713:
489:
646:
188:
68:
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44:
375:) host. Although effective in theory, removal of currants is rarely successful in practice, as they readily re-grow from small pieces of root left in the soil, and the seeds are very widely spread in birds' droppings. According to the Southwest Oregon Forest Insect and Disease Service Center, white pine blister rust attacks all
684:
infestation in stands of sugar pines, eastern white pines, and western white pines resulted in the observation of apparently resistant trees, asymptomatic in heavily infected areas. By 1950, breeding programs were in place to use these remaining trees as parents to cross and backcross with progeny to
615:
For example, careful topological selection of plot sites for the white pine would greatly reduce the germination of spores. These plots would include land with characteristics such as well-drained soil such as that on a high-sloped area, spots that are well aerated, and face the south for dryness and
410:
spp.), and germinated on needles to enter with germ tubes through open stomata. Young pines are most susceptible and will die at faster rates following infection. A mycelial network then spreads through the needle and into intercellular space in the inner bark, resulting in the formation of a blister
731:
spp. Because young pines are smaller and less developed than mature trees, they are most susceptible to the pathogen. In addition, young trees will often die at faster rates following infection because more needles are likely to be located closer to the main stem (trunk) of the tree, where infection
743:
The means of resistance in rust-resistant five-needle pine varieties involve various mechanisms, such as abortion of infected leaves and slow development of canker symptoms. It is likely that varieties exhibiting the latter mechanism act against the pathogen's ability to modify cell walls and avoid
560:
prefers cooler temperatures coupled with moist conditions in low-lying areas, especially during the late summer and early fall. The low temperatures and humidity are an essential part of the pathogen's spore germination and dispersal requirements. The combination of cooler temperatures and a high
352:
Infected trees are often identified by "flagging", when all the needles on a branch turn brown and die. Infections often occur on low branches close to the ground on young trees, so pruning of white pine can also be effective in multiple ways, as it improves the quality of timber by creating more
343:
If bark blisters are found on branches over 10–15 cm from the trunk, those branches may be pruned off, which will stop the spread of the disease to the rest of that tree. If the main trunk is affected then no control is possible, and the tree will die once the infection encircles the tree.
572:
than the older, taller trees that create the canopy, which consequently have more access to the warm, dry sun. This collection of environmental characteristics are common in the
Northern Hemisphere, causing many areas in the United States to be labeled at hazard zones for the genus
668:) are the most economically important for timber harvest and nursery stock. In fact, forests of these species represent some of the most valuable land for timber harvest in the US, as they fetch a premium price over related species. While species such as whitebark pine (
266:
is native to China, and was introduced to North
America. The rust was first discovered on currants in Geneva, New York in 1906. It was first seen on White pine specifically on imported seedlings from European nurseries in 1909. Some European and Asian white pines (e.g.
623:
Once plantation spots have been chosen, pruning and inspection practices have been adapted as a monitored cultural practice. Inspections for blister rusts begin in May about six years after the trees are planted. This time period is when obvious symptoms of
510:
needles, but these are small and can be difficult to see; more visible symptoms on the aecial host includes perennial cankers which appear on the branches within two years of infection. Looking at the infected plant as a whole, the
636:
Furthermore, genetic hybridization testing has been conducted for more than half a century in order to find resistance among strains of the species, and have since successfully introduced resistance into the eastern white pine
1066:
832:
632:
trees up to anywhere between nine and eighteen feet. Pathological pruning, in which all lower branches are pruned regardless of signs or symptoms of infection, may reduce disease instance in white pine tree stands.
423:
spp. hosts in the area. Next, telia are developed on the abaxial (lower) surface of leaves, where teliospores germinate to give rise to basidiospores that will complete the disease cycle by infecting
628:
begin to appear, such as red needles. Infected branches will be pruned to a certain height that is dependent on a rate of infection determined by researchers; generally pruning is required for
608:(In some European countries and Canada, the fruits from currants and gooseberry were more valuable than White pine trees, which did not allow them to do the eradication programs of
411:
rust canker. Spermagonia are produced at the margins on the canker and give rise to spermatia in the following spring. Once spermatia have fertilized receptive hyphae in the
415:
spp. host, aecia are formed within a year, appearing as white blisters before rupture reveals the orange or yellow aeciospores within. The wind-blown aeciospores infect
800:
712:
1547:
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1496:
419:
spp. and the fungus quickly develops uredia in less than a few weeks. Uredospores produced in this stage spread to infect other parts of the same host or other
594:
601:
ability to regrow from an extremely small root portion, researchers have focused their efforts on creating new cultural practices to lower the abundance of
568:
scale, lower trees hidden below the canopy exist in a lower temperature and moister environment, and as a result, these young trees are more susceptible to
561:
humidity create an environment at which dew can easily form. The free water helps loosen spores adhered to a leaf's surface and promotes spore germination.
1309:
1392:
1444:
406:
spp.) are infected in the fall by basidiospores that have spread under cool, moist conditions from the alternate host, currants and gooseberries (
862:
1120:
585:
Historically, tactics such as alternate host removal and planting restrictions in hazard zones, as well as quarantines made legal by the 1912
692:
spp. would be an effective means of controlling the causal agent was largely responsible for the federal ban restricting cultivation of
315:. Efforts are under way to select and breed the rare resistant individuals of these species; resistance breeding is concentrated at the
732:
results in canker formation that kills vital cambial tissue responsible for water and nutrient transport for large parts of the tree.
1590:
1405:
597:, however through a combination of the pathogen's hardiness and ability to travel airborne for nine hundred feet, as well as the
371:. Because the infection moves from currant plants, to pines, and back again, it cannot continue to exist without its secondary (
299:
causing serious damage to the
American white pines, which have little genetic resistance. Mortality is particularly heavy in
1449:
808:
488:
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1280:
990:
966:
316:
1431:
67:
885:
1501:
379:. "Damage includes mortality, top kill, branch dieback, and predisposition to attack by other agents, including
1275:
1020:
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warmth. This would remove the wet, damp environment that is crucial for the germination of the spores on the
1595:
1321:
178:
1121:"HOW to Manage Eastern White Pine to Minimize Damage from White Pine Blister Rust and White Pine Weevil"
735:
Most of the breeding efforts for five-needle pine resistance are currently focused in North
America, on
376:
162:
540:
can contract yellowish chlorotic leaf spots, but is otherwise not significantly impacted. The signs of
1301:
854:
605:. Since then researchers have come up with multiple new methods to curb the spread of the infection.
485:. Species of both telial and aecial hosts have varying levels of resistance or immunity to infection.
1580:
1511:
1384:
586:
1128:
1475:
1252:
1225:
353:
knot-free timber, and reduces the likelihood of infection from the blister rust to a small extent.
1045:
645:
913:
704:
cultivars are slowly gaining popularity and many resistant varieties are commercially available.
300:
292:
203:
62:
55:
680:
as well as other five-needle pine species across the US. In the early 1900s, large outbreaks of
187:
1532:
1353:
935:
685:
develop rust-resistant varieties. There are now resistant western white pine trees available.
656:
White pine blister rust is the only rust of white pine. Of the five needle pines, sugar pine (
1557:
1537:
1162:
1026:
925:
296:
1150:
548:, come in the form of the pathogen itself as orange pustules on the underside of the leaf.
1519:
268:
109:
1379:
744:
plant recognition. In some species of North
American pine, hypersensitive responses to
440:
312:
17:
748:
have been observed, which suggests a gene-for-gene interaction that may indicate that
1574:
1180:
1091:
494:
457:
230:
226:
129:
119:
99:
716:
Pine seedlings being bred to resist white pine blister rust by the US Forest
Service
700:
were essentially halted. Today, although some state and local bans remain in place,
522:
43:
565:
444:
368:
332:
1410:
1358:
1488:
1470:
1418:
930:
380:
308:
280:
1344:
998:
482:
304:
272:
139:
939:
1366:
1201:
752:
is not so ecologically foreign to North
American pines as previously assumed
516:
276:
79:
1436:
772:
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in the 1920s. Until 1966, when the ban was lifted, US breeding efforts in
1524:
1457:
1338:
1285:
468:
1151:"Pathological pruning: a useful tool in white pine blister rust control"
361:
Another form of control practiced in some areas is to diligently remove
1397:
1166:
1030:
519:, and stunted with dead branches or tops that turn a bright red color.
463:
443:
species and goes through five spore stages. This life cycle is termed
1423:
1312:. Lists general information and resources for White Pine Blister Rust.
886:"White Pine Blister Rust and its threat to High Elevation White Pines"
1462:
1291:
472:
452:
372:
320:
89:
1315:
1371:
711:
644:
528:
521:
487:
477:
363:
1296:
1319:
1276:
Don't Move
Firewood - Gallery of Pests: White Pine Blister Rust
1092:"White Pine Blister Rust: Knowledge, Control, and Innovation"
676:) are of less economic importance, they too are affected by
1046:"Epidemiology for Hazard Rating of White Pine Blister Rust"
593:
used to be practiced in full force, which heavily affected
827:
825:
295:
into North
America in approximately 1900, where it is an
323:
and the Moscow
Forestry Services Laboratory in Idaho.
367:
plants from any area near white pines, including the
1101:. Canadian forest Service-Laurentian Forestry Centre
1328:
688:The notion that eradication of the alternate host
1308:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1202:"Ribes: Reintroducing a once common fruit genus"
1253:"Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust)"
773:"Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust)"
279:) are mostly resistant to the disease, having
250:
8:
991:"Forest Pathology - White Pine Blister Rust"
595:blackcurrant production in the United States
435:As is common among rusts, the life cycle of
244:
238:
1310:United States National Agricultural Library
1302:Species Profile - White Pine Blister Rust (
723:is a heteroecious, macrocyclic pathogen on
526:Leaf spots on the underside of a leaf on a
1316:
1025:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
186:
42:
31:
1022:Landscape genetics of Cronartium ribicola
929:
455:host of this pathogen is the white pine (
859:Department of Agriculture Forest Service
1297:The Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation
764:
502:On the aecial host, the first signs of
1586:Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases
1247:
1245:
1196:
1194:
1085:
1083:
7:
1512:1ecd7a47-f51f-4c0f-8500-5329324a51f0
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959:
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949:
907:
905:
880:
878:
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874:
872:
795:
793:
536:On the other hand, the telial host,
335:control of the disease is possible.
319:Dorena Genetic Resource Center in
25:
865:from the original on 27 May 2009.
240:Rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc
66:
506:are yellow or red spots on the
1288:, United States Forest Service
1286:Dorena Genetic Resource Center
1:
912:Maloy, Otis C. (2001-01-01).
475:hosts are those of the genus
481:, specifically currants and
317:United States Forest Service
252:moho ampolla del pino blanco
1206:uncommonfruit.cias.wisc.edu
1044:Van Arsdel, Eugene (2006).
1019:Simren, Brar (2012-08-31).
931:10.1094/PHP-2001-0924-01-HM
664:), and western white pine (
1612:
447:. In the specific case of
1292:The Sugar Pine Foundation
1226:"White pine blister rust"
1181:"White pine blister rust"
1090:Laflamme, Gaston (2012).
1067:"White pine blister rust"
967:"White pine blister rust"
914:"White Pine Blister Rust"
855:"White pine blister rust"
833:"White pine blister rust"
801:"White pine blister rust"
357:Banning of black currants
209:
202:
194:
185:
168:
161:
63:Scientific classification
61:
50:
41:
34:
1185:Natural Resources Canada
737:P. strobus, P. monticola
402:spp. Five-needle pines (
394:has two obligate hosts:
233:that causes the disease
1591:Fungi described in 1872
995:www.forestpathology.org
971:White pine blister rust
660:), eastern white pine (
237:. Other names include:
235:white pine blister rust
211:White pine blister rust
18:White pine blister rust
717:
653:
533:
499:
251:
245:
239:
27:Species of rust fungus
1149:Lehrer, G.F. (1982).
918:Plant Health Progress
715:
648:
532:species (telial host)
525:
491:
246:white pine Blasenrost
678:Cronartium ribicola,
649:Forest decimated by
587:Plant Quarantine Act
291:It was accidentally
1548:cronartium-ribicola
1330:Cronartium ribicola
1304:Cronartium ribicola
1281:forestpathology.org
1187:. 31 December 2013.
721:Cronartium ribicola
672:) and limber pine (
651:Cronartium ribicola
558:Cronartium ribicola
449:Cronartium ribicola
437:Cronartium ribicola
392:Cronartium ribicola
283:with the pathogen.
264:Cronartium ribicola
222:Cronartium ribicola
197:Cronartium ribicola
172:Cronartium ribicola
52:Cronartium ribicola
36:Cronartium ribicola
1167:10.1094/PD-66-1138
1053:US Forest Services
1031:10.14288/1.0073107
718:
654:
581:Disease management
534:
500:
431:Hosts and symptoms
301:western white pine
56:western white pine
1568:
1567:
1533:Open Tree of Life
1322:Taxon identifiers
1230:extension.umn.edu
658:Pinus lambertiana
556:Environmentally,
377:five-needle pines
218:
217:
16:(Redirected from
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1489:NBNSYS0000021760
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1127:. Archived from
1125:www.na.fs.fed.us
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1111:
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1108:
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1099:cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/
1096:
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1063:
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997:. Archived from
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882:
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820:
819:
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816:
807:. Archived from
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787:
785:
784:
769:
670:Pinus albicaulis
297:invasive species
287:Invasive species
254:
248:
242:
225:is a species of
195:Distribution of
190:
174:
154:C. ribicola
71:
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741:P. lambertiana.
710:
666:Pinus monticola
643:
583:
554:
433:
389:
359:
350:
341:
329:
289:
269:Macedonian pine
261:
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110:Pucciniomycetes
65:
28:
23:
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674:Pinus flexilis
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1161:: 1138–1139.
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1155:Plant Disease
1152:
1145:
1142:
1131:on 2016-10-31
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662:Pinus strobus
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589:. Removal of
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498:(aecial host)
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495:Pinus strobus
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387:Disease cycle
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333:silvicultural
331:Some limited
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779:. 2019-11-19
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1581:Pucciniales
1471:NatureServe
1419:iNaturalist
1105:December 6,
750:C. ribicola
746:C. ribicola
682:C. ribicola
626:C. ribicola
603:C. ribicola
570:C. ribicola
552:Environment
542:C. ribicola
504:C. ribicola
309:limber pine
255:(Spanish).
227:rust fungus
120:Pucciniales
1575:Categories
1258:2020-12-06
1235:2020-12-06
1211:2020-12-06
1135:2016-12-06
1005:2016-12-06
976:2020-12-06
895:2020-12-06
815:2016-12-07
783:2020-06-16
759:References
641:Importance
471:) and the
305:sugar pine
293:introduced
281:co-evolved
273:Swiss pine
249:(German),
243:(French),
179:J.C.Fisch.
141:Cronartium
96:Division:
1476:2.1035433
940:1535-1025
924:(1): 10.
517:chlorotic
467:, family
461:subgenus
277:blue pine
148:Species:
86:Kingdom:
80:Eukaryota
1458:MycoBank
1380:Fungorum
1345:Q2301438
1339:Wikidata
863:Archived
777:CABI.org
727:spp and
469:Pinaceae
398:spp and
348:Flagging
204:Synonyms
126:Family:
76:Domain:
1558:1616596
1398:2517512
464:Strobus
339:Pruning
136:Genus:
116:Order:
106:Class:
1555:uBio:
1538:563451
1509:NZOR:
1463:452103
1450:192053
1424:199391
1385:241110
1372:CRONRI
938:
538:Ribes,
473:telial
453:aecial
451:, the
373:telial
321:Oregon
259:Origin
1545:PPE:
1525:29022
1502:27354
1437:16154
1095:(PDF)
1072:5 May
1049:(PDF)
839:5 May
835:. APS
729:Ribes
725:Pinus
702:Ribes
698:Ribes
694:Ribes
690:Ribes
630:Pinus
618:Pinus
610:Ribes
599:Ribes
591:Ribes
575:Pinus
564:At a
546:Ribes
529:Ribes
513:Pinus
508:Pinus
478:Ribes
458:Pinus
425:Pinus
421:Ribes
417:Ribes
413:Pinus
408:Ribes
404:Pinus
400:Ribes
396:Pinus
364:Ribes
90:Fungi
1497:NCBI
1445:ITIS
1406:GISD
1393:GBIF
1367:EPPO
1359:ZLC4
1107:2016
1074:2023
936:ISSN
841:2023
739:and
441:host
311:and
275:and
1484:NBN
1432:ISC
1411:550
1354:CoL
1163:doi
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