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growth. In colder zones where lupin cannot survive the winter, white lupin is sowed in the spring, typically between March and April. The soil must be prepared as soon as possible after the last frost of the winter. The seedbed must be sufficiently fine, particularly in organic farming where mechanical weeding is done (so that harrowing the displacement of clods does not harm the plants). In regions where lupin is not indigenous, if it is cultivated for the first time in a soil or if the soil pH is higher than 6.5, lupin seeds must be inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium
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332:
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36:
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587:. It is found in meadows, pastures, and grassy slopes on both sandy and acidic soil. The white lupin is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region and in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Syria, Europe, North and South America, and tropical and southern Africa. The ancient cultivation of white lupin under the local name
834:
or organic soils are not suitable for growth. The soil must be well drained and loose because lupin is subject to root asphyxia. White lupin flourishes in the same climate zones as maize, although lupin, except at the beginning of the growing season, requires little water thanks to its long tap root.
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for a small variation of morphological characteristics. However, the species has wide, intraspecific variability in physiological plant properties: the duration of vernalization time and growth rate, photoperiodic sensitivity, shape tolerance, drought resistance, and cold- and winter-hardiness. There
603:
are winter and spring forms of white lupin. The duration of the growing period under spring sowing varies from 106 to 180 days, seed mass per plant varies from 2.2 g to 40 g, green mass yield per from 9 g to 250 g, protein content in the seed from 35.0% to 53.7%, and oil content from 6.2% to 12.0%.
889:
Depending on the climate zone of cultivation, pods ripen sometime between late June and late August. Seeds do not ripen all at once and are harvested when 90% of the pods are brown. To harvest with a combine harvester the ideal seed water content is 13-16%. Good yields are between 2 t/ha and 3.5
843:
In hotter climate zones, such as in Italy, sowing occurs following plowing in
October–November in order to bury the stubble of the previous crop (often a cereal.) Due to its branched structure, lupin can adapt to different sowing densities, compensating for a lower density with a higher branch
868:
O. Due to its long tap root, white lupin can exploit phosphorus reserves in the soil. The crop rotation for white lupin ideally lasts at least four or five years, and lupin is often grown after a cereal crop. Lupin is a good preculture since it leaves about 50 kg/ha of nitrogen in the field.
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Since ancient times, white lupin has been widespread in the
Mediterranean region and in the Middle East due to its high tolerance for acidic soils and its soil-restoration abilities. It tolerates a soil acidity up to pH = 6.5, while
731:, which translates roughly to "hot". White lupin dispersed from Greece to adjacent regions and states over time, particularly Egypt and Ancient Rome. The forms of lupin with white seeds and pink-and-blue or light-pink flowers (
715:. It is more likely, however, that white lupin was originally introduced into cultivation in ancient Greece, where its greatest biodiversity was concentrated and where wild-growing forms have been preserved until today (ssp.
1371:
is used in
Australia to provide sheep with protein in the form of a whole-grain feed supplement, there are concerns regarding product quality and safety. This is due to the susceptibility of some lupine cultivars towards
1401:
should not be considered as an optimal feed for pigs. Research indicates that a diet based on white lupine results in poorer growth rates due to reduced feed intake when compared with other lupine species, such as
1223:
The chemical composition of lupin seeds depends on the cultivation region except for the protein content which is independent from environmental conditions. White lupin seeds contain a high amount of protein. The
1419:
can tolerate a high share of lupine seeds in their diet, excess use should be avoided, as it causes moist feces that negatively affects hygiene and promotes health risks. It has been shown that
1996:"Pea seeds (Pisum sativum), faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor) and lupin seeds (Lupinus albus var. multitalia) as protein sources in broiler diets: effect of extrusion on growth performance"
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content in sweet white lupin cultivars does not currently exceed 0.02%. Some of the sulphur-containing amino acids (about 4% of the proteins) may have an allergenic effect. The main
881:
only in late summer. Mechanical weeding is feasible, as is hoeing if the rows are wide enough. Chemical weeding is also used, by means of herbicides applied for other grain legumes.
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According to Zohary and Hopf, "even today the white lupin is an appreciated food crop and it is still cultivated in some
Mediterranean countries—particularly Egypt." In
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154:
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902:, management is complex and important. Higher yields can be obtained by sowing early in the year, but this strategy can increase the impact of pests and diseases.
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2026:
Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Nozière P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. White lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
1430:
White lupin seeds have also been recommended as rabbit feed, and may prove useful as a partial replacement for fish meal or soybean meal in aquaculture.
1279:. Their removal is possible through food processing treatments (e.g., dehulling, germinating, cooking, soaking, fermentation, and extraction). Total
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2323:
2271:
942:, a seed-borne disease which can kill lupin plants before they flower, resulting in a null yield, and which is mostly addressed via seed treatment
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are also a problem, particularly during the budding and early pod stages. They reduce crop yield, limit the number of flower blooms, and also
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Due to its symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, white lupin does not need nitrogen fertilization, though it requires about 40 kg/ha of P
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727:) turned wild and now grow in natural environments. Also, the Grecian genesis of cultivated lupin may be testified by lupin's Greek name
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Insect larvae may damage the roots and hypocotyls, and can be treated most effectively via soil insecticides or other seed treatments.
2209:
1794:
Romer, P, K; et al. "Further trials to control
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) in white lupins (Lupinus albus) with chemicals".
735:) spread mainly towards the south (Egypt, Libya, and Palestine), while the forms with white seeds and grayish-blue or white flowers (
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Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
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1967:
Sujak, Agnieszka; Kotlarz, Anna; Strobel, Wacław (2006). "Compositional and nutritional evaluation of several lupin seeds".
255:
1994:
Diaz, Duarte; Morlacchini, Mauro; Masoero, Francesco; Moschini, Maurizio; Fusconi, Giorgio; Piva, Gianfranco (2006-01-01).
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Gladstones, J.S. 1974. Lupinus of the
Mediterranean region and Africa. Bull. West. Austr. Depart. of Agr. 1974. N 26. 48 p.
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227:
1385:
can cause a decrease in milk protein concentration and milk protein yield in dairy cows. Nonetheless, roasted seeds of
2486:
2124:
1378:. This fungus can cause a fatal intoxication with lupine seed called lupinosis, which appears to mainly affect sheep.
1822:
Prusinski, J.A., 2017. White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) – Nutritional and Health Values in Human
Nutrition – a Review.
234:
1381:
While there no major negative health effects have been found in cattle, it has been found that supplementation with
909:. To control non-fungal diseases, the most effective practices are crop rotation and the use of disease-free seeds.
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932:, also known as rust, which causes defoliation and biomass reduction, and be treated with triazole fungicides
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can cause unwanted side-effects, this species may prove useful as a feeding supplement for livestock. While
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762:. They are normally soaked in seawater for 2–3 hours to mellow the flavour and are then consumed raw. In
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Gladstones, J.S. 1998. Distribution, Origin, Taxonomy, History and
Importance. In: J.S. Gladstones
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1932:
Williamson, P. M.; Highet, A. S.; Gams, W.; Sivasithamparam, K.; Cowling, W. A. (December 1994).
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55:
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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are Lup-1 (a conglutin b, vicilin-like protein), and Lup-2 (conglutin a, legumin-like protein).
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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plant that typically reaches 30 to 120 cm in height. It is widely distributed across the
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The following three fungi are lupin-specific and fully adapted to the presence of alkaloids:
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2007:
1976:
1949:
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1240:(w-9) accounts for about 50% of the fat. The carbohydrates found in the seeds are mainly
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1757:
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1245:
775:
719:). On the Balkan Peninsula, representatives of another subspecies of white lupin (ssp.
520:
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1765:
924:, which causes brown-leaf spot and can be combatted by selecting frost–tolerant plants
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Lupin does not compete well with weeds, particularly in the colder zones, because it
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540:
474:
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1980:
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Zhukovsky, P. M. (1929). "A contribution to the knowledge of genus
Lupinus Tourn".
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The beginning of lupin cultivation in the Old World is sometimes associated with
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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is slightly lower than that of animal protein. The fats have a 2:1 ratio of
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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2012:
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382:
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1467:(eds.), Lupin as Crop Plants. Biology, Production and Utilization, 1-39.
1450:
for species and genus information, and for other uses of the lupin bean.
2263:
2170:
1744:
Huyghe, Christian (1997). "White Lupin (< I> Lupinus Albus L.)".
1616:(3rd ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123.
1446:
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960:
572:
560:
544:
511:
435:
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2027:
1514:"lupindiversity.blogspot.com/2006/08/lupinus-albus-l-white-lupin.html"
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and the starch content is very low. Therefore, lupin seeds have a low
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1592:"lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/history-of-lupin-domestication.html"
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can negatively affect digestibility and nutrient uptake in piglets.
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Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources, and breeding
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is the only insect which has historically significantly impacted
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White lupin is distinct within the large and polymorphous genus
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184:
129:
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29:
848:. Soil acidity is an important factor for nitrogen fixation.
1389:
appear to be a good source of rumen protected fatty acids.
1885:"Wheat flour, whole-grain, soft wheat - FoodData Central"
1275:
The white lupin seeds have a low or very low content of
1248:. The main macroelements found in white lupin seeds are
955:
and infected seeds, and is the major viral disease for
150:
817:, and the seeds are sold as a popular street snack in
2074:
2043:Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species
215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
145:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2057:Seed proteome reference maps at Lupin Protein Team
1680:Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL)
543:region, growing naturally throughout the southern
1909:"Plants Profile for Lupinus albus (white lupine)"
758:area, lupin seeds are a very common snack during
1861:"Soybeans, mature seeds, raw - FoodData Central"
1423:has the potential to partly replace the use of
1001:Other pests and detrimental organisms include:
1837:"Lupins, mature seeds, raw - FoodData Central"
1796:Proceeding 9th International Lupin Conference
8:
1808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1408:. Experiments have indicated that ingesting
1551:
1549:
535:The white lupin is an annual, more or less
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2062:
1938:sp. nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep"
905:Fungal diseases are often controlled with
317:
306:
2011:
1342:Learn how and when to remove this message
1092:Learn how and when to remove this message
898:As there are numerous diseases affecting
890:t/ha, although average yields are lower.
810:in Catalan). Lupin is known in Arabic as
293:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:, without removing the technical details.
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1103:
591:was practiced until recently in western
1477:
1260:, and the prevailing microelements are
1009:, which cause seedlings to wilt and die
1801:
1562:. St. Petersburg: Pub. House "Intan".
1036:budworms, which feed on pods and seeds
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1015:and moth larvae, which kill seedlings
155:make it understandable to non-experts
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2391:1910ad2c-bf18-4cc6-aafa-3af55937e9cb
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1612:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000).
951:Bean mosaic virus is transmitted by
213:adding citations to reliable sources
2028:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/279
1536:Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Plant Breed
998:. They can also transmit diseases.
707:beans, cooked and pickled in brine.
1779:Jansen, P. C. M. "Lupinus albus".
1106:Nutrient content per 100 g portion
25:
2000:Italian Journal of Animal Science
1027:, which attack flowers and leaves
782:, lupin is a very popular snack (
617:(Boiss. et Spun.) Franko et Silva
551:, the Italian mainland region of
45:This article has multiple issues.
2479:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:504069-1
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1397:Unlike its use with ruminants,
821:after being soaked and brined.
200:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1981:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.036
1033:, which attack young seed pods
939:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
750:, especially on the island of
1:
1954:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81064-2
1766:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00028-2
1516:. Lupindiversity.blogspot.com
1359:Although an excessive use of
1712:Joy, Robert. "Plant Guide".
1324:Knowledge's inclusion policy
1074:Knowledge's inclusion policy
959:. A major disease for other
100:Knowledge's inclusion policy
2564:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1242:soluble and insoluble fibre
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1488:New Larousse Gastronomique
1651:Istruzione agraria online
1556:Kurlovich, B. S. (2002).
670:(Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev.
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327:Scientific classification
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2559:Plants described in 1753
1594:. Lupins-bk.blogspot.com
498:, commonly known as the
1427:in poultry production.
1226:net protein utilization
696:History and modern uses
547:, the French region of
27:Species of edible plant
1676:"Merkblatt Biolupinen"
1647:"Lupino - Lupinus spp"
708:
519:. It is a traditional
490:
1485:Hamlyn (2018-08-02).
1175:Total lipid (fat) (g)
1021:, which attack leaves
996:lead to pod formation
965:cucumber mosaic virus
739:) moved to the west (
703:
506:, is a member of the
486:
2013:10.4081/ijas.2006.43
1942:Mycological Research
1746:Field Crops Research
930:Uromyces lupinicolus
525:Mediterranean region
209:improve this article
1826:, 35(2), pp.95–105.
1758:1997FCrRe..53..147H
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1041:Nutritional aspects
1455:General references
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741:Apennine Peninsula
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523:cultivated in the
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2068:Taxon identifiers
1948:(12): 1364–1368.
1824:Czech J. Food Sci
1623:978-0-19-850357-6
1590:BK (2006-07-17).
1512:BK (2006-08-04).
1498:978-0-600-63587-1
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1752:(1–3): 147–160.
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879:closes the stand
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626:(Forsk.) Ponert.
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1314:Please help by
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1246:glycaemic index
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1975:(4): 711–719.
1969:Food Chemistry
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1393:Non-ruminants
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1308:This section
1306:
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1277:antinutrients
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1058:This section
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900:Lupinus albus
893:
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852:Fertilization
851:
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743:and beyond).
742:
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713:Ancient Egypt
706:
705:Lupinus albus
702:
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541:Mediterranean
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495:Lupinus albus
489:
488:Lupinus albus
485:
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468:Lupinus albus
463:
460:
459:Binomial name
456:
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450:L. albus
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355:
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311:Lupinus albus
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226: –
225:
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220:Find sources:
214:
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204:
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198:This article
196:
192:
187:
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156:
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143:This article
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84:This article
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52:
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41:
32:
31:
19:
2075:
2044:
2022:
2006:(1): 43–53.
2003:
1999:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1804:cite journal
1795:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1713:
1679:
1650:
1613:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1558:
1542:(1): 16–294.
1539:
1535:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1507:
1487:
1480:
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1398:
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1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1338:
1329:
1316:spinning off
1309:
1274:
1222:
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1142:
1135:
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1127:
1124:
1119:
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1105:
1088:
1079:
1066:spinning off
1059:
1000:
989:
988:
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978:
968:
956:
950:
937:
929:
921:
916:
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899:
897:
888:
876:
873:Weed control
855:
845:
842:
828:
814:
811:
807:
806:in Spanish,
803:
799:
795:
794:in Italian,
791:
787:
783:
745:
736:
732:
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716:
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704:
684:
675:
666:
660:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
599:
597:
588:
534:
510:
504:field lupine
503:
499:
494:
493:
492:
487:
467:
465:
449:
448:
436:
389:
376:
363:
350:
310:
304:
289:
271:
262:
252:
245:
238:
231:
219:
207:Please help
202:verification
199:
169:
160:
144:
114:
105:
92:spinning off
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2350:NatureServe
2285:iNaturalist
2100:Wikispecies
1491:. Octopus.
1159:Protein (g)
1133:Wheat flour
825:Cultivation
790:in French,
756:Peloponnese
754:and in the
632:abissinicus
531:Description
500:white lupin
422:Subfamily:
370:Angiosperms
18:White lupin
2548:Categories
2448:Plant List
2147:Calflora:
1918:2017-11-18
1894:2021-01-15
1870:2021-01-15
1846:2021-01-15
1598:2012-08-04
1520:2012-08-04
1472:References
1441:Lupin bean
1320:relocating
1238:oleic acid
1070:relocating
1031:mired bugs
907:fungicides
800:altramuces
569:Aegean Sea
567:, and the
235:newspapers
96:relocating
50:improve it
2241:220007906
2223:FloraBase
1781:Protabase
1714:Usda NRCS
1415:Although
1363:or other
1355:Ruminants
1285:allergens
1232:(w-6) to
1207:Fibre (g)
808:tramussos
784:tramousse
733:L. termis
723:and ssp.
685:libkindae
667:vavilovii
641:subroseus
589:hanchcoly
581:Palestine
537:pubescent
444:Species:
426:Faboideae
340:Kingdom:
56:talk page
2518:13036912
2513:Tropicos
2453:ild-8550
2355:2.133616
2316:10586175
2303:504069-1
2137:BioLib:
2085:Wikidata
2052:pfaf.org
1798:: 25–27.
1434:See also
1421:L. albus
1417:broilers
1410:L. albus
1399:L. albus
1387:L. albus
1383:L. albus
1369:L. albus
1361:L. albus
1332:May 2024
1281:alkaloid
1082:May 2024
894:Diseases
832:alkaline
796:tremoços
772:Portugal
737:L. albus
676:vulgaris
585:Anatolia
565:Sardinia
549:Provence
517:Fabaceae
416:Fabaceae
412:Family:
383:Eudicots
265:May 2024
163:May 2024
108:May 2024
2554:Lupinus
2430:1030424
2264:2964167
2171:Ecocrop
2091:Q161372
1754:Bibcode
1447:Lupinus
1425:soybean
1234:omega-3
1230:omega-6
1125:Soybean
1007:maggots
961:lupines
947:Viruses
804:chochos
729:thermos
717:graecus
648:subsp.
621:subsp.
614:graecus
612:subsp.
600:Lupinus
593:Georgia
573:Lebanon
561:Corsica
545:Balkans
512:Lupinus
437:Lupinus
432:Genus:
406:Fabales
402:Order:
344:Plantae
249:scholar
149:Please
2492:105572
2466:LUAL22
2461:PLANTS
2417:119638
2388:NZOR:
2342:174710
2329:503572
2251:LUPALB
2248:FoIO:
2215:171901
2189:703662
2130:117039
2114:APDB:
1716:: 5–8.
1620:
1575:11 May
1566:
1495:
1465:et al.
1268:, and
1256:, and
1201:74.48
1198:30.16
1195:40.37
1182:19.94
1166:36.49
1163:36.17
1025:thrips
1013:beetle
991:Aphids
967:, but
953:aphids
839:Sowing
815:termes
792:lupini
780:Brazil
764:France
748:Greece
721:termis
623:termis
577:Israel
563:, and
557:Sicily
553:Apulia
396:Rosids
251:
244:
237:
230:
222:
2505:351-8
2500:SANBI
2437:PFI:
2399:NZPCN
2311:IRMNG
2290:54906
2277:22802
2210:EUNIS
2202:LUPAL
2163:3WF58
2150:13357
2140:39898
2117:64851
1217:13.1
1211:18.9
1185:1.95
1179:9.74
1169:9.61
1117:Lupin
1019:slugs
975:Pests
913:Fungi
885:Yield
819:Egypt
788:lupin
768:Spain
752:Crete
725:albus
679:Libk.
674:var.
665:var.
661:albus
650:albus
644:Libk.
639:var.
635:Libk.
630:var.
521:pulse
508:genus
390:Clade
377:Clade
364:Clade
351:Clade
256:JSTOR
242:books
2474:POWO
2440:9296
2404:4718
2381:3870
2376:NCBI
2337:IUCN
2324:ITIS
2298:IPNI
2272:GRIN
2259:GBIF
2228:4064
2197:EPPO
2176:7431
2125:APNI
1810:link
1618:ISBN
1577:2024
1564:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1444:and
1214:9.3
1153:332
1150:446
1147:371
812:ترمس
760:Lent
659:var.
228:news
2526:WFO
2487:RHS
2363:NBN
2236:FNA
2184:EoL
2158:CoL
2008:doi
1977:doi
1950:doi
1762:doi
1318:or
1068:or
963:is
802:or
786:or
683:f.
502:or
211:by
153:to
94:or
2550::
2528::
2515::
2502::
2489::
2476::
2463::
2450::
2427::
2414::
2401::
2378::
2365::
2352::
2339::
2326::
2313::
2300::
2287::
2274::
2261::
2238::
2225::
2212::
2199::
2186::
2173::
2160::
2127::
2102::
2087::
2047:L.
2002:.
1998:.
1973:98
1971:.
1946:98
1944:.
1940:.
1911:.
1887:.
1863:.
1839:.
1806:}}
1802:{{
1760:.
1750:53
1748:.
1722:^
1688:^
1678:.
1659:^
1649:.
1632:^
1548:^
1540:21
1538:.
1272:.
1270:Na
1266:Fe
1264:,
1262:Ca
1258:Mg
1254:Mn
1252:,
774:,
770:,
766:,
653:L.
595:.
579:,
575:,
559:,
527:.
475:L.
392::
379::
366::
353::
59:.
2016:.
2010::
2004:5
1983:.
1979::
1956:.
1952::
1934:"
1921:.
1897:.
1873:.
1849:.
1812:)
1783:.
1768:.
1764::
1756::
1682:.
1653:.
1626:.
1601:.
1579:.
1523:.
1501:.
1345:)
1339:(
1334:)
1330:(
1326:.
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1250:K
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866:2
862:5
860:O
858:2
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20:)
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