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He proposed a system of regular formal consultative meetings between workers and employers, known to this day as "Whitley councils". These would be empowered to cover any issue related to pay and conditions of service, and to take matters through to arbitration if necessary. This was a strong model
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Whitley councils may be organised in a hierarchical manner, reflecting the structure of the employing organisation. For example, within the UK civil service, Whitley councils exist at local, workplace level, then at departmental level and ultimately at national level. In other institutions a
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General objectives and functions – generally to "seek co-operation and agreement" on any matters appropriate to the level of jurisdiction of the committee, including, for example, pay, conditions of service, training, equality of opportunity, staff ideas, office accommodation, machinery,
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Functional
Whitley councils were established in the NHS in 1948 to negotiate pay. In addition there was a Nurses and Midwives Whitley Council for Great Britain which negotiated conditions of service. It had 64 members, 41 for the staff side and 23 for the management side. The
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rates, terms and conditions in a specific industry. There were dozens of JICs, one for each industry. Most JICs were established between the 1920s and the 1940s. The larger JICs also had regional councils throughout the country and some industries had separate JICs for
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established in the United
Kingdom and elsewhere. It is a workplace partnership, an institution that serves for a forum of consultation between employees and employers. Councils were established from 1919. They typically worked to determine
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Membership – the composition of each side may be defined and limited in number, though it is normal that each side is responsible for deciding its membership. Often, either side may co-opt members to speak on specific areas of
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However, the councils failed to gain ground in coal, cotton, engineering and other heavy industries, but succeeded only in the sphere of government employment where they remain a major feature of
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commissioned Henry Parris, then of Durham
University, to write a history of Whitleyism, published in 1973, to mark the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the National Whitley Council.
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and a representative of the staff side nominated as vice-chair. Each side may have a secretary who may or may not be a full member of the council. In the UK, Whitley councils at
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Finance and facilities – typically each side is responsible for its own expenses. The employer normally provides reasonable paid time to prepare for and attend meetings.
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The intention was to establish
Whitley councils in the private sector, in particular in those industries most affected by the strike wave – to offset the demand for '
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Whitley councils comprise employee representatives, often referred to as the "staff side" and employer representatives, also known as the "official side".
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Committees – the main committee may delegate responsibility to sub-committees e.g. to cover matters relating to pay and conditions of service,
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Decisions – sometimes a constitution will contain an explicit directive that decisions taken will be executed within a reasonable time frame.
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covering all NHS staff, except doctors and dentists, and a few other NHS workers who negotiated directly with the health departments.
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101:. The smooth running of industry was vital to the war effort so maintaining good industrial relations was a priority.
332:
Frankel, S. J. (1956). "Staff
Relations in the Canadian Federal Public Service: Experience with Joint Consultation".
210:– covering responsibility for drafting, agreeing, distributing and publishing minutes and the time scales for these.
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Parris, Henry. "Staff
Relations in the Civil Service: Fifty Years of Whitleyism". George Allen & Unwin, 1973,
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526:. University of Illinois studies in the social sciences; v. 10, no. 3-4. pp. 414–28.
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Disputes – sometimes the informal and formal stages of dispute resolution are specified.
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which was to influence industrial relations in Canada, Australia and elsewhere.
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Amendment – the manner in which amendments to the constitution can be made.
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388:"The Lloyd George Papers – Whitley Report and Civil Service LG/F/186/2/4"
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The State and
Industrial Relations: 'Collective Laissez-Faire' Revisited
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geographic hierarchy (local, area, regional, national) may be followed.
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275:, replacement system in NHS which came into effect on 1 December 2004.
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Officers – the senior executive of the official side is usually the
478:"Constitution for Crown Prosecution Service – Area Whitley Council"
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450:"MoD Personnel Manual, Annex B 1-3: Whitley Council Constitutions"
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538:. 5 Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 1. p. 31.
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was appointed to chair a committee, which soon produced a
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and government, is a statutory council of employers and
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The
Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
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The
Whitley council system was reviewed in detail by
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In 1979 there were eight functional councils in the
91:Report on the Relations of Employers and Employees
523:Workmen's representation in industrial government
165:organisation, processes, procedures and policies.
156:Whitley councils usually have a formally agreed
245:National Union of General and Municipal Workers
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390:. London: Parliamentary Archive. 1916–1922.
97:and the widespread protest action against
294:"The Whitley system in the civil service"
241:Confederation of Health Service Employees
200:Meetings – frequency, location, agenda,
131:Royal Institute of Public Administration
93:in the wake of the establishment of the
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415:Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 12
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504:A History of the Nursing Profession
237:National Union of Public Employees
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506:. London: Heinemann. p. 193.
37:national joint industrial council
376:. 12 September 1919. p. 6.
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584:Labor relations organizations
292:Macrae-Gibson, J. H. (1922).
85:During World War I, in 1917,
243:each had four seats and the
180:level may be chaired by the
553:"Industrial Councils"
520:Miller, Earl Joyce (1924).
160:. This typically includes:
47:in some fields, especially
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502:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960).
579:United Kingdom labour law
482:Crown Prosecution Service
249:Royal College of Nursing
29:joint industrial council
559:Encyclopædia Britannica
550:Wilson, Robert (1922).
368:"First Whitley Council"
256:National Health Service
230:National Health Service
178:government departmental
313:Cite journal requires
95:Shop Stewards Movement
77:had its own councils.
124:industrial relations
457:Ministry of Defence
418:. HMSO. July 1979.
182:permanent secretary
114:Russian revolution
87:John Henry Whitley
273:Agenda for Change
189:health and safety
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144:Membership
81:Background
373:The Argus
140:in 1976.
534:(1998).
262:See also
239:and the
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67:Scotland
208:Minutes
431:19 May
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354:138711
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202:quorum
191:, etc.
73:. The
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350:JSTOR
280:Notes
174:chair
35:) or
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204:etc.
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