3187:
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and that includes denial, diversion, detriment-centring, and the demand to move on. These terms were created due to Max witnessing the MÄori people of New
Zealand experiencing hostility towards them in as early as the 1990ās. The term is similar to the concept of "reverse racism" as the MÄori people become often portrayed negatively when any aspect of racism is raised.
3197:
2396:
1382:
among teacher candidates (McIntyre, 1997a; Sleeter 1995a, 1995b; O'Donnell, 1998; Smith, 1998; Clooney & Akintunde, 1999). Emerging from a political agenda in which the language of marginalization is appropriated by socially dominant groups (Roman, 1993), this response is most evident among the traditional teacher candidates in this study (p. 270).
1450:
The findings from my research, corroborated by my subsequent classroom experiences, go far to explain the recent rise of "white defensiveness" within
British Columbia's working class. That attitude can easily result in ugly behaviour... a few days after a Vancouver daily printed a one-page article on
841:
Max Harris warns against letting this discomfort drive us into white defensiveness. He writes about four types of defensiveness - denial that racism exists; diversion, where attention is deflected from racism to a perceived flaw in MÄori society; detriment centering, where we focus only on detriments
208:
White diversion is a term coined by the academic Max Harris to denote a phenomenon in which white people may obstruct dialogue or acknowledgement of race-based discrimination by redirecting or comparing the subject to other social issues. That proposed form of white defensiveness can seek to reorient
1381:
Traditional teacher candidates deny or dismiss any relationship between racism and social institutions like the school, they support assimilation for marginalized groups, and they construct fundamental differences between themselves and members of such groups (p. 262); White defensiveness is common
220:
Max Harris is the author of the book titled "The New
Zealand Project". He is based in New Zealand, but his background is from the United Kingdom. He believes that to name whiteness is to name dominance as it's often connected to backgrounds. He believes there are four types of white defensiveness
681:
Ringrose suggests that one of the main challenges of critical antiracist pedagogy comes from White defensiveness in feminist antiracist spaces and classrooms. But, in this instance, the usual White defensiveness ā including shutting down, silence, anger, tears, denial, disavowal - was momentarily
396:
In explicit bias, the person is fully aware and understands the ramifications of their actions and intentions. These actions might look different, like deliberate acts of exclusion, verbal or physical harassment, or derogatory or exclusive language, but all are processed consciously by the acting
94:
are confronted with issues involving race and racism. Academics have proposed subtypes of white defensiveness, such as white denial, white diversion, and white fragility. There are also varied contexts and descriptions of what can cause the expression of this theorized defensiveness. For example,
1509:. Certainly he knows the right terminology to use, even when these agreed-upon terms prevent us from stumbling into moments of real recognition. These phrases ā white fragility, white defensiveness, white appropriation ā have a habit of standing in for the complicated mess of a true conversation.
405:
Implicit bias comes from outside the person's conscious understanding of themselves and the world, and can be in direct conflict with their expressed opinions and beliefs. Even though it may not be fully understood by the acting subject, this bias influences how people process decisions and make
874:
White denial of black suffering is not a new phenomenon. For instance, the dominant white mindset during the antebellum era - which is still widely held by many today - was the slavery was a benign and civilizing apparatus for enslaved
Africans.... This pattern of white denial will most likely
351:
Cameron McCarthy argues that a form of defensiveness can be an insistence on a relativistic view of history in which white people are also the victims of historical oppression and racism. In the late 1990s, Professor Paul
Orlowski observed the emergence of white defensiveness in working-class
250:, white people react to "racial stress" with an "outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation". DiAngelo theorized that this reaction served to "reinstate white racial equilibrium".
510:
Most
Americans will find DiAngelo's catalog of these evasive moves familiar; wearingly so for people of color, embarrassingly so for whites. Even for readers relatively wise to the ways of white defensiveness, it is usefully bracing to see so many maneuvers standing in a line-up
164:
While denial links to implicit and unconscious bias. White denial may also be driven by white guilt which suggests that acknowledgement of the existence of discrimination or racism against another group may be identity-threatening for members of dominant and majority groups.
135:
White denial has been identified as a defensive response by white people, in which realities of inequality are denied or downplayed. One example is the claim that racism simply does not exist. Historically, it has also taken more extreme forms such as the suggestion that
239:
has theorized that as the mainstream perception of racism implies a conscious "meanness", racism's definition is the cause of practically all white defensiveness. DiAngelo, who coined the term "white fragility" in the early 2010s and later released her 2018 book
81:
White people are described within the theory as displaying substantially uneasy responses when questioned about racial dynamics (i.e. instances of possible racism)āsaid to be as a self-protective strategy to conceal grief, trauma, and intergenerational trauma.
1418:) is itself already in danger of becoming an expression of rearticulated white defensiveness. By white defensiveness, I mean the relativistic assertion that white, like "people of color", are history's oppressed subjects of racism.
991:
The second type of white defensiveness is
Diversion. This is where, in instances in which facts about racism or colonisation are raised, the conversation is derailed through a claim that MÄori themselves are guilty of some other
640:
In other words, the rhetoric of disparity can mask white privilege, thereby perpetuating the denial of it, or it can implicate whites as "beneficiaries of the inequitable distribution of social resources," which triggers white
338:, operates in areas of society, such as education. Cynthia Levine-Rasky's 2011 research showed how an unconscious white defensiveness is often present in traditionally-minded teaching candidates in a Canadian university.
798:: the pressure to collude with white fragility by minimizing their racial experiences to accommodate white denial and defensiveness. In other words, they don't share their pain with us because we can't handle it.
842:
in MÄori communities and ignore the hard work of the MÄori (for instance in securing land rights, or normalising MÄori-centric health models); and lastly the demand to move on, that MÄori should 'get over it'.
1110:
Not often encountering these challenges, we withdraw, defend, cry, argue, minimize, ignore, and in other ways push back to regain our racial position and equilibrium. I term that push back white fragility.
1505:"They're just defensive," he said. "White fragility," he added, with a laugh. This white man who has spent the past 25 years in the world alongside me believes he understands and recognizes his own
1074:
The mainstream definition of 'racism' is when an individual consciously doesn't like people based on race and is intentionally mean to them," said academic, longtime diversity trainer and author of
1344:
Nothing is more important than listening during these public conversations. I heard the defensiveness of white people who did not want to be told that their ancestors may have been racist; I heard
2978:
1652:
152:
By its very nature, denial is a defense mechanism, a distortion of reality, a delusional projection to reshape reality in a way one desires to see it. James
Perkinson's study,
3130:
1099:
270:; or upset, anger, or rage at an interpersonal level. The latter individualistic form of response is not, however, to be confused with the terms "white backlash" or "
1029:
2274:
388:, due to her perception that the use of accurate terminology was actually providing somewhat of a barrier to progress and further enabling white defensiveness.
2930:
62:, or scholarship on the legacy of those systems in modern society. Academics and historians have identified multiple forms of white defensiveness, including
920:
Kinias, Zoe (2016). "Bolstering White
American's Ethnic Identity Resiliency: Self-Affirmation, Authentic Best-Self Reflection, and Mindfulness Meditation".
190:
efforts can progress "beyond white denial" by "acknowledging that white feminists, as individuals, often silence, ignore or otherwise oppress black women."
2913:
368:
Some assert that the use of technical terms from critical theory (such as "white privilege" and "white fragility") may prevent proper engagement with the
3100:
1478:
In a recent issue of the New York Times
Magazine, Claudia Rankine cataloged her own aborted attempts to talk to white men about white male privilege.
2816:
2836:
2434:
1870:
1005:
986:
3172:
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refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
1587:
1221:
571:"Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Land of Enchantment: Juvenile Justice Disparities as a Reflection of White-Over-Color Ascendancy"
2400:
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1960:
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The journalist Peter Baker argues that "white fragility" can be expressed by silence or shutting down; denial; accusations of
3090:
2947:
2193:
2162:
1910:
1891:
1839:
259:
critic Carlos Lozada endorsed the concept but found DiAngelo's book flawed. The book was criticized by the American linguist
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2336:
1943:
1844:
1833:
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3005:
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has spoken of his experiences of white denial in academia and within responses to his works, such as his 2015 article
160:) that a serious engagement with history and culture must be at the heart of any American projection of integrity"...
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the finds of my thesis, a student informed me that both he and his mother "were outraged" by my anti-white ideas.
200:
to "collude with white fragility" accommodates other forms of white defensiveness, in particular "white denial".
3266:
2727:
1800:
1647:
859:
406:
judgements, especially in cases where the acting subject is making a quick decision or is under duress.
318:
societies, which had been petitioning against structural racism, and an increase in white defensiveness in the
1083:. "Who is going to own intentional meanness? That definition is the root of virtually all white defensiveness.
3120:
2925:
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2843:
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2198:
1996:
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625:
455:
292:
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1990:
1851:
1815:
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1463:
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377:
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of my colleague's white authoritarian denial of my epistemic integrity. This phenomenon is not uncommon.
3140:
3032:
3027:
2942:
2903:
2710:
2705:
2306:
1901:
1657:
1573:
736:
523:
Samson, Derynne. "The Intersection of Antiracism and Grief: Moving Race-Related Conversations Forward".
274:", which refer to exclusionary or violent group reactions by some whites to the societal progression of
179:
111:
59:
1494:
1414:
The current celebration of ubiquitous or essential "racial differences" (permitted by the discourse of
3095:
2961:
2605:
2542:
2512:
2497:
2482:
2157:
1979:
1970:
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296:
214:
55:
3115:
2870:
2749:
2502:
2324:
2319:
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2152:
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1884:
1713:
1618:
697:
145:
119:
1362:
Whites Teaching Whites About Race: Racial Identity Theory and White Defensiveness in the Classroom
1324:
Brian Murphy (2018). "Project Say Something's Whose Monument Project". In David B. Allison (ed.).
821:; Mike Ross; Jennie Smeaton; Amanda Thomas (2020). "PÄkehÄ and doing the work of decolonisation".
360:, where investigating structural racism in the province led to accusations of being "anti-white".
3200:
3145:
3125:
2784:
2715:
2683:
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1745:
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1499:
1266:
598:
425:
210:
217:
Fellow, suggests that when "racism or colonisation are raised, the conversation is derailed."
54:. The term has been applied to characterize the responses of white people to portrayals of the
2804:
2769:
2759:
2720:
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2610:
2532:
2517:
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2301:
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1309:
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863:
830:
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748:
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670:
629:
590:
551:
420:
373:
335:
246:, describes "white fragility" as a range of defensive responses by white people. According to
141:
47:
1100:"White America's racial illiteracy: Why our national conversation is poisoned from the start"
2898:
2875:
2858:
2848:
2826:
2789:
2779:
2764:
2754:
2673:
2668:
2645:
2635:
2240:
1948:
1933:
1921:
1780:
1756:
1739:
1734:
1472:
1415:
1250:
582:
540:"Beyond the Face of Race: Emo-Cognitive Explorations of White Neurosis and Racial Cray-Cray"
504:
465:
415:
369:
353:
323:
622:
The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics
3236:
3190:
3155:
3047:
2880:
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2742:
2732:
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381:
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communities at white defensiveness and its consequences causing a lack of accountability.
311:
275:
255:
242:
230:
197:
156:, counters white denial in calling for a "white theology of responsibility (agreeing with
100:
51:
31:
304:
122:, have detailed ranges of what they define as white defensive responses in their works.
499:
3167:
2821:
2690:
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771:
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267:
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193:
107:
75:
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2630:
2595:
2507:
2467:
2279:
2250:
2245:
2235:
1270:
818:
814:
741:
Other Kinds of Dreams: Black Women's Organisations and the Politics of Transformation
602:
157:
1123:
706:
Contesting Post-Racialism: Conflicted Churches in the United States and South Africa
3150:
2995:
2341:
2255:
2132:
2112:
2042:
1596:
967:
963:
935:
779:
658:
617:
315:
174:
169:
115:
96:
91:
43:
1521:
1304:
As a direct result of increased white defensiveness, antislavery societies in the
1254:
322:. In the post-slavery United States, there has historically been frustration from
1211:
586:
3075:
3042:
2620:
2600:
2366:
2228:
2137:
1790:
1785:
1637:
1305:
1238:
880:
319:
187:
183:
27:
Common reaction to racial discrimination, structural racism, and white privilege
570:
17:
2971:
2625:
2615:
2552:
2329:
2213:
2094:
2022:
1954:
1048:
271:
1262:
594:
555:
3135:
3070:
2575:
2286:
2203:
2017:
1677:
1399:
1364:, Teaching Anthropology Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges Notes
744:
666:
385:
1495:"I Wanted to Know What White Men Thought About Their Privilege. So I Asked"
1468:"I Wanted to Know What White Men Thought About Their Privilege. So I Asked"
1045:"Robin DiAngelo on why it's so hard for white people to talk about racism"
334:
Multiple studies have explored how white defensiveness, intersecting with
303:
era before colonization by ascribing an unrelated guilt or culpability to
3105:
1985:
1927:
1068:
182:
proposed that when "white feminists cease to respond to challenges from
3065:
2223:
940:
Across Black Spaces: Essays and Interviews from an American Philosopher
776:
White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism
2443:
2218:
1769:
1312:
encouraged white residents to interpret social status in racial terms
357:
295:. Referring to this form of white defensiveness as "Diversion", some
1326:
Controversial Monuments and Memorials: A Guide for Community Leaders
539:
1432:
Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity, and Language
90:
White defensiveness describes some of the perceived responses when
3080:
2035:
1006:"Racism and White Defensiveness in Aotearoa: A PÄkehÄ Perspective"
987:"Racism and White Defensiveness in Aotearoa: A PÄkehÄ Perspective"
1286:
The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
661:(2014). "Teaching White Settler Subjects Antiracist Feminisms".
2416:
1569:
1565:
808:
806:
1004:
Jun 10, Max Harris |; Read, 2018 | 94 | 10 Min (2018-06-09).
525:
Pacifica Graduate Institute ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
1430:
Paul Orlowski (2001). Carl E. James; Adrienne Shadd (eds.).
879:
are open about their problems or a black man resides in the
854:
David H. Ikard; Martell Lee Teasley (2012). "Introduction".
1284:
Michael Kazin; Rebecca Edwards; Adam Rothman, eds. (2011).
938:(2020). "Discussing the Backlash to "Dear White America"".
856:
Slaves to Racism: An Unbroken Chain from America to Liberia
1158:"White fragility is real. But 'White Fragility' is flawed"
1064:"Why the Fight Against Racism has to Start With Owning It"
213:, rather than address the role of white people. Harris, a
2412:
263:, who argued that it "openly infantilized Black people".
569:
DurƔn, Robert J.; Posadas, Carlos E. (1 January 2013).
140:
was a benign system or even had a civilizing effect on
1348:
frustrated with the lack of historical accountability.
1308:
disbanded or declined. Meanwhile, in the North, a new
1239:"White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide"
1186:"The Dehumanizing Condescension of 'White Fragility'"
3058:
2891:
2659:
2561:
2450:
2264:
2186:
2103:
2010:
1969:
1900:
1722:
1706:
1628:
1617:
1379:, International Studies in Sociology of Education,
1213:
White Rage: The Extreme Right and American Politics
1377:The practice of whiteness among teacher candidates
384:abandoned attempts to document conversations with
3131:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1043:Anna Kelsey-Sugg; Sasha Fegan (August 21, 2018).
493:
491:
310:In 1800, a failed rebellion planned by the slave
794:Perhaps the most pernicious form of pressure on
663:Exploring Race in Predominantly White Classrooms
1396:Race, Identity, and Representation in Education
74:, the last of which was popularized by scholar
766:
764:
291:Max Harris has observed the phenomenon in the
2428:
1581:
980:
978:
739:(1998). "Sisters and brothers in struggle?".
8:
731:
729:
692:
690:
186:with counter-attack and defensiveness" that
1028:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
896:"Understanding the Origins of White Denial"
653:
651:
649:
538:Matias, Cheryl E.; DiAngelo, Robin (2013).
46:to discussions of societal discrimination,
2435:
2421:
2413:
1625:
1588:
1574:
1566:
1128:International Journal of Critical Pedagogy
3101:Interminority racism in the United States
1546:"What is Unconscious Bias? (Infographic)"
970:better than Black people know themselves.
144:. Regarding white denial, the theologian
575:Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice
487:
95:political scientists Angie Maxwell and
3173:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
1021:
700:(2015). R. Drew Smith; William Ackah;
99:have proposed that the examination of
1237:Hauge, Daniel J. (2 September 2017).
7:
3196:
2395:
620:(2019). "Southern White Privilege".
376:. In 2019, as reported by Professor
178:. From her 1998 research, professor
2586:Discrimination based on nationality
2073:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
1330:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
1210:Durham, Martin (13 November 2007).
944:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
196:has argued that social pressure on
813:Rebecca Kiddle; Bianca Elkington;
314:caused both a drop in support for
209:blame towards people of color and
25:
1184:McWhorter, John (July 15, 2020).
461:White Racial Identity Development
3205:
3195:
3186:
3185:
2394:
2347:White genocide conspiracy theory
1653:Democratic Republic of the Congo
498:Peter C. Baker (June 19, 2018).
287:European colonialism and slavery
103:"triggers white defensiveness".
3206:
1062:Nadira Hira (August 22, 2019).
710:University Press of Mississippi
299:deflect attention onto the pre-
3091:Go back to where you came from
2187:Negative stereotypes of Whites
1:
2337:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
1375:Cynthia Levine-Rasky (2011),
1255:10.1080/10649867.2017.1402555
401:Implicit, or unconscious bias
42:is the defensive response by
2123:Missing white woman syndrome
1243:Journal of Pastoral Theology
985:Max Harris (June 10, 2018).
587:10.1080/15377938.2013.739430
500:"A Cure for White Fragility"
138:slavery in the United States
2275:US definitions of whiteness
476:Racism in the United States
436:Resistance (psychoanalysis)
431:Racial-ethnic socialization
392:Explicit, or conscious bias
3283:
2390:European native population
1360:Cynthia Ninivaggi (2008),
1290:Princeton University Press
228:
29:
3181:
2380:
2168:White demographic decline
1603:
1394:Cameron McCarthy (2005).
1226:– via Google Books.
1122:DiAngelo, Robin (2011).
860:Indiana University Press
823:Imagining Decolonisation
3121:Psychometrics of racism
2571:Anti-miscegenation laws
2199:Appalachian stereotypes
1436:Between the Lines Books
875:persist whether or not
626:Oxford University Press
544:Educational Foundations
456:White identity politics
293:politics of New Zealand
3086:Ethnic plastic surgery
2581:Biological determinism
2106:phenomena and theories
2089:The White Man's Burden
2083:White Australia policy
1879:Southern United States
1464:Lauren Michele Jackson
827:Bridget Williams Books
378:Lauren Michele Jackson
364:Terminologist barriers
162:
3006:In Jewish communities
2984:Hispanic & Latino
2307:Identitarian movement
1892:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1466:(September 4, 2019).
180:Julia Chinyere Oparah
150:
112:Julia Chinyere Oparah
60:European colonization
3232:Critical race theory
3096:Herrenvolk democracy
2194:In the United States
2158:Whitewashing in film
922:INSEAD Working Paper
819:Ocean Ripeka Mercier
297:white New Zealanders
215:University of Oxford
56:Atlantic slave trade
3116:Perpetual foreigner
2312:Non-Hispanic whites
2153:Whitewashing in art
2078:Settler colonialism
2011:Historical concepts
1821:Trinidad and Tobago
1619:European emigration
1526:nccc.georgetown.edu
989:. e-tangata.co.nz.
698:Leah Gaskin Fitchue
342:Types of expression
330:Study of phenomenon
146:Leah Gaskin Fitchue
120:Leah Gaskin Fitchue
106:Academics, such as
40:White defensiveness
3247:Post-structuralism
3146:Racial integration
3126:Race and sexuality
2931:Japanese Americans
2651:Racial segregation
2641:Racial nationalism
2297:European New Right
2292:Christian Identity
2068:Play the white man
1781:Dominican Republic
1500:The New York Times
1098:(April 10, 2015).
426:Grievance politics
229:For the book, see
211:indigenous peoples
175:Dear White America
30:For the book, see
3257:Social psychology
3242:Politics and race
3219:
3218:
2967:African Americans
2914:Chinese Americans
2611:Ethnic stereotype
2410:
2409:
2362:White nationalism
2302:Great Replacement
2267:identity politics
2148:Whiteness studies
2058:First white child
2006:
2005:
1493:(July 17, 2019).
1346:African Americans
1310:scientific racism
1223:978-1-134-23181-2
1156:(June 18, 2020).
1124:"White Fragility"
877:African Americans
702:Anthony G. Reddie
421:Cultural identity
374:structural racism
301:European settlers
142:African Americans
48:structural racism
16:(Redirected from
3274:
3252:Social phenomena
3209:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3043:Racial supremacy
3001:Jewish Americans
2979:Native Americans
2948:Zainichi Koreans
2936:Japanese Koreans
2919:Zainichi Chinese
2892:Racism by target
2669:Global apartheid
2661:Racism by region
2646:Racial profiling
2636:Racial hierarchy
2437:
2430:
2423:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2241:Angry white male
2117:Passing as white
1626:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1522:"NCCC :: 1"
1518:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:multiculturalism
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1001:
995:
994:
982:
973:
972:
966:presume to know
932:
926:
925:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
900:INSEAD Knowledge
892:
886:
885:
851:
845:
844:
810:
801:
800:
768:
759:
758:
733:
724:
723:
694:
685:
684:
655:
644:
643:
613:
607:
606:
566:
560:
559:
535:
529:
528:
520:
514:
513:
505:Pacific Standard
495:
466:Whiteness theory
416:Colonial amnesia
370:social phenomena
354:British Columbia
324:African American
168:The philosopher
21:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:White privilege
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3177:
3156:Racism in sport
3054:
3048:White supremacy
2887:
2655:
2591:Ethnic conflict
2563:
2557:
2451:Types of racism
2446:
2441:
2411:
2406:
2376:
2372:White supremacy
2260:
2209:Mountain whites
2182:
2178:White supremacy
2143:White privilege
2105:
2099:
2063:Honorary whites
2002:
1965:
1896:
1718:
1702:
1621:
1613:
1599:
1594:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1491:Claudia Rankine
1489:
1488:
1484:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1438:. p. 263.
1429:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1340:
1332:. p. 255.
1323:
1322:
1318:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1163:Washington Post
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1077:White Fragility
1061:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
984:
983:
976:
954:
934:
933:
929:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
870:
853:
852:
848:
837:
812:
811:
804:
796:people of color
790:
782:. p. 159.
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:. p. 214.
735:
734:
727:
720:
696:
695:
688:
677:
657:
656:
647:
636:
616:Angie Maxwell;
615:
614:
610:
581:(1ā2): 93ā111.
568:
567:
563:
537:
536:
532:
522:
521:
517:
497:
496:
489:
484:
471:White supremacy
441:Social identity
412:
403:
394:
382:Claudia Rankine
366:
352:communities of
349:
344:
332:
312:Gabriel Prosser
289:
284:
276:people of color
256:Washington Post
243:White Fragility
234:
231:White Fragility
227:
225:White fragility
206:
204:White diversion
198:people of color
148:wrote in 2015:
133:
128:
101:white privilege
88:
72:white fragility
68:white diversion
52:white privilege
37:
33:White Fragility
28:
23:
22:
18:White fragility
15:
12:
11:
5:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3168:Reverse racism
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Racial figleaf
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3059:Related topics
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Middle Eastern
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:United Kingdom
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2562:Manifestations
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:White identity
2354:
2352:White Hispanic
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:Reverse racism
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Skin whitening
2125:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2029:Blanqueamiento
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1757:Cayman Islands
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1537:
1513:
1482:
1455:
1445:978-1896357362
1444:
1422:
1409:978-0415949934
1408:
1402:. p. 71.
1386:
1367:
1352:
1339:978-1538113738
1338:
1316:
1299:978-0691152073
1298:
1276:
1249:(3): 195ā198.
1229:
1222:
1202:
1176:
1154:Lozada, Carlos
1145:
1114:
1096:Robin DiAngelo
1087:
1081:Robin DiAngelo
1054:
1035:
996:
974:
953:978-1538131626
952:
946:. p. 21.
927:
912:
887:
869:978-0253006288
868:
862:. p. 10.
846:
836:978-0822325154
835:
829:. p. 44.
802:
789:978-0822325154
788:
772:Robin DiAngelo
760:
754:978-0415167314
753:
725:
719:978-1628462005
718:
686:
676:978-0415836692
675:
669:. p. 67.
645:
641:defensiveness.
635:978-0190265960
634:
628:. p. 75.
608:
561:
530:
515:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:White identity
448:
446:White backlash
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
411:
408:
402:
399:
393:
390:
372:involved with
365:
362:
348:
347:Reverse racism
345:
343:
340:
331:
328:
288:
285:
283:
280:
268:reverse racism
261:John McWhorter
248:Robin DiAngelo
237:Robin DiAngelo
226:
223:
205:
202:
194:Robin DiAngelo
154:White Theology
132:
129:
127:
124:
108:Robin DiAngelo
87:
84:
76:Robin DiAngelo
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3279:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:White culture
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Wine industry
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:South America
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:United States
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:North America
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Racialization
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Ethnic hatred
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Laissez-faire
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Institutional
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Environmental
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:One-drop rule
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:New Caledonia
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1902:South America
1899:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:San Francisco
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:United States
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:North America
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1356:
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3161:in Australia
3151:Racial quota
2795:Soviet Union
2738:Saudi Arabia
2679:South Africa
2606:Ethnic slurs
2601:Ethnic jokes
2503:Internalized
2399:
2342:White ethnic
2256:White monkey
2163:White savior
2133:White flight
2113:Acting white
2104:Sociological
2087:
2048:
2043:Peninsulares
2041:
2034:
2027:
1995:
1978:
1953:
1926:
1909:
1877:
1863:
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1683:South Africa
1607:
1597:White people
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
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1529:. Retrieved
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1193:. Retrieved
1190:The Atlantic
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1167:. Retrieved
1161:
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1136:. Retrieved
1131:
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1109:
1103:
1090:
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1038:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
999:
990:
968:Black people
964:White people
959:
957:
939:
936:George Yancy
930:
921:
915:
904:. Retrieved
902:. 2020-09-24
899:
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780:Beacon Press
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659:George Yancy
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618:Todd Shields
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316:anti-slavery
309:
305:MÄori people
290:
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254:
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192:
173:
170:George Yancy
167:
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134:
131:White denial
116:George Yancy
105:
97:Todd Shields
92:white people
89:
80:
71:
67:
64:white denial
63:
44:white people
39:
38:
32:
3076:Anti-racism
2817:Middle East
2711:South Korea
2706:North Korea
2621:Hate speech
2543:Substantive
2523:Neocolonial
2367:White pride
2229:White trash
2214:Poor Whites
2138:White guilt
1997:New Zealand
1885:Puerto Rico
1840:Los Angeles
1786:El Salvador
1622:by location
1306:Upper South
881:White House
320:Upper South
188:anti-racism
184:black women
3226:Categories
2955:Vietnamese
2728:Arab world
2626:Hate group
2616:Hate crime
2553:Xenophobia
2533:Scientific
2518:Linguistic
2330:Quebeckers
2316:Old Stock
2095:White gods
1834:California
1763:Costa Rica
1555:2022-08-13
1531:2022-08-13
1134:(3): 54ā70
1049:ABC Online
1015:2022-08-13
958:I was the
906:2022-08-13
682:suspended.
482:References
397:subject.
272:white rage
86:Definition
3136:Race card
3071:Alt-right
2871:Argentina
2832:Palestine
2750:Australia
2576:Apartheid
2564:of racism
2325:Canadians
2320:Americans
2287:Alt-right
2204:Hillbilly
2018:Apartheid
1980:Australia
1961:Venezuela
1911:Argentina
1871:Baltimore
1858:Louisiana
1791:Guatemala
1752:Caribbean
1507:privilege
1400:Routledge
1271:186899985
1263:1064-9867
1169:March 18,
1010:E-Tangata
745:Routledge
667:Routledge
603:144008401
595:1537-7938
556:1047-8248
511:together.
386:white men
336:whiteness
3191:Category
3106:Lynching
3081:Casteism
2926:Japanese
2785:Portugal
2716:Thailand
2684:Zimbabwe
2548:Symbolic
2538:Societal
2528:Romantic
2493:Gendered
2473:Cultural
2463:Colorism
2458:Aversive
2224:Rednecks
2050:Criollos
1949:Suriname
1939:Paraguay
1934:Colombia
1865:Maryland
1801:Honduras
1776:Dominica
1735:Barbados
1714:Pakistan
1698:Zimbabwe
1648:Botswana
1550:Catalyst
1195:July 18,
1069:Newsweek
1024:cite web
774:(2018).
704:(eds.).
550:: 3ā20.
410:See also
126:Subtypes
3201:Commons
3111:Passing
3066:Ableism
2989:Mexican
2909:Chinese
2805:Ukraine
2770:Germany
2760:Denmark
2721:Vietnam
2401:Commons
2219:Redlegs
1971:Oceania
1955:Uruguay
1917:Bolivia
1806:Jamaica
1740:Bermuda
1730:Bahamas
1688:Tunisia
1678:Reunion
1673:Namibia
1668:Morocco
1638:Algeria
1138:14 June
282:History
3237:Racism
3033:Slavic
3028:Romani
3023:Muslim
2996:Jewish
2943:Korean
2904:Asians
2876:Brazil
2859:Mexico
2849:Canada
2837:Turkey
2827:Israel
2790:Russia
2780:Poland
2765:France
2755:Europe
2674:Africa
2508:Patent
2488:Formal
2468:Covert
2444:Racism
2265:White
2036:Castas
1991:Hawaii
1922:Brazil
1852:Hawaii
1816:Panama
1811:Mexico
1746:Canada
1693:Zambia
1663:Malawi
1643:Angola
1630:Africa
1442:
1406:
1336:
1296:
1269:
1261:
1220:
992:wrong.
960:target
950:
866:
833:
786:
751:
716:
673:
632:
601:
593:
554:
358:Canada
70:, and
50:, and
3211:Index
2972:Women
2962:Black
2881:Chile
2800:Spain
2775:Italy
2743:Sudan
2733:Libya
2701:Japan
2696:China
2478:Cyber
2251:Basic
2246:Becky
2236:Karen
2023:Aryan
1928:Chile
1796:Haiti
1658:Kenya
1473:Slate
1267:S2CID
1105:Salon
599:S2CID
3013:LGBT
2899:Arab
2822:Iran
2691:Asia
2385:Race
1944:Peru
1770:Cuba
1707:Asia
1608:Bold
1440:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1259:ISSN
1218:ISBN
1197:2020
1171:2021
1140:2020
1030:link
948:ISBN
864:ISBN
831:ISBN
784:ISBN
749:ISBN
714:ISBN
671:ISBN
630:ISBN
591:ISSN
552:ISSN
253:The
158:Cone
118:and
58:and
1251:doi
583:doi
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