionaries followed. By 1515, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the
1813:, defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at
2537:
followed in 1937, drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II (see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism). The
1648:, was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil. Unlike Spain's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favor of republicanism, Brazil, therefore, retained its links with its monarchy, the
984:
It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers, primarily the Netherlands, France and England: the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to
2759:
concerns, as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies, led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East. However, China's appearance on the world scene, under the leadership of
2478:
For Japan, the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of internal turmoil succeeded by a period of rapid development. After being closed for centuries to Western influence, Japan was forced by the United States to open itself to the West during the
2435:
that dominated the region's economies until the 1970s, and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich, enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region. During the 1920 and 1930s
2706:
Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires, the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization. France thus received financial support in the
1531:, and all royal officials were expelled. On their own the Patriots captured a British Invasion army and France recognized the new nation, formed a military alliance, declared war on Britain, and left the superpower without any major ally. The
4026:
1643:
to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro. For thirteen years, Portugal was ruled from Brazil (the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole) until his return to Portugal in 1821. His son,
2494:
With the final revision of treaties in 1894, Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states. From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy.
409:
The expansion achieved by Spain and Portugal caught the attention of Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The entrance of these three powers into the Caribbean and North America perpetuated European colonialism in these regions.
2168:
disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in
784:
During the 16th century the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans. Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as
1957:
followed by the acquisition of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur the next year. Both became the centers of the maritime commercial activities that the French conducted in India. The French also had trading posts in Mahe,
952:
As characteristically happens in any colonialism, European or not, previous or subsequent, both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies: the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as
1614:(1701â14), as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions. The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. With the installation of his brother
354:
There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions from colonized areas shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated central powers in
2483:(1868â1912), characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture (in law, science, etc.) This, in turn, helped make Japan the modern power that it is now, which was symbolized as soon as the 1904â1905
1012:(many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labor), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the
1921:
started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone. Despite persistent diseases and famines, however, the population of the
2095:(1884â1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France, and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of
2112:("Pangermanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.
1579:
after the United States. Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the
4010:
829:(Colombia). In Asia, the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies, and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes (such as
1308:
and coresident Russians: they injected a potent new spirit into the thinking and creative work of Russia's progressives, strengthened the liberationist aspirations of Russian writers and exiled
753:
in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade and exploration, between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north-south meridian, 370 leagues west of
432:
of 1884â1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain.
1496:'s attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger.
6598:
2890:
2185:
had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the
976:
in Europe which ultimately proved its economic undoing: the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt, and subsequently affected the rest of Europe.
30:
846:
2865:
2861:
2203:
were committed. Round after round of international scandal regarding the brutal treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility.
447:
capitalism system and the manufacturing industry in Europe. The last wave of European colonialism solidified all capitalistic endeavours by providing new markets and raw materials.
281:
and those with land in Africa along the Mediterranean), covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish empires were both ruled by the
1279:
continued. While western Europe colonized the New World, Russia expanded overland â to the east, north and south. This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the
845:. The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic: native peoples were no match for European technology, ruthlessness, or their diseases which decimated the
2148:
6429:
4194:
1492:
in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The
2663:. In the following decades, decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations. The Third World's first international move was the
2607:
Anticolonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I, which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole, and U.S. President
1878:, also known as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with
1673:'s maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce. The Portuguese soon set up trading-posts in
6593:
3839:
3800:
2088:), although conquest took place also in other areas â notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory.
2156:
Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia. Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the
989:
demanding to be shown the clause in Adam's will excluding his authority from the New World. This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks (such as those by
3761:
2715:(1954â62). Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the
862:
4067:
781:
in 1529, which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia, establishing the anti-meridian, or line of demarcation on the other side of the world.
3645:
3581:, ed., Readings in European History, 2 Vols. (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1904â1906), Vol. II: From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day, pp. 333â335.
1886:, was exiled to Burma, his children were beheaded and the Moghul line was abolished. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the
3288:
Levack, Muir, Veldman, Maas, Brian (2007). The West: Encounters and Transformations, Atlas Edition, Volume 2 (since 1550) (2nd Edition). England: Longman. p. 96.
6610:
51:
3547:
From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries, pp. 26â40.
1973:, the French colonial administrative area was insular, but, in India, the French authority was isolated on the peripheries of a British-dominated territory.
3724:
450:
As a result of these waves of European colonial expansion, only thirteen present-day independent countries escaped formal colonization by European powers:
1890:, which began to administer most of India as a colony; the company's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the
1398:
6559:
6544:
6216:
1303:. The acquisition of new territories, especially in the Caucasus, had an invigorating effect on the rest of Russia. According to two Russian historians:
809:(1512), China, and finally Japan. In the opposite direction, the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil, and the Spanish
666:
2628:
for example, the legislative assembly of Britain's most important colony, India, passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too.
1639:
Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed. The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King
1520:
1483:
3449:
Martina Winkler, "From ruling people to owning land: Russian concepts of imperial possession in the North Pacific, 18th and early 19th centuries."
3158:
690:
has its roots in Portuguese exploration. There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration. By finding the source of the lucrative
2639:, which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. In 1952, demographer
2448:
moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II.
126:
6270:
3709:
1390:
1377:. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the
1341:
to the Pacific Ocean. Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked south to the areas between the
6168:
2747:
was a main supporter of decolonization movements and communist parties across the world that denounced imperialism and colonization. While the
2488:
772:
and his Spanish sailors (among other Europeans), sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean, reaching
328:
and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa and South Asia, particularly
6248:
5978:
5360:
2957:
2281:
1605:
1076:
had no state-sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the
822:
742:
531:
399:
6648:
3262:
Daniel R. Brunstetter, and Dana Partner. "Just war against barbarians: revisiting the Valladolid debates between SepĂșlveda and Las Casas."
3215:
2900:
2189:
to take over what is now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate.
1826:
1288:
948:
Map indicating the territories colonized by the European powers over the Americas in 1750 (mainly Spain, Portugal, and France at the time).
934:
645:
694:, the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves. They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of
4288:
3564:
1841:
itself in less than a century. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the
6258:
387:
6030:
5030:
4178:
2200:
906:
842:
2764:, created a rupture between the Soviet and Chinese factions in Communist parties around the world, all of which opposed imperialism.
6676:
6501:
6396:
4674:
4557:
4188:
4020:
3993:
3833:
3794:
3293:
3005:
1981:
of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas.
204:
1031:
profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic, in particular, furs from Canada, tobacco, and cotton grown in
702:, itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe. The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of
6496:
902:
641:
5656:
4220:
3823:
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1702:
century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of
741:
he believed he had reached the coast of India, and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin. This is why
6726:
3684:
3117:
Peter J. Cain, and Anthony G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: New imperialism, 1850â1945."
1627:, the Philippines, and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898
1250:
1914:
749:. After Columbus' first trips, competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the
6701:
6298:
6211:
3660:
2976:
2920:
2519:
2006:
1462:
During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.
1451:
922:
918:
901:
in North America, were particularly active in this endeavour. Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stand, such as the
184:
153:
1584:
in this slave society. Although independence was declared in 1804, it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by
4050:
3745:
6531:
6094:
2636:
1611:
867:
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have been called Indians or red-Indians. In truth, Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans, the
737:
in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia, by sailing west. When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean
539:
4374:
Gerard McCann, "From diaspora to the third world and the United Nations: India and the politics of decolonizing Africa."
6696:
6089:
5973:
2712:
2691:. The Conference, which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world's population, led to the creation of the
2069:
1694:
1532:
1504:
1133:
340:
102:
5136:
2842:
According to Dietmar Rothermund, there is a lack of public awareness about the colonial history in Britain and France.
1910:
6664:
6587:
6265:
6206:
6099:
4818:
3591:
2895:
2466:
2293:
2262:
2152:
Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of EuropeË France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A.H. Zaki, 1908-1914
2056:
2002:
1822:
1665:
1493:
1366:
938:
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uneven global interdependencies) of the present world. Postcolonialism, in itself, questions the end of colonialism.
4348:
Chen Jian, "Bridging Revolution and Decolonization: The 'Bandung Discourse' in China's Early Cold War Experience."
4258:
1369:
of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the
6386:
6348:
6282:
6161:
4310:
3656:
3457:
2273:
1479:
826:
417:; other countries such as France, Portugal and the Netherlands also had involvement in European expansion in Asia.
4769:
3125:
439:. The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to find new revenue and perpetuating European
6536:
6313:
6226:
6057:
5205:
3942:
3721:
3421:
2511:
2412:
2400:
2378:
2266:
1998:
930:
857:
360:
2280:
were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the
1628:
1128:, making them the first Europeans to sail to India. Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the
6731:
6521:
6506:
6303:
6015:
5990:
5840:
5499:
5494:
2716:
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in 1922. The discovery of the world's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western
2370:
1894:. There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947.
1875:
1189:
535:
321:
247:
62:
is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the
1948:
1837:; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the
1560:
1575:, the first of its kind. Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the
856:, over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind.
6605:
6511:
6277:
6082:
5963:
5504:
5457:
5400:
5099:
5043:
4791:
4549:
2408:
2277:
1871:, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups.
1077:
1067:
1008:
Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via
527:
271:
5556:
5271:
5025:
2615:. However, it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilised. British Prime Minister
972:
trade period. The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy's coffers allowed it to finance costly
46:
6516:
6473:
6468:
6308:
6253:
6005:
6000:
5688:
5636:
5489:
5393:
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5038:
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4833:
4720:
2799:
gave influential support to those newly African governments which many became one-party socialist states.
2539:
1978:
1882:
soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor
1536:
1457:
1051:
853:
659:
584:
145:
3150:
6372:
6154:
6035:
5995:
5808:
5683:
4747:
4737:
4696:
4667:
3578:
2688:
2620:
2503:
2404:
2338:
2192:
1918:
1776:
1749:
1735:
1678:
1596:
1193:
926:
750:
523:
403:
200:
134:
5928:
5923:
2755:, was supposedly neutral, the "Third World" being opposed to both the "First" and the "Second" Worlds,
413:
The second wave of European colonialism commenced with Britain's involvement in Asia in support of the
1539:
was signed. Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the
1148:
were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen
944:
6633:
6549:
6526:
6221:
6128:
5958:
5908:
5803:
5734:
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5624:
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2910:
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1842:
1524:
1507:
among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the
1406:
1313:
1197:
1037:
965:, the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries, particularly during the
958:
734:
671:
2514:
saw rapid modernization of the peninsula and there was brutal treatment of civilians such as Korean
6691:
6434:
6416:
6146:
5884:
5820:
5700:
5666:
5568:
5536:
5388:
5383:
5195:
4914:
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4725:
4710:
4335:
Yahia H. Zoubir, "The United States, the Soviet Union and Decolonization of the Maghreb, 1945â62."
2885:
2708:
2420:
2358:
2354:
2186:
2157:
2141:
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2108:
2085:
1923:
1860:
1833:
in 1764, the company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor
1818:
1744:
1585:
1540:
1500:
1489:
1475:
1402:
1254:
1059:
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333:
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208:
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106:
94:
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4520:
The New Map of Africa (1900â1916): A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy
1610:
The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the
1023:
on the eastern coast of the present-day United States and other colonies such as Newfoundland and
718:, which were duly populated, and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until
6686:
5913:
5896:
5847:
5712:
5521:
5472:
5405:
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5259:
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1757:
1703:
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1181:
1157:
1063:
778:
769:
687:
683:
675:
519:
414:
290:
259:
216:
3825:
Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present
3786:
Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present
3618:
4145:
Ki-Jung, Kim (1 January 1998). "The Road to Colonization: Korea Under Imperialism, 1897â1910".
3207:
2949:
6569:
6483:
6381:
6230:
6042:
5938:
5874:
5869:
5798:
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3001:
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2165:
2131:
2092:
1958:
1856:
1806:
1802:
1649:
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1581:
1528:
1516:
1471:
1394:
1354:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1276:
1117:
1100:
1020:
914:
898:
723:
637:
429:
391:
313:
294:
282:
263:
118:
5546:
1909:
droughts and failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the
6354:
6344:
5891:
5678:
5673:
5629:
5616:
5514:
5509:
5373:
5368:
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2327:
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2315:
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2196:
1943:
1615:
1268:
1259:
1205:
1145:
1024:
969:
588:
243:
220:
188:
90:
5918:
3277:
The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From conquest to revolution and beyond
2595:
2064:
The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s (circa opening of
406:
of 1494. This treaty demarcated the respective spheres of influence of Spain and Portugal.
6638:
6620:
6554:
6444:
6411:
6406:
6109:
6077:
5950:
5901:
5857:
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5776:
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5328:
5222:
5217:
5185:
5010:
5000:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4867:
4823:
4705:
4691:
3946:
3728:
3688:
3461:
3425:
3358:
3129:
3104:
George Shepperson, "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884â1885."
2872:
2851:
2792:
2784:
2684:
2612:
2507:
2471:
2461:
2374:
2319:
2307:
2136:
2077:
2051:
1902:
1891:
1868:
1830:
1814:
1788:
1785:
1508:
1292:
1169:
882:
878:
719:
421:
344:
114:
5551:
5531:
3972:
The scramble for Africa: The White Man's conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
1185:
2768:, with Soviet financing, send combat troops to help left-wing independence movements in
1874:
The first major movement against the British Company's high-handed rule resulted in the
768:
The boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when
706:
in 1415. During the 15th century, Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of
6643:
6579:
6564:
6488:
6478:
6458:
6185:
6181:
6052:
6047:
6010:
5985:
5968:
5879:
5864:
5835:
5793:
5641:
5601:
5596:
5484:
5477:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5232:
5111:
5005:
4872:
4754:
4611:
4583:
4435:
Jazeel, Tariq (2012). "Postcolonialism: Orientalism and the geographical imagination".
3874:
2942:
2905:
2632:
2608:
2590:
2416:
2388:
2350:
2303:
2238:
2218:
1935:
1838:
1661:
1564:
1338:
1280:
1201:
1111:
1104:
1073:
894:
699:
395:
329:
305:
298:
267:
149:
75:
3374:
Anatole G. Mazour, "The Russian-American Company: Private or Government Enterprise?."
2856:
2811:
2554:
2015:
1415:
1312:, and influenced distinguished Russian democrats, poets, and prose writers, including
1214:
1005:, that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favor of the mainland and larger islands.
650:
601:
548:
6720:
6670:
6133:
6020:
5815:
5788:
5761:
5739:
5717:
5561:
5541:
5467:
5452:
5296:
5249:
5237:
5163:
5055:
4929:
4924:
4899:
4781:
4131:
3526:
3091:, "Beyond Guns, Germs, and Steel: European Expansion and Maritime Asia, 1400â1750."
3088:
2915:
2652:
2515:
2432:
2384:
2103:
1986:
1887:
1771:
1670:
1512:
1165:
990:
973:
758:
757:. According to this international agreement, the larger part of the Americas and the
727:
655:
301:
also established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with one another.
286:
278:
140:
Enabled by new nautical technology, with the added incentive to find an alternative "
42:
Extent of colonization by European, American, Ottoman, and Japanese powers, 1492-1991
4216:
3934:
Volker Rolf Berghahn, "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler"
3681:
2395:(1914â18). Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded
6628:
6463:
6421:
6364:
6240:
6177:
6025:
5766:
5756:
5722:
5651:
5646:
5573:
5363:
5345:
5306:
5301:
5281:
5276:
5148:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5015:
4953:
4934:
4919:
4855:
4448:
2744:
2640:
2499:
2428:
2331:
2311:
2261:, which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait until the
2242:
2207:
1939:
1879:
1834:
1810:
1798:
1719:
1707:
1141:
1137:
1129:
966:
810:
762:
695:
487:
444:
364:
232:
110:
98:
71:
59:
29:"European colonialism" redirects here. For evaluation of European colonialism, see
3861:
Parker, R. H. (1 October 1955). "The French and Portuguese Settlements in India".
2096:
2995:
2407:
partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France. French mandates included
347:, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the
274:
because they were the first to stretch across different continents (discounting
17:
6391:
6376:
6336:
5744:
5729:
5578:
5291:
5200:
5190:
5116:
4764:
4759:
2756:
2698:
2656:
2651:. The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the
2644:
2392:
2161:
2073:
1898:
1764:
in 1617 to trade in India. Gradually the company's increasing influence led the
1739:
1690:
1624:
1346:
1325:
1149:
890:
871:
691:
592:
491:
483:
451:
356:
212:
169:
133:, which could sail further and faster, was highly maneuverable, and could sail "
113:, amass wealth and plunder, and suppress predation on Portuguese populations by
79:
4405:
3646:"The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India"
3055:
Representing the New World: the English and French uses of the Example of Spain
2719:
was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after
1050:
designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special
6449:
5771:
5588:
5462:
5422:
5355:
4390:"The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison"
2796:
2773:
2761:
2299:
2226:
2182:
2065:
1970:
1906:
1864:
1723:
1711:
1682:
1640:
1378:
1358:
1092:
1055:
1009:
998:
806:
790:
786:
754:
715:
436:
309:
308:, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain,
251:
196:
173:
4413:
4254:
4063:
3986:
King Leopold's Ghost A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
3882:
3757:
1926:, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.
1385:
Maritime SouthâEast Asia and the Dutch East India Company (16thâ20th century)
579:
Arab colonization: North Africa and the Middle East (7th centuryâ8th century)
5661:
5432:
5316:
5286:
5067:
4941:
4732:
2994:; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.).
2724:
2530:
2526:
2480:
2342:
2246:
1846:
1374:
1342:
1284:
1121:
1096:
1014:
962:
852:
Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the
814:
802:
794:
440:
317:
239:
177:
165:
141:
63:
3595:
3475:
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise And Fall of the First British Empire
3400:
G. L. Bondarevskii, and G. N. Kolbaia, "The Caucasus and Russian Culture."
3238:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
954:
375:
38:
4640:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
4578:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
3558:"The Great Moghul Jahangir: Letter to James I, King of England, 1617 A.D."
2944:
The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World
632:
Portuguese and Spanish colonial hegemony: the Americas (15th centuryâ1770)
191:, from 1402 to 1496, has been described as the first instance of European
5062:
4845:
4803:
4742:
4314:
4242:
4012:
Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar
2660:
2258:
1851:
1793:
1761:
1572:
1568:
1499:
From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the
1362:
1300:
1272:
1032:
1002:
910:
798:
746:
738:
495:
471:
157:
4456:
4421:
4389:
3939:
3454:
125:. Around 1450, based on North African fishing boats, a lighter ship was
6681:
4975:
4904:
4860:
4776:
4715:
4163:
Sandra Wilson, "Rethinking the 1930s and the '15-Year War' in Japan."
4123:
3561:
Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 CE
3122:
2720:
2230:
2160:, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of
1766:
1544:
1350:
1296:
1153:
886:
881:
played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities. The
834:
707:
467:
275:
224:
130:
3418:
435:
Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to
4808:
4683:
3320:
Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492â1830
2769:
1966:
1962:
1781:
1686:
1160:
to trade with India and eastern Asia. The English landed in India in
1125:
1054:), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade
761:
were open to Spanish exploration and colonization, while Africa, the
711:
499:
455:
161:
67:
3897:
The "New Imperialism": Analysis of Late Nineteenth Century Expansion
2702:
World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945
4115:
1993:
Colonization of Oceania and the Pacific Islands (18thâ20th century)
722:
demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the
5442:
4499:
3440:(1964) is a short history that uses excerpts from primary sources.
2735:
in 1997 and 1999 finally marked the end of European colonial era.
2732:
2728:
2697:
2594:
2506:
was concluded in 1895. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed by the
2445:
2441:
2330:
in 1852â1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the
2250:
2174:
2147:
2135:
2055:
1947:
1743:
1698:
1595:
1258:
1161:
1087:
994:
838:
703:
665:
649:
507:
479:
475:
463:
255:
228:
83:
45:
3363:
Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750â1850
2116:
favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.
1801:, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the
866:, championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by
2765:
2437:
2170:
1620:
1370:
1275:
came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of
1088:
773:
459:
383:
Some commentators identify three waves of European colonialism.
6150:
4656:
3700:
Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts. 1. Verso, 2000. p. 173
3563:. Internet Indian History Sourcebook, Paul Halsall. June 1998.
351:, in which Belgium, Germany, and Italy were also participants.
211:
in the 1490s; the Portuguese soon also brought slaves from the
4554:
The rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New
3000:. Key Concepts in Human Geography. London: SAGE. p. 115.
2806:
2549:
2010:
1859:. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the
1715:
1674:
1446:
First decolonization: Independence in the Americas (1770â1820)
1410:
1209:
830:
733:
Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by
596:
543:
304:
The end of the 18th and mid 19th century saw the first era of
4564:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism
4498:(October 2007), Vol. 57, Issue 10, pp. 44â47, online at
3413:
James R. Gibson, "Russian expansion in Siberia and America."
3305:
Violet Barbour, "Privateers and pirates of the West Indies."
2529:
seized control of the region and created the puppet state of
1245:
Imperial Russia: Central Asia and Siberia (16thâ20th century)
246:
in 1503, opened another colonial chapter, beginning with the
121:; at that point a minor trade, one the Portuguese would soon
2399:, which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as
152:
effectively closed profitable trade routes with Asia, early
3346:
Colonial Triangular Trade: An Economy Based on Human Misery
3151:"Which Asian Nations Were Never Colonized by Europe ?"
1913:, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the
1656:
Indian subcontinent and the British Raj (18th centuryâ1947)
1337:
The first stage to 1650 was an expansion eastward from the
1036:
Atlantic on a massive scale â historians estimate that the
4652:
2542:
committed atrocities exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre.
1357:, with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and
367:
that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.
2990:
Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "9: Colonialism/imperialism". In
2891:
Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
2383:
The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the
2214:, which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies.
1080:, which did sponsor those activities in its territories.
658:("Mina"), Ghana, one in a chain of about fifty fortified
31:
Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
3619:"Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725â1774"
4494:
Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire",
4180:
India's War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939â1945
2823:
2565:
2026:
1426:
1225:
662:
to enforce Portuguese trade rule along the coast, 1563.
612:
559:
514:
Colonialism in ancient times (3200 BC â 7th century AD)
2326:(1839â1842; 1856â1860). After the visits of Commodore
506:, the former independent country which is now part of
4506:
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781â1997
1697:âwho set up a trading post in the west-coast port of
1547:
to the South, and the Mississippi River to the west.
3527:"Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497â1498 CE"
2948:. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. pp.
2140:
European territories in Africa, 1914, following the
980:
Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony
6657:
6619:
6578:
6443:
6363:
6335:
6326:
6291:
6239:
6199:
6192:
6118:
6070:
5949:
5587:
4991:
4690:
4102:Vinacke, Harold M. (1933). "Japanese Imperialism".
1592:
Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America
4642:(2003) vol 3 pp 833â1209 contains major documents.
4049:
3066:Gilmartin, M. (2009). Colonialism/Imperialism. In
2941:
2318:was opened to Western influence starting with the
105:in 1415, aiming to control navigation through the
4596:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016).
4281:"Milestones: 1953â1960 â Office of the Historian"
2046:New Imperialism: Africa and East Asia (1870â1914)
1263:Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725
4311:"Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945â2005"
2711:(1946â54) and the U.S. did not interfere in the
2502:and gained control of Korea and Taiwan when the
1760:had been given permission by the Mughal emperor
863:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies
89:Colonialism in the modern sense began with the "
3733:Peterson Institute for International Economics.
3499:Franklin W. Knight, "The Haitian Revolution."
1917:, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The
1829:, reduced French influence in India. After the
1164:in 1612. By the 19th century, they had assumed
379:Colonial powers and their expansion since 1492.
227:would remain linked into the 1800s. The use of
195:in Africa. In 1462, the previously uninhabited
156:was followed by the Spanish exploration of the
4619:Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire
4601:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism
4475:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450
3194:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492â1700
3033:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450
2302:, which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the
765:, and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal.
6162:
4668:
2860:Map of the European Union in the world, with
2518:who were forced to serve in brothels for the
1827:British successes during the Seven Years' War
1551:France and the Haitian Revolution (1791â1804)
1176:Colonialism within Europe (16thâ20th century)
8:
6125:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
2635:(UN) was founded when 50 nations signed the
2585:Second decolonization: Worldwide (1945â1999)
2099:, accomplished usually through armed force.
1600:Independent states in the Americas, c. 1830.
917:. The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of
443:. The second wave focused on developing the
2779:Globally, the non-aligned movement, led by
2269:in 1895â96 had ended in defeat for Italy).
1527:on 4 July 1776. A new nation was born, the
289:. During the late 16th and 17th centuries,
6332:
6196:
6169:
6155:
6147:
5946:
4675:
4661:
4653:
3957:Raymond Leslie Buell, "Do Colonies Pay?"
3722:Reintegrating India with the World Economy
3488:The War of American Independence 1775â1783
1867:. Their policy was sometimes summed up as
1863:, which included present-day Pakistan and
160:, further exploration along the coasts of
4489:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415â1825
4051:"The shared history of Britain and Burma"
3746:"A French colony that fought the British"
2498:Imperial Japan won conflicts against the
1952:European settlements in India (1501â1739)
1484:United States Declaration of Independence
402:, basing their territorial claims on the
4528:Hopkins, Anthony G., and Peter J. Cain.
4088:William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton,
3623:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web
3181:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415â1825
2855:
2465:
2233:and 1899, and, taking advantage of the "
2132:History of Africa § Colonial period
2076:in 1914 are often characterized as the "
1407:History of Indonesia § Colonial era
1361:. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the
1287:to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time
943:
698:, with an eye to encircling the Islamic
374:
359:were distributed amongst the victors as
201:first European settlement in the tropics
37:
4544:The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire
4217:"The United Nations and Decolonization"
3333:American settler colonialism: A history
2932:
1631:or sell to Germany shortly thereafter.
1403:History of Malaysia § Colonial era
1391:European colonisation of Southeast Asia
343:led to what has been termed the era of
316:, gained their independence from their
4626:European colonial expansion since 1871
4313:. United Nations. 2000. Archived from
3389:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia
2968:
2489:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2284:at the beginning of the 19th century.
1399:History of the Philippines (1565â1898)
1190:Danish overseas colonies § Europe
1045:Role of companies in early colonialism
813:established the vast Viceroyalties of
50:Map of the year each country achieved
4587:Asia and Western dominance, 1498â1945
3764:from the original on 28 February 2021
2525:In 1931 Japanese army units based in
1606:Spanish American wars of independence
532:Phoenician settlement of North Africa
424:("New Imperialism") consisted of the
7:
6649:Postcolonial international relations
4482:The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600â1800
4261:from the original on 4 February 2018
4070:from the original on 12 January 2022
3451:JahrbĂŒcher fĂŒr Geschichte Osteuropas
2901:Historiography of the British Empire
935:San Francisco de Asis Mission Church
646:Spanish colonization of the Americas
6590:â Predecessors of sovereign states
4647:Imperialism: A History in Documents
4571:Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview
4177:Raghavan, Srinath (31 March 2016).
4090:A History of the Modern Middle East
3682:Kashmir: The origins of the dispute
3663:from the original on 26 August 2011
3592:"KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) : HISTORY"
3567:from the original on 18 August 2014
3537:from the original on 28 August 2011
3068:Key concepts in political geography
2997:Key Concepts in Political Geography
4649:(2000) for middle and high schools
4562:Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds.
4361:Pamela S. Falk, "Cuba in Africa."
4291:from the original on 25 March 2021
4223:from the original on 27 March 2019
4029:from the original on 30 March 2021
3875:10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x
3531:Internet Modern History Sourcebook
2862:Overseas Countries and Territories
2739:Role of the Soviet Union and China
2427:became the independent Kingdom of
2415:, whilst the British were granted
2199:from 1885 to 1908, under his rule
2106:was coupled to imperialism in the
1809:of the East India Company, led by
1780:or permits for duty-free trade in
843:indigenous peoples of the Americas
388:first wave of European colonialism
363:, but it was not until the end of
223:, European colonial expansion and
25:
4197:from the original on 28 June 2023
3842:from the original on 28 June 2023
3803:from the original on 28 June 2023
3594:. Calcuttaweb.com. Archived from
3218:from the original on 4 March 2021
2601:independence of African countries
1752:and surrounding countries in 1909
1714:, and the Portuguese colonies of
1466:Britain and the Thirteen Colonies
1269:a period of political instability
6611:Sovereign states formation dates
3161:from the original on 7 June 2021
2810:
2751:, created in 1961 following the
2553:
2014:
1977:curtailed French ambitions. The
1414:
1213:
903:Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau
642:Portugal in the Age of Discovery
600:
547:
238:The European "discovery" of the
4594:European Imperialism, 1860â1914
3655:. Economic History Department,
3653:Global Economic History Network
3617:Rickard, J. (1 November 2000).
3093:Journal of Early Modern History
2337:Imperialism also took place in
1930:Other European empires in India
1251:Territorial evolution of Russia
913:, the latter an example of the
6702:Decolonization of public space
4530:British Imperialism: 1688â2015
4513:Colonization: A Global History
4449:10.1080/00167487.2012.12094331
4243:"Seeing the world differently"
4048:Myint-U, Thant (10 May 2008).
4009:Holliday, Ian (6 March 2012).
3923:Imperialism and world politics
3822:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013).
3783:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013).
3744:Ganesan, V. B. (2 July 2012).
3514:Spain & the Loss of Empire
2962:A companion to the PBS Series
2921:Zionism as settler colonialism
2520:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
2512:Japanese colonization of Korea
2007:History of the Pacific Islands
1965:. Similar to the situation in
1689:. The next to arrive were the
1535:continued until 1783 when the
1452:Decolonization of the Americas
1295:(1732â1867) and a short-lived
682:European colonization of both
428:regulated by the terms of the
386:The two main countries in the
336:had already been established.
185:conquest of the Canary Islands
154:European exploration of Africa
1:
6517:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
4104:The Journal of Modern History
4015:. Columbia University Press.
2723:'s independence, 159 states.
2647:" in reference to the French
1612:War of the Spanish Succession
540:Sabean colonization of Africa
248:colonization of the Caribbean
58:The historical phenomenon of
6697:Christianity and colonialism
4576:Page, Melvin E. et al. eds.
4388:Rothermund, Dietmar (2011).
4378:218.suppl_8 (2013): 258â280.
3712:. World Health Organization.
3140:Gilmartin, et al. pp. 115â16
2713:Algerian War of Independence
2070:Second Industrial Revolution
2060:Empires of the world in 1910
1533:American War of Independence
1505:committees of correspondence
1488:After the conclusion of the
1172:control over most of India.
1144:and others. The kingdoms of
907:Santisima Trinidad de ParanĂĄ
726:in 1488, paving the way for
400:colonization of the Americas
341:Second Industrial Revolution
6665:Decolonization of knowledge
6588:Wars of national liberation
4599:Priestley, Herbert Ingram.
4508:(2008), wide-ranging survey
3691:, BBC News, 16 January 2002
3533:. Paul Halsall. June 1998.
3438:Russia's Eastward Expansion
3344:Phyllis Raybin Emert, ed.,
3206:Staff, history.com (2009).
2896:Western imperialism in Asia
2731:transferred sovereignty to
2365:Interwar period (1918â1939)
2294:Western imperialism in Asia
2263:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
2003:Colonisation of New Zealand
1666:Western imperialism in Asia
1297:unofficial colony in Africa
939:Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico
203:, and thereafter a site of
6748:
4537:The Encyclopedia of Empire
4406:10.1177/097492841006700101
3657:London School of Economics
3501:American Historical Review
3402:Russian Studies in History
3307:American Historical Review
3275:John Frederick Schwaller,
2975:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2849:
2588:
2455:
2368:
2291:
2282:Latin American revolutions
2129:
2123:
2049:
1996:
1933:
1915:Indian famine of 1899â1900
1758:English East India Company
1733:
1659:
1603:
1480:American Revolutionary War
1469:
1455:
1449:
1388:
1248:
1179:
1109:
1084:European colonies in India
635:
582:
517:
415:British East India Company
117:as part of a longstanding
97:, who became increasingly
28:
4350:Chinese Historical Review
4183:. Penguin Books Limited.
3984:Hochschild, Adam (1998).
3687:11 September 2010 at the
3376:Pacific Historical Review
3070:London: SAGE pp. 115â123.
2964:The Genius That Was China
2535:Full-scale war with China
2379:League of Nations mandate
2267:First Italo-Ethiopian War
1999:Colonisation of Australia
1521:independence was declared
931:Santa Barbara, California
339:In the 19th century, the
207:during the height of the
3938:40#1 (2017) pp. 147â162
3895:Harrison M. Wright, ed.
3424:15 February 2017 at the
3079:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115
3044:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115
2717:decolonization of Africa
2371:Aftermath of World War I
1876:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1586:King Charles X of France
1563:in the French colony of
1559:, a slave revolt led by
1529:United States of America
925:stand restored, such as
730:to reach India in 1498.
670:Preperations before the
536:Four Commanderies of Han
322:Kingdom of Great Britain
217:economics of plantations
6606:Independence referendum
4624:Townsend, Mary Evelyn.
4614:, comprehensive history
4550:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
4365:65.5 (1987): 1077â1096.
3863:The Political Quarterly
3119:Economic History Review
3095:14.1â2 (2010): 165â186.
2753:Bandung 1955 Conference
2665:1955 Bandung Conference
2347:Netherlands East Indies
2278:Spanish colonial empire
2120:The Scramble for Africa
1989:was dominated by them.
1911:Great Famine of 1876â78
1839:Moghul rule and dynasty
1825:that, along with wider
1078:Russian America Company
1027:in what is now Canada.
874:were "natural slaves".
528:Africa (Roman province)
6727:History of colonialism
4473:Benjamin, Thomas, ed.
4337:Middle Eastern Studies
3503:105.1 (2000): 103â115.
3453:(2011) 59#3: 321â353,
3417:(1980) 70#2: 127â136.
3391:(1995) pp 8â12, 44â75.
3031:Thomas Benjamin, ed.,
2869:
2703:
2604:
2562:This section is empty.
2540:Imperial Japanese Army
2475:
2221:tried to conquer its "
2210:continued to hold the
2153:
2145:
2072:) and the outbreak of
2061:
2023:This section is empty.
1953:
1905:, often attributed to
1805:in 1757, in which the
1753:
1601:
1458:Colonization of Canada
1423:This section is empty.
1299:(1889) in present-day
1264:
1222:This section is empty.
1107:
949:
858:Bartolomé de Las Casas
854:Valladolid Controversy
679:
663:
609:This section is empty.
585:Early Muslim conquests
556:This section is empty.
380:
215:coast. Because of the
197:Cape Verde archipelago
164:, and explorations of
146:fall of Constantinople
55:
43:
6095:Medieval great powers
4645:Bonnie G. Smith, ed.
4569:Osterhammel, JĂŒrgen:
4566:(2 vol, 2015), 1456pp
4535:Mackenzie, John, ed.
4352:15.2 (2008): 207â241.
4167:21.2 (2001): 155â164.
3945:7 August 2020 at the
3936:German Studies Review
3579:James Harvey Robinson
3460:28 March 2021 at the
3378:13.2 (1944): 168â173.
3309:16.3 (1911): 529â566.
3266:59.3 (2011): 733â752.
2940:Merson, John (1990).
2859:
2701:
2621:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2598:
2504:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2469:
2405:Sykes-Picot Agreement
2369:Further information:
2195:personally owned the
2193:Leopold II of Belgium
2151:
2139:
2059:
1951:
1919:Third Plague Pandemic
1897:During period of the
1750:British Indian Empire
1747:
1736:Company rule in India
1660:Further information:
1599:
1561:Toussaint L'Ouverture
1349:. The key areas were
1262:
1249:Further information:
1194:Crown Colony of Malta
1091:
1060:joint-stock companies
1019:came to dominate the
947:
927:Mission Santa Barbara
923:New Mexico's missions
919:California's missions
879:Roman Catholic Church
847:indigenous population
751:Treaty of Tordesillas
669:
653:
524:Colonies in antiquity
404:Treaty of Tordesillas
378:
235:would also continue.
49:
41:
6634:Internal colonialism
6105:European colonialism
6090:Ancient great powers
4638:Melvin E. Page, ed.
4573:, (M. Wiener, 1997).
3959:The Saturday Review,
3921:Parker Thomas Moon,
3727:4 March 2012 at the
3208:"Ferdinand Magellan"
3128:8 March 2021 at the
2911:American imperialism
2749:Non-Aligned Movement
2693:Non-Aligned Movement
2458:Japanese imperialism
2452:Japanese imperialism
2217:In the same manner,
1843:Permanent Settlement
1730:The British in India
1710:, the Dutch port in
1629:SpanishâAmerican War
1525:Continental Congress
1503:, first to informal
1367:Treaty of Adrianople
1314:Alexander Griboyedov
1198:History of Gibraltar
1103:in 1757, painted by
1068:Hudson's Bay Company
1064:East India Companies
1038:Atlantic slave trade
735:Christopher Columbus
672:Fall of Tenochtitlan
6692:Uncontacted peoples
6543:Mostly contiguous:
6417:settler colonialism
6382:Chartered companies
6100:Modern great powers
4608:The French Colonies
4339:31.1 (1995): 58â84.
4056:The Daily Telegraph
3910:The new imperialism
3908:Hugh Seton-Watson,
3828:. Lexington Books.
3789:. Lexington Books.
3436:George Lensen, ed.
3415:Geographical Review
3404:41.2 (2002): 10â15.
3192:Lyle N. McAlister,
3121:40.1 (1987): 1â26.
3108:46.1 (1985): 37â48.
2886:Settler colonialism
2709:First Indochina War
2619:and U.S. President
2546:Ottoman colonialism
2403:. The secret 1916
2359:Straits Settlements
2288:Imperialism in Asia
2187:East Africa Company
2158:Scramble for Africa
2142:Scramble for Africa
2126:Scramble for Africa
2109:Alldeutsche Verband
2102:In Germany, rising
2086:Scramble for Africa
1924:Indian subcontinent
1861:Indian subcontinent
1845:which introduced a
1635:Portugal and Brazil
1541:British possessions
1501:American Revolution
1476:American Revolution
1333:Expansion into Asia
1255:Russian imperialism
987:Francis I of France
688:Western Hemispheres
426:Scramble for Africa
349:Scramble for Africa
209:Spanish Inquisition
193:settler colonialism
168:(also known as the
123:reverse and surpass
119:African slave trade
107:Strait of Gibraltar
6687:Indigenous peoples
6430:Non-self-governing
4603:(Routledge, 2018).
4592:Porter, Andrew N.
4532:(Routledge, 2016).
4487:Boxer, Charles R.
4376:Past & Present
4317:on 17 January 2016
4219:. United Nations.
4092:(2016) pp 161â224.
3625:. historyofwar.org
3179:Charles R. Boxer,
3035:(2006) 1: xivâxvi.
2870:
2822:. You can help by
2789:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2704:
2677:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2605:
2485:Russo-Japanese War
2476:
2423:. The bulk of the
2257:. The conquest of
2235:Sick man of Europe
2154:
2146:
2062:
1954:
1884:Bahadur Shah Zafar
1754:
1602:
1577:Western Hemisphere
1557:Haitian Revolution
1515:was formed by the
1494:British Parliament
1265:
1182:History of Ireland
1158:East India Company
1108:
950:
779:Treaty of Zaragoza
770:Ferdinand Magellan
680:
664:
520:Greek colonisation
381:
260:Dominican Republic
56:
44:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6495:Overseas, minor:
6457:Overseas, major:
6322:
6321:
6259:European colonies
6144:
6143:
6066:
6065:
6031:PolishâLithuanian
5206:Gurjara-Pratihara
4542:Maltby, William.
4285:history.state.gov
3988:. Mariner Books.
3970:Thomas Pakenham,
3961:1 August 1936 p 6
3659:. pp. 3â40.
3455:online in English
3318:John H. Elliott,
3264:Political Studies
3057:(2001). pp 85â86.
2992:Gallaher, Carolyn
2959:978-0-87951-397-9
2866:Outermost Regions
2840:
2839:
2787:(Yugoslavia) and
2643:coined the term "
2617:Winston Churchill
2611:'s speech on the
2582:
2581:
2425:Arabian Peninsula
2397:League of Nations
2324:Second Opium Wars
2310:for supremacy in
2255:Italo-Turkish War
2241:, also conquered
2212:Dutch East Indies
2179:South-West Africa
2093:Berlin Conference
2043:
2042:
1857:Bengal Presidency
1803:Battle of Plassey
1650:House of Braganza
1582:French Revolution
1571:as a free, black
1472:Thirteen Colonies
1443:
1442:
1395:Dutch East Indies
1322:Mikhail Lermontov
1318:Alexander Pushkin
1283:reached from the
1242:
1241:
1116:In May 1498, the
1101:Battle of Plassey
1021:Thirteen Colonies
915:Jesuit Reductions
724:Cape of Good Hope
638:Portuguese Empire
629:
628:
576:
575:
430:Berlin Conference
314:Thirteen Colonies
254:(later to become
103:conquest of Ceuta
18:White colonialism
16:(Redirected from
6739:
6658:Related concepts
6599:in South America
6507:Austro-Hungarian
6445:Colonial empires
6355:Age of Discovery
6345:Maritime history
6333:
6197:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6148:
5947:
5612:Austro-Hungarian
5312:Chagatai Khanate
4677:
4670:
4663:
4654:
4606:Stern, Jacques.
4504:Brendon, Piers.
4461:
4460:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4249:. 10 June 2010.
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4174:
4168:
4165:Japanese Studies
4161:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4053:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3486:Stephen Conway,
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3236:Melvin E. Page,
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3214:. A+E Networks.
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2947:
2937:
2835:
2832:
2814:
2807:
2803:Public awareness
2781:Jawaharlal Nehru
2669:Jawaharlal Nehru
2625:Atlantic Charter
2577:
2574:
2564:You can help by
2557:
2550:
2265:in 1935â36 (the
2253:) with the 1911
2223:place in the sun
2197:Congo Free State
2038:
2035:
2025:You can help by
2018:
2011:
1944:Portuguese India
1903:famines in India
1490:Seven Years' War
1438:
1435:
1425:You can help by
1418:
1411:
1365:as shown in the
1291:colonies in the
1237:
1234:
1224:You can help by
1217:
1210:
1206:Genoese colonies
825:(Argentina) and
743:Native Americans
624:
621:
611:You can help by
604:
597:
589:History of Islam
571:
568:
558:You can help by
551:
544:
332:, where coastal
283:Spanish monarchs
244:Amerigo Vespucci
189:Crown of Castile
91:Age of Discovery
21:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6732:Western culture
6717:
6716:
6715:
6706:
6653:
6639:Nation-building
6621:Postcolonialism
6615:
6574:
6447:
6439:
6412:detribalization
6387:Interventionism
6359:
6328:
6318:
6287:
6235:
6188:
6175:
6145:
6140:
6129:American Empire
6114:
6110:African empires
6062:
5945:
5637:Central African
5583:
5401:Romano-Germanic
4987:
4721:Middle Assyrian
4694:
4686:
4681:
4635:
4633:Primary sources
4584:Panikkar, K. M.
4470:
4465:
4464:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4394:India Quarterly
4387:
4386:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4363:Foreign Affairs
4360:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3947:Wayback Machine
3933:
3929:
3925:(1926), online.
3920:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3890:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3836:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:Wayback Machine
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3689:Wayback Machine
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3570:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3540:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3473:Brendan Simms,
3472:
3468:
3462:Wayback Machine
3448:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3426:Wayback Machine
3412:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3369:
3359:Henk van Nierop
3357:Bob Moore, and
3356:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3331:Walter Hixson,
3330:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3244:
3240:(2003) 1:361-2.
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:Wayback Machine
3116:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3053:Jonathan Hart,
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2967:
2960:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2882:
2873:Postcolonialism
2854:
2852:Postcolonialism
2848:
2846:Postcolonialism
2836:
2830:
2827:
2820:needs expansion
2805:
2793:Leonid Brezhnev
2785:Josip Broz Tito
2741:
2685:Josip Broz Tito
2613:Fourteen Points
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2548:
2508:Japanese Empire
2472:Japanese Empire
2464:
2462:Empire of Japan
2456:Main articles:
2454:
2381:
2375:Interwar period
2367:
2308:Imperial Russia
2296:
2290:
2201:many atrocities
2134:
2128:
2122:
2078:New Imperialism
2054:
2052:New Imperialism
2048:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2009:
1997:Main articles:
1995:
1979:Treaty of Paris
1946:
1934:Main articles:
1932:
1892:Princely states
1869:Divide and Rule
1849:structure (See
1831:Battle of Buxar
1789:Siraj Ud Daulah
1786:Nawab of Bengal
1770:Mughal emperor
1742:
1734:Main articles:
1732:
1668:
1658:
1637:
1608:
1594:
1553:
1537:Treaty of Paris
1517:United Colonies
1509:Boston Massacre
1486:
1470:Main articles:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1409:
1389:Main articles:
1387:
1335:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1208:
1180:Main articles:
1178:
1114:
1086:
1074:Imperial Russia
1047:
982:
823:RĂo de la Plata
821:, and later of
720:Bartolomeu Dias
648:
636:Main articles:
634:
625:
619:
616:
595:
583:Main articles:
581:
572:
566:
563:
542:
518:Main articles:
516:
373:
345:New Imperialism
270:were the first
268:Spanish Empires
148:in 1453 to the
115:Barbary pirates
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6745:
6743:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6719:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6644:Neocolonialism
6641:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6584:
6582:
6580:Decolonization
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6292:Decolonization
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6271:Southeast Asia
6263:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6186:neocolonialism
6182:decolonization
6176:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4993:Post-classical
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4792:Middle Kingdom
4789:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4748:Neo-Babylonian
4745:
4740:
4738:Old Babylonian
4730:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4617:Thomas, Hugh.
4615:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4518:Gibbons, H.A.
4516:
4509:
4502:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4427:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4328:
4302:
4272:
4234:
4208:
4189:
4169:
4156:
4137:
4116:10.1086/236034
4110:(3): 366â380.
4094:
4081:
4040:
4021:
4001:
3994:
3976:
3963:
3950:
3927:
3914:
3901:
3888:
3869:(4): 389â398.
3853:
3834:
3814:
3795:
3775:
3736:
3714:
3702:
3693:
3674:
3636:
3609:
3598:on 10 May 2007
3583:
3549:
3518:
3512:Timothy Anna,
3505:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3442:
3429:
3406:
3393:
3387:John Channon,
3380:
3367:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3281:
3279:(2011) ch 1â3.
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3142:
3133:
3110:
3097:
3081:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3037:
3024:
3006:
2982:
2958:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Neocolonialism
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2850:Main article:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2740:
2737:
2633:United Nations
2609:Woodrow Wilson
2591:Decolonization
2589:Main article:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2453:
2450:
2389:Ottoman Empire
2366:
2363:
2304:British Empire
2292:Main article:
2289:
2286:
2239:Ottoman Empire
2124:Main article:
2121:
2118:
2050:Main article:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2021:
2019:
1994:
1991:
1936:Colonial India
1931:
1928:
1774:to grant them
1731:
1728:
1662:Colonial India
1657:
1654:
1636:
1633:
1604:Main article:
1593:
1590:
1567:, established
1565:Saint-Domingue
1552:
1549:
1543:to the North,
1523:by the Second
1467:
1464:
1450:Main article:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1421:
1419:
1386:
1383:
1339:Ural Mountains
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1281:Russian Empire
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1220:
1218:
1202:British Cyprus
1177:
1174:
1156:, forming the
1112:Colonial India
1110:Main article:
1105:Francis Hayman
1085:
1082:
1046:
1043:
981:
978:
974:religious wars
899:JunĂpero Serra
895:Francis Xavier
870:, who claimed
700:Ottoman Empire
633:
630:
627:
626:
607:
605:
580:
577:
574:
573:
554:
552:
515:
512:
372:
369:
330:Southeast Asia
306:decolonization
299:Dutch Republic
287:personal union
272:global empires
242:, as named by
233:penal colonies
150:Ottoman Empire
101:following the
93:", led by the
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6744:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6671:Terra nullius
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6570:South African
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6135:
6134:Soviet empire
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:Miscellaneous
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:German Empire
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:Turco-Persian
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
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4709:
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4559:
4556:(3 vol 1918)
4555:
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4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4511:Ferro, Marc,
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:History Today
4493:
4490:
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4306:
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4276:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4247:The Economist
4244:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4196:
4192:
4190:9781846145438
4186:
4182:
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4173:
4170:
4166:
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4157:
4152:
4148:
4147:Korea Journal
4141:
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4098:
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4044:
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4028:
4024:
4022:9780231504249
4018:
4014:
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4005:
4002:
3997:
3995:9780547525730
3991:
3987:
3980:
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3835:9780739176573
3831:
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3802:
3798:
3796:9780739176573
3792:
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3703:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:Prakash, Om.
3640:
3637:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3566:
3562:
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3328:
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3315:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:9780205556984
3291:
3285:
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3278:
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3265:
3259:
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3230:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
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3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:Tonio Andrade
3085:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3009:
3007:9781446243541
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Soviet empire
2914:
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2909:
2907:
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2902:
2899:
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2879:
2877:
2874:
2867:
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2834:
2825:
2821:
2818:This section
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2775:
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2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:In 1945, the
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:comfort women
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2433:oil companies
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:German Empire
2380:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2334:(1868â1912).
2333:
2329:
2328:Matthew Perry
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:In Asia, the
2295:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:," acquiring
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:pan-Germanism
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:Malabar Coast
1982:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:British Crown
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Mughal Bengal
1796:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:in 1717. The
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:Farrukh Siyar
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Chandernagore
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Vasco da Gama
1667:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:standing army
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:meeting with
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1025:Rupert's Land
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Francis Drake
988:
979:
977:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:conquistadors
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
780:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:Pacific Ocean
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
728:Vasco da Gama
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
673:
668:
661:
657:
656:Elmina Castle
652:
647:
643:
639:
631:
623:
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
570:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
377:
371:Periodisation
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:in 1493 with
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:, especially
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
135:into the wind
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
48:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6669:
6629:Independence
6401:
6365:Colonization
6241:Colonization
6231:World oceans
6178:Colonization
6104:
5885:Contemporary
5735:Indo-Persian
5723:Nazi Germany
5667:Contemporary
5569:Vijayanagara
5468:Great Seljuk
5379:Thessalonica
5307:Golden Horde
4947:Carthaginian
4726:Neo-Assyrian
4711:Neo-Sumerian
4646:
4639:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4580:(3 vol 2003)
4577:
4570:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4539:(4 vol 2016)
4536:
4529:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4480:Boxer, C.R.
4477:(3 vol 2006)
4474:
4468:Bibliography
4440:
4436:
4430:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4246:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4179:
4172:
4164:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4089:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4055:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4011:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3824:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3785:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3749:
3739:
3732:
3717:
3705:
3696:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3652:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3596:the original
3586:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3552:
3539:. Retrieved
3530:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3211:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3154:
3145:
3136:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3011:. Retrieved
2996:
2985:
2963:
2943:
2935:
2871:
2841:
2828:
2824:adding to it
2819:
2778:
2757:geopolitical
2745:Soviet Union
2742:
2705:
2649:Third Estate
2641:Alfred Sauvy
2630:
2606:
2570:
2566:adding to it
2561:
2524:
2500:Qing dynasty
2497:
2493:
2477:
2429:Saudi Arabia
2382:
2336:
2332:Meiji period
2312:Central Asia
2297:
2271:
2243:Tripolitania
2229:in 1899â90,
2216:
2208:Dutch Empire
2205:
2191:
2155:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2082:
2063:
2031:
2027:adding to it
2022:
1983:
1975:
1955:
1940:French India
1896:
1880:British Army
1873:
1850:
1835:Shah Alam II
1811:Robert Clive
1792:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1669:
1638:
1609:
1554:
1498:
1487:
1461:
1431:
1427:adding to it
1422:
1336:
1266:
1230:
1226:adding to it
1221:
1186:SĂĄmi history
1120:set foot in
1115:
1072:
1062:such as the
1048:
1029:
1013:
1007:
983:
951:
897:in Asia and
876:
861:
860:, author of
851:
783:
767:
763:Indian Ocean
732:
696:Prester John
681:
617:
613:adding to it
608:
564:
560:adding to it
555:
488:Saudi Arabia
449:
434:
419:
412:
408:
385:
382:
365:World War II
353:
338:
303:
237:
213:West African
205:Jewish exile
182:
144:" after the
139:
111:Christianity
99:expansionist
88:
60:colonization
57:
52:independence
35:
26:
6527:New Zealand
6392:Colonialism
6377:Imperialism
6337:Exploration
6200:Exploration
5473:Khwarezmian
5406:Carolingian
5211:Rashtrakuta
4915:Shaishunaga
4814:Hellenistic
4797:New Kingdom
4787:Old Kingdom
4558:online free
4524:online free
4443:(1): 4â11.
4400:(1): 1â18.
4201:12 November
4153:(4): 36â64.
4033:12 November
3846:12 November
3807:12 November
3253:2: 770â781.
3251:Colonialism
3222:14 December
3212:history.com
2659:during the
2657:Soviet Bloc
2645:Third World
2393:World War I
2355:Philippines
2162:Realpolitik
2097:direct rule
2074:World War I
1899:British Raj
1847:feudal-like
1823:Pondicherry
1740:British Raj
1704:Pondicherry
1625:Puerto Rico
1347:Caspian Sea
1326:Leo Tolstoy
1310:Decembrists
1152:accorded a
1150:Elizabeth I
1010:encomiendas
891:Franciscans
872:Amerindians
827:New Granada
692:spice trade
676:Codex DurĂĄn
654:A map with
593:Arabization
504:North Yemen
502:as well as
492:South Korea
484:North Korea
452:Afghanistan
357:World War I
199:became the
170:Middle East
80:Han Chinese
64:Phoenicians
6721:Categories
6677:Plantation
6502:Australian
6484:Portuguese
6450:modern era
6397:chronology
6283:Antarctica
6227:Antarctica
6043:Portuguese
5924:Revival Le
5914:Vietnamese
5557:Later Tran
5527:Vietnamese
5423:Singhasari
5411:Holy Roman
5035:Bulgarian
4971:Satavahana
4942:Phoenician
4878:Achaemenid
4839:Indo-Greek
4819:Macedonian
4733:Babylonian
4295:27 October
4265:27 October
4227:27 October
4074:4 November
4058:. London.
3768:4 November
2927:References
2797:Mao Zedong
2774:Mozambique
2762:Mao Zedong
2689:Yugoslavia
2637:UN Charter
2401:"mandates"
2391:after the
2300:Great Game
2274:Portuguese
2227:Somaliland
2183:New Guinea
2130:See also:
2066:Suez Canal
1971:Martinique
1865:Bangladesh
1712:Travancore
1456:See also:
1379:Great Game
1371:Amur River
1118:Portuguese
1093:Lord Clive
1056:monopolies
999:Martinique
893:, notably
883:Dominicans
807:East Timor
791:Madagascar
787:Mozambique
755:Cape Verde
716:Cape Verde
445:mercantile
437:capitalism
422:third wave
312:, and the
310:New France
297:, and the
264:Portuguese
252:Hispaniola
174:South Asia
95:Portuguese
6594:in Europe
6532:Norwegian
6435:Dependent
6428:Current:
6373:Antiquity
6193:By region
6036:Couronian
5674:Ethiopian
5662:Manchukuo
5617:Brazilian
5463:Ghaznavid
5433:Srivijaya
5384:Trebizond
5369:Byzantine
5351:North Sea
5346:Norwegian
5334:Almoravid
5317:Ilkhanate
5287:Majapahit
5260:Muromachi
5169:Solomonic
5154:Ethiopian
5068:Caliphate
5001:Aragonese
4829:Ptolemaic
4437:Geography
4414:0974-9284
4321:8 October
4255:0013-0613
4132:222437929
4064:0307-1235
3883:1467-923X
3758:0971-751X
3750:The Hindu
3155:ThoughtCo
2971:cite book
2783:(India),
2725:Hong Kong
2695:in 1961.
2667:, led by
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2573:June 2024
2531:Manchukuo
2527:Manchuria
2481:Meiji Era
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2247:Cyrenaica
1855:) in the
1819:Wandiwash
1797:ruler of
1646:Dom Pedro
1375:Manchuria
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1285:Black Sea
1122:Kozhikode
1097:Mir Jafar
1015:Mayflower
963:New Spain
959:Zacatecas
868:SepĂșlveda
815:New Spain
803:Indonesia
795:Sri Lanka
660:factories
441:feudalism
324:(uniting
318:metropole
240:New World
178:East Asia
166:West Asia
142:Silk Road
127:developed
109:, spread
6555:Japanese
6545:American
6497:American
6349:European
6299:Americas
6249:Americas
6207:Americas
6016:Japanese
5979:Scottish
5959:American
5951:Colonial
5880:Imperial
5848:Moroccan
5784:Japanese
5762:Afsharid
5621:Burmese
5607:Austrian
5562:Later Le
5537:Early Le
5522:Venetian
5448:Tiwanaku
5361:Hellenic
5324:Moroccan
5255:Kamakura
5245:Japanese
5228:Saffarid
5181:Georgian
5095:Chalukya
5073:Rashidun
5063:Calakmul
5031:Bruneian
4910:Haryanka
4888:Sasanian
4883:Parthian
4834:Bactrian
4824:Seleucid
4804:Goguryeo
4782:Egyptian
4716:Assyrian
4706:Akkadian
4697:Colonies
4457:24412174
4422:45073035
4289:Archived
4259:Archived
4221:Archived
4195:Archived
4068:Archived
4027:Archived
3943:Archived
3840:Archived
3801:Archived
3762:Archived
3725:Archived
3685:Archived
3661:Archived
3565:Archived
3535:Archived
3458:Archived
3422:Archived
3216:Archived
3159:Archived
3126:Archived
3013:9 August
2880:See also
2831:May 2024
2661:Cold War
2655:nor the
2623:'s 1941
2387:and the
2353:and the
2306:against
2259:Ethiopia
2249:(modern
2171:Togoland
2166:Bismarck
2034:May 2024
1852:Zamindar
1794:de facto
1762:Jahangir
1573:republic
1434:May 2024
1363:Caucasus
1345:and the
1301:Djibouti
1289:included
1273:Romanovs
1233:May 2024
1170:indirect
1066:and the
1033:Virginia
1003:Barbados
911:Paraguay
905:and the
799:Malaysia
747:Americas
739:Antilles
620:May 2024
567:May 2024
496:Thailand
472:Mongolia
392:Portugal
361:mandates
334:enclaves
326:Scotland
276:Eurasian
258:and the
158:Americas
6682:Settler
6565:Russian
6560:Ottoman
6550:Chinese
6537:Swedish
6512:Belgian
6489:Spanish
6479:Italian
6459:British
6448:in the
6407:empires
6402:history
6327:General
6314:Oceania
6278:Oceania
6222:Oceania
6083:largest
6078:Empires
6058:Swedish
6053:Spanish
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5986:Chinese
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5939:Vietnam
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5500:Eastern
5495:Western
5478:Timurid
5438:Tibetan
5428:Songhai
5418:Serbian
5339:Almohad
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5223:Tahirid
5218:Iranian
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5176:Genoese
5112:Chinese
5105:Eastern
5100:Western
5088:Fatimid
5083:Abbasid
5078:Umayyad
5051:Burmese
5011:Ayyubid
5006:Angevin
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4964:Eastern
4959:Western
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4684:Empires
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1777:dastaks
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1052:convoys
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262:). The
225:slavery
187:by the
131:caravel
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6469:French
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3791:ISBN
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3669:2007
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3167:2021
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