1251:"To explain why something exists, we standardly appeal to the existence of something else... For instance, if we answer 'There is something because the Universal Designer wanted there to be something', then our explanation takes for granted the existence of the Universal Designer. Someone who poses the question in a comprehensive way will not grant the existence of the Universal Designer as a starting point. If the explanation cannot begin with some entity, then it is hard to see how any explanation is feasible. Some philosophers conclude 'Why is there something rather than nothing?' is unanswerable. They think the question stumps us by imposing an impossible explanatory demand, namely, 'Deduce the existence of something without using any existential premises'. Logicians should feel no more ashamed of their inability to perform this deduction than geometers should feel ashamed at being unable to square the circle."
6534:
1717:"Imagine this force as a vacuum force, sucking things into nonexistence or keeping them there. If this force acts upon itself, it sucks nothingness into nothingness, producing something or, perhaps, everything, every possibility. If we introduced the verb “to nothing” to denote what this nothingness force does to things as it makes or keeps them nonexistent, then (we would say) the nothingness nothings itself." Philosophical Explanations, Robert Nozick
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31:
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1073:
the understanding, in such a way that their use is limited only to experience, because their possibility has its ground merely in the relation of the understanding to experience, however, not in such a way that they are derived from experience, but that experience is derived from them, a completely reversed kind of connection which never occurred to Hume. (ibid.)"
6546:
6522:
5023:
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135:
281:
took a brute fact position when he said, "I should say that the universe is just there, and that's all." Sean
Carroll similarly concluded that "any attempt to account for the existence of something rather than nothing must ultimately bottom out in a set of brute facts; the universe simply is, without
1072:
Kant seems to perhaps argue that expecting the laws of nature to apply to this question is misguided, because they cause our experience, rather than are derived from it. "rescues the a priori origin of the pure concepts of the understanding and the validity of the general laws of nature as laws of
1044:
argues that our demand that things have causes "is not from knowledge or any scientific reasoning," but from "observation and experience". Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, Part III, Section III, "Why a cause is always necessary", p. 82. It may be that what we observe in our own experience may not
1796:
The
Cosmological Argument, like The Argument from the Big Bang and The Argument from the Intelligibility of the Universe, is an expression of our cosmic befuddlement at the question, why is there something rather than nothing? The late philosopher
98:
The question is usually taken as concerning practical causality (rather than a moral reason for), and posed totally and comprehensively, rather than concerning the existence of anything specific, such as the universe or
315:
explanation (as the factors giving the contingency must pre-exist), and that if there is an answer, it must be something that exists necessarily (i.e., something that just exists, rather than is caused).
4887:
1571:
Roy
Sorensen has argued that curiosity about the impossibility of nothingness is valid, even if it is the case. He has said that curiosity is possible "even when the proposition is known to be a
1725:: establishes that nothing is a possibility among the n possibilities of having something. Then "the probability that there is something is n/(n +1) if n is finite and 1 if n is infinite."
4827:
416:"Why is there something rather than nothing? The sufficient reason... is found in a substance which... is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself."
5412:
5060:
242:
argued that a cause may not be necessary in the case of the formation of the universe. Whilst we expect that everything has a cause because of our experience of the
2772:
1929:
3050:
6459:
778:
6470:
1589:
not converging to π/4 is impossible. Similarly, it's legitimate to ask why non-existence or "nothingness" is impossible, even if that is the case.
692:
1086:
Brook, Andrew; Wuerth, Julian (August 30, 2023). "Kant's View of the Mind and
Consciousness of Self". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5453:
6533:
4857:
4025:
1856:
1690:
1483:
1223:
904:
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258:
Kant argues that the nature of our mind may lead us to ask some questions (rather than asking because of the validity of those questions).
1902:
1872:
1654:
1240:
138:
The circled dot was used by the
Pythagoreans and later Greeks to represent the first metaphysical being and the metaphysical life, the
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3313:
2256:
1830:
1789:
1026:
867:
840:
742:
90:
No experiment could support the hypothesis "There is nothing" because any observation obviously implies the existence of an observer.
5872:
3338:
1765:
1133:
Melamed, Yitzhak Y.; Lin, Martin (November 28, 2023). "Principle of
Sufficient Reason". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
3870:
1377:
5269:
681:"Why are there beings at all, and why not rather nothing? That is the question." What is Metaphysics? (1929), p. 110, Heidegger.
270:
approach proposes that some facts cannot be explained in terms of a deeper, more "fundamental" fact. It is in opposition to the
6600:
6499:
6157:
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4807:
3900:
1922:
290:
Roy
Sorensen has discussed that the question may have an impossible explanatory demand, if there are no existential premises.
208:
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3926:
3086:
1738:"Phil. 169: Nozick's Philosophical Explanations. Meeting 4: Chapter 2 (Nozick on Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing)"
668:
405:
271:
6449:
6282:
6075:
5934:
5785:
4663:
4573:
4548:
4459:
2500:
2085:
6512:
1731:: "Every possibility—including the possibility that there is nothing—exists in its own independent noninteracting realm."
521:: "If there were nothing, you'd still be complaining!", or "Even if there was nothing, you still wouldn't be satisfied!"
6610:
6424:
4992:
4098:
3905:
3810:
3458:
2175:
5836:
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3709:
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2052:
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651:
1820:
1150:
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4053:
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1915:
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441:
436:
to question the possibility of nothing, and commentary on this has continued. Some have argued that by definition,
6017:
5478:
4708:
4543:
4163:
4018:
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1994:
1984:
1887:
1758:
There are two errors in the the title of this book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems
1721:
397:
62:
1380:
states that all mathematical structures exist physically, and the physical universe is one of these structures.
997:
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3404:
3357:
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1448:
328:
has argued that numbers and mathematics (or their underlying laws) may necessarily exist. If we accept that
183:
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1999:
1989:
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246:
of causes, the formation of the universe is outside our experience and may be subject to different rules.
243:
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3101:
2198:
1134:
926:
504:: "the nothingness force acts on itself, it sucks nothingness into nothingness and produces something..."
211:
setting, from within a spatio-temporal setting. He compares the question to asking "what is north of the
207:
has said the question may not need answering, as it is attempting to answer a question that is outside a
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2004:
1961:
1434:
Theories of the events at the earliest stages of universes existence continue to develop, including the
571:
556:
409:
143:
1737:
1714:: "the nothingness force acts on itself, it sucks nothingness into nothingness and produces something."
2703:
6605:
6454:
6097:
5899:
5831:
5774:
5758:
5743:
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5555:
5400:
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5015:
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4011:
3850:
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2168:
2014:
2009:
1898:
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2482:
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2436:
2431:
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2228:
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1969:
1801:
had a classic response to this question: "And if there were nothing? You'd still be complaining!"
1417:
1391:
1186:
979:
561:
433:
167:
139:
6192:
6145:
6037:
5433:
4757:
1325:
1139:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1122:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1092:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
767:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1349:
1164:
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5841:
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5027:
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3704:
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3153:
3081:
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2645:
2456:
2276:
2019:
1852:
1826:
1785:
1777:
1761:
1686:
1680:
1585:" demonstrates that not converging to π/4 is impossible. However, it provides no insight into
1219:
1022:
971:
900:
863:
836:
830:
738:
732:
566:
382:
374:
1117:
1016:
761:
Sorensen, Roy (November 28, 2023). "Nothingness". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
6550:
6392:
6255:
6215:
6210:
6107:
6092:
5738:
5634:
5468:
5288:
5259:
5198:
5136:
4653:
4638:
4618:
4418:
4230:
4173:
3931:
3865:
3855:
3556:
3503:
3453:
3433:
3394:
3389:
3230:
3158:
2876:
2787:
2678:
2650:
2635:
2598:
2304:
2284:
2251:
2156:
2118:
1619:
1469:
1409:
963:
892:
551:
369:, have offered explanations (of at least the first particle coming into existence aspect of
333:
278:
159:
70:
17:
2777:
1116:
Mulligan, Kevin; Correia, Fabrice (November 28, 2021). "Facts". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
61:
which has been raised or commented on by a range of philosophers and physicists, including
6562:
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6337:
6327:
6272:
6245:
6182:
6177:
6162:
6087:
5823:
5813:
5448:
5438:
5239:
5116:
4767:
4698:
4683:
4603:
4583:
4558:
4368:
4178:
4113:
3637:
3606:
3571:
3536:
3414:
3265:
3163:
3121:
3032:
3020:
3005:
2980:
2955:
2725:
2593:
2588:
2505:
2490:
2163:
2047:
1892:
1632:
is an impossibility, but in the context of there already being an existence, such as God."
1572:
1487:
1074:
469:
366:
362:
345:
647:
1405:
6574:
6538:
6372:
6362:
6302:
6250:
6187:
6082:
6007:
5964:
5944:
5733:
5609:
5570:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5173:
4897:
4678:
4668:
4523:
4508:
4453:
4224:
4083:
3546:
3541:
3508:
3409:
3374:
3306:
3280:
3116:
2987:
2965:
2904:
2817:
2762:
2735:
2660:
2556:
2299:
1979:
1844:
1523:
472:
argues that this accounts merely for the existence of matter, but not the existence of
449:
378:
355:
228:
6584:
6342:
6267:
6150:
6130:
6042:
5997:
5208:
4967:
4693:
4643:
4608:
4588:
4568:
4133:
3601:
3513:
3443:
3185:
2975:
2909:
2866:
2360:
2146:
2128:
488:
473:
461:
445:
350:
247:
227:
argued that everything in the universe must have a cause, culminating in an ultimate
124:
2708:
663:
30:
6569:
6287:
6277:
6240:
6230:
6220:
6112:
6027:
5959:
5856:
5520:
5244:
5193:
4947:
4713:
4648:
4538:
4448:
4298:
4168:
4078:
4058:
3632:
3622:
3581:
3561:
3333:
3296:
3255:
3141:
3091:
2752:
2730:
2655:
2623:
2495:
2355:
2266:
2062:
1421:
1244:
that to many philosophers the question is intrinsically impossible to answer, like
596:
386:
325:
304:
128:
116:
1477:
1087:
804:
518:
891:, Modern Studies in Philosophy, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 214–236,
857:
706:
6307:
6292:
6172:
6167:
5713:
5646:
5565:
5530:
5510:
5178:
4703:
4623:
4553:
4503:
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4209:
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4143:
4108:
4063:
4034:
3627:
3566:
3438:
3418:
3323:
3260:
3220:
3200:
3126:
3096:
2757:
2693:
2385:
2370:
2246:
2236:
2185:
2151:
2090:
1373:
1151:"5 Reasons Why the Universe Can't Be Merely a Brute Fact : Strange Notions"
896:
437:
232:
204:
179:
112:
74:
34:
This question has been written about by philosophers since at least the ancient
6557:
1499:
1185:
Carroll, Sean M. (2018-02-06). "Why Is There
Something, Rather Than Nothing?".
1055:
6235:
6032:
5954:
5939:
5728:
5698:
5661:
5619:
5614:
5545:
5183:
4837:
4563:
4528:
4478:
4363:
4261:
4148:
4073:
3473:
3301:
3250:
3240:
3111:
3015:
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2767:
2747:
2613:
2380:
2294:
2123:
2070:
2034:
1938:
1443:
1413:
1041:
884:
477:
429:
267:
239:
212:
100:
35:
975:
6377:
6102:
5924:
5753:
5718:
5703:
5666:
5083:
4997:
4962:
4942:
4488:
4373:
4303:
4256:
4219:
4158:
4088:
3488:
3483:
3343:
3270:
3205:
3076:
3010:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2782:
2578:
2138:
2100:
546:
541:
370:
224:
58:
2713:
621:
320:
Natural laws may necessarily exist, and may enable the emergence of matter
6444:
6434:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5861:
5708:
5624:
5592:
5505:
5497:
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5163:
5131:
5126:
5038:
4937:
4498:
4353:
4128:
4093:
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3225:
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3148:
3136:
2924:
2718:
2618:
2561:
2365:
2319:
2203:
1435:
465:
329:
155:
The question does not include the timing of when anything came to exist.
104:
5693:
5604:
5525:
5515:
5158:
5111:
4787:
4493:
4423:
4393:
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2919:
2914:
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2683:
2571:
2566:
2525:
2347:
2193:
2075:
1629:
983:
951:
163:
1876:(Spring 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
5763:
5656:
5535:
5099:
4383:
4333:
4246:
4118:
3210:
3131:
2861:
2520:
2510:
2208:
2110:
1599:(Spring 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1555:(Spring 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1332:(Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1191:
341:
308:
967:
859:
The Puzzle of
Existence: Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?
393:
A necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself
1708:: "a law that applies to itself, and hence explains its own truth."
933:(Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
498:: "a law that applies to itself, and hence explains its own truth."
5540:
5093:
4483:
4433:
3026:
2688:
1974:
1396:
779:"Metaphysics special: Why is there something rather than nothing?"
536:
133:
29:
5121:
4428:
4408:
4403:
4328:
4286:
4271:
187:
178:
that caused the previous effect, with this causal chain (either
134:
120:
5042:
4007:
3669:
2411:
1949:
1911:
254:
We may only say the question because of the nature of our minds
5203:
4003:
2871:
1056:"First cause | God, Creation, Universe | Britannica"
696:, Yale University Press, New Haven and London (1959), pp. 7–8.
401:
108:
4888:
Concluding
Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
1907:
1849:
The mystery of existence : why is there anything at all?
1665:"Levels of Nothing by Robert Lawrence Kuhn – Closer To Truth"
1582:
1446:
and associated possible distortions of cessations of time.
1822:
Why does the world exist?: an existential detective story
1677:
Nozick outlined several possible answers to the question:
311:
explanation (as any cause must itself have a cause) or a
1782:
36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction
1311:"Michael Kuhn (to Christopher Ishaam) – Closer To Truth"
4828:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
1075:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-hume-causality/
664:"Not how the world is, is the mystical, but that it is"
6510:
131:
question, rather than a search for an exact answer.
6412:
6316:
6201:
6121:
6056:
5978:
5885:
5870:
5822:
5784:
5496:
5421:
5296:
5287:
5217:
5145:
5076:
4930:
4729:
4469:
4197:
4041:
3919:
3819:
3781:
3728:
3695:
3686:
3615:
3527:
3365:
3356:
3289:
3063:
3041:
2996:
2938:
2890:
2844:
2835:
2798:
2669:
2534:
2481:
2472:
2422:
2346:
2318:
2275:
2227:
2184:
2137:
2109:
2061:
2033:
1960:
734:
Wittgenstein und Heidegger: Die letzten Philosophen
194:
Arguments against attempting to answer the question
1382:Tegmark, Max (2008). "The Mathematical Universe".
1165:"Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate"
1350:"Logicism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1248:, and even God does not sufficiently answer it:
361:Physicists, including popular physicists such as
1581:proof that 1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + … converges to
1825:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Pub. Corp.
1249:
883:Brown, Patterson (1969), Kenny, Anthony (ed.),
1102:Ludwig Fahrbach. "Understanding brute facts,"
5054:
4019:
1923:
1870:. In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
1551:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
929:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
448:for something to be created from the lack of
73:, who called it "the fundamental question of
8:
1899:Why is there something rather than nothing?
1655:"Why there's something rather than nothing"
307:has argued that the question cannot have a
57:" is a question about the reason for basic
55:why is there something rather than nothing?
5882:
5293:
5151:
5061:
5047:
5039:
4026:
4012:
4004:
3692:
3683:
3666:
3362:
3069:
2841:
2478:
2419:
2408:
1957:
1946:
1930:
1916:
1908:
737:(in German). Rowohlt Verlag. p. 166.
158:Some have suggested the possibility of an
6460:Relationship between religion and science
1524:"Parmenides - Nothing comes from nothing"
1395:
1190:
998:"WHY IS THERE ANYTHING AT ALL? (PART 3)"
889:Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays
389:will spontaneously come into existence.
286:The question may be impossible to answer
6517:
1784:. Vintage Contemporaries. p. 349.
1597:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1553:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1500:"Nothingness | philosophy | Britannica"
1474:The Monadology: An Edition for Students
1330:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1206:
1204:
1202:
1180:
1178:
1136:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1119:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1089:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
931:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
809:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
764:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
756:
754:
588:
340:did, then mathematical structures like
5386:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
1851:. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons.
491:proposed some possible explanations.
468:that "nothing is unstable." Physicist
199:The question is outside our experience
162:, where, if an entity can't come from
4858:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
1628:) and others have questioned whether
1618:Kanterian, Edward (31 October 2011).
1449:"What was there before the Big Bang?"
597:"Poem of Parmenides : on nature"
7:
4958:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
4878:The World as Will and Representation
421:A state of nothing may be impossible
330:mathematics is an extension of logic
250:supports and extends this argument.
1903:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1873:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1736:Berker, Selim (February 28, 2019).
1261:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1241:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1018:Talking God: Philosophers on Belief
832:Leibniz: What Kind of Rationalist?
456:A state of nothing may be unstable
25:
408:for everything that exists (see:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6495:
6494:
6484:
5021:
5011:
5010:
3987:
3986:
3973:
1378:mathematical universe hypothesis
1297:"Dean Rickles – Closer To Truth"
1283:"Brian Leftow – Closer To Truth"
648:"Principles of Nature and Grace"
282:ultimate cause or explanation."
4808:Meditations on First Philosophy
1478:Jonathan Bennett's translation.
1045:apply in some other situations.
299:Something may exist necessarily
186:) extending infinitely back in
669:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
517:answered the question with an
480:, or the universe as a whole.
272:principle of sufficient reason
223:The ancient Greek philosopher
174:, there must have always been
1:
1722:The Principle of Indifference
1595:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1328:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1021:. W.W. Norton & Company.
351:necessarily true propositions
51:Why is there anything at all?
39:
6425:Desacralization of knowledge
4993:Philosophy of space and time
3459:Ordinary language philosophy
1685:. Harvard University Press.
1476:. Uni. of Pittsburgh Press.
952:"Infinite Causal Regression"
927:"Infinite Regress Arguments"
885:"Infinite Causal Regression"
127:. It can be seen as an open
18:Why there is anything at all
5837:Best of all possible worlds
5794:Eschatological verification
5351:Fine-tuning of the universe
4868:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3509:Contemporary utilitarianism
3424:Internalism and externalism
897:10.1007/978-1-349-15356-5_9
856:Goldschmidt, Tyron (2014).
693:Introduction to Metaphysics
6627:
2773:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1760:, Robert M. Martin, p. 4,
1682:Philosophical Explanations
1453:www.skyatnightmagazine.com
1326:"Logicism and Neologicism"
707:"The Fundamental Question"
627:World History Encyclopedia
332:, as philosophers such as
6480:
5154:
5006:
3967:
3682:
3665:
3072:
2418:
2407:
1995:Philosophy of mathematics
1985:Philosophy of information
1956:
1945:
1414:10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9
1106:145 (3):449 - 466 (2005).
950:Brown, Patterson (1966).
835:. Springer. p. 452.
398:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
63:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6066:Friedrich Schleiermacher
5652:Theories about religions
5454:Inconsistent revelations
4983:Philosophy of psychology
4918:Simulacra and Simulation
1216:Why Does The World Exist
956:The Philosophical Review
829:Dascal, Marcelo (2008).
427:pre-Socratic philosopher
4848:Critique of Pure Reason
3464:Postanalytic philosophy
3405:Experimental philosophy
1679:Nozick, Robert (1981).
1238:Sorensen writes in the
1218:. New York: Liveright.
731:Geier, Manfred (2017).
442:property or possibility
404:as being the necessary
324:Philosopher of physics
262:The brute fact approach
219:Causation may not apply
6601:Philosophical problems
5930:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
5070:Philosophy of religion
4439:Type–token distinction
4267:Hypostatic abstraction
4049:Abstract object theory
3597:Social constructionism
2609:Hellenistic philosophy
2025:Theoretical philosophy
2000:Philosophy of religion
1990:Philosophy of language
1866:Sorensen, Roy (2023).
1620:"Bede Rundle obituary"
1591:Sorensen, Roy (2020).
1547:Sorensen, Roy (2023),
1384:Foundations of Physics
1324:Tennant, Neil (2017),
1253:
1169:Philosophy of Religion
1015:Gutting, Gary (2016).
925:Cameron, Ross (2022),
803:Sorensen, Roy (2015).
444:; thus, it would be a
440:is the absence of any
418:
338:Alfred North Whitehead
147:
46:
6596:Metaphysical theories
6465:Faith and rationality
6420:Criticism of religion
6358:Robert Merrihew Adams
6348:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5551:Divine command theory
5028:Philosophy portal
4908:Being and Nothingness
4324:Mental representation
3980:Philosophy portal
3499:Scientific skepticism
3479:Reformed epistemology
2005:Philosophy of science
1841:Kuhn, Robert Lawrence
1734:Also discussed here;
1712:The Nothingness Force
1354:www.rep.routledge.com
572:Problem of universals
502:The Nothingness Force
464:is credited with the
446:logical contradiction
432:was one of the first
414:
410:Cosmological argument
137:
94:Defining the question
33:
27:Metaphysical question
6455:Religious philosophy
5935:Pico della Mirandola
5900:Anselm of Canterbury
5832:Augustinian theodicy
5744:Religious skepticism
5077:Concepts in religion
4953:Feminist metaphysics
3400:Critical rationalism
3107:Edo neo-Confucianism
2951:Acintya bheda abheda
2930:Renaissance humanism
2641:School of the Sextii
2015:Practical philosophy
2010:Political philosophy
1888:Why Anything at All?
1578:reductio ad absurdum
1575:." For instance, a "
1481:Latta's translation.
379:quantum vacuum state
166:and this concept is
6611:Thought experiments
6440:History of religion
6141:Friedrich Nietzsche
6018:Gottfried W Leibniz
6013:Nicolas Malebranche
5945:King James VI and I
5225:Abrahamic religions
4798:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4309:Linguistic modality
2971:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2882:Korean Confucianism
2629:Academic Skepticism
1799:Sidney Morgenbesser
1440:initial singularity
1406:2008FoPh...38..101T
601:philoctetes.free.fr
577:Something (concept)
532:Fine-tuned universe
515:Sidney Morgenbesser
377:, saying that in a
266:In philosophy, the
81:Introductory points
67:Ludwig Wittgenstein
6450:Religious language
6430:Ethics in religion
6388:William Lane Craig
6263:Charles Hartshorne
6003:Desiderius Erasmus
5905:Augustine of Hippo
5847:Inconsistent triad
5809:Apophatic theology
5804:Logical positivism
5786:Religious language
5406:Watchmaker analogy
5371:Necessary existent
5147:Conceptions of God
5107:Intelligent design
4988:Philosophy of self
4978:Philosophy of mind
4242:Embodied cognition
4154:Scientific realism
3592:Post-structuralism
3494:Scientific realism
3449:Quinean naturalism
3429:Logical positivism
3385:Analytical Marxism
2604:Peripatetic school
2516:Chinese naturalism
2043:Aesthetic response
1970:Applied philosophy
1778:Goldstein, Rebecca
1745:Harvard University
1504:www.britannica.com
1486:2015-11-17 at the
1060:www.britannica.com
690:Martin Heidegger,
562:Creatio ex materia
513:Philosophical wit
484:Other explanations
277:On this question,
168:mutually exclusive
148:
86:There is something
47:
6508:
6507:
6408:
6407:
6368:Peter van Inwagen
6353:Richard Swinburne
6298:George I Mavrodes
6158:Vladimir Solovyov
6098:Søren Kierkegaard
6023:William Wollaston
5970:William of Ockham
5950:Marcion of Sinope
5852:Irenaean theodicy
5842:Euthyphro dilemma
5769:Transcendentalism
5598:Womanist theology
5588:Feminist theology
5492:
5491:
5283:
5282:
5169:Divine simplicity
5089:Euthyphro dilemma
5036:
5035:
4215:Category of being
4184:Truthmaker theory
4001:
4000:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3380:Analytic feminism
3352:
3351:
3314:Kierkegaardianism
3276:Transcendentalism
3236:Neo-scholasticism
3082:Classical Realism
3059:
3058:
2831:
2830:
2646:Neopythagoreanism
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2020:Social philosophy
1858:978-0-470-67355-3
1692:978-0-674-66479-1
1528:www.parmenides.me
1246:squaring a circle
1225:978-0-87140-409-1
906:978-1-349-15356-5
567:Creatio ex nihilo
406:sufficient reason
387:spacetime bubbles
383:virtual particles
375:quantum mechanics
16:(Redirected from
6618:
6573:
6572:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6537:
6536:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6498:
6497:
6488:
6393:Ali Akbar Rashad
6256:Reinhold Niebuhr
6216:Bertrand Russell
6211:George Santayana
6108:Albrecht Ritschl
6093:Ludwig Feuerbach
5883:
5879:(by date active)
5739:Process theology
5484:Russell's teapot
5294:
5289:Existence of God
5199:Process theology
5152:
5137:Theological veto
5100:religious belief
5063:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5013:
4923:
4913:
4903:
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4873:
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4833:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4419:Substantial form
4231:Cogito, ergo sum
4174:Substance theory
4028:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3990:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3693:
3684:
3667:
3557:Frankfurt School
3504:Transactionalism
3454:Normative ethics
3434:Legal positivism
3410:Falsificationism
3395:Consequentialism
3390:Communitarianism
3363:
3231:New Confucianism
3070:
2877:Neo-Confucianism
2842:
2651:Second Sophistic
2636:Middle Platonism
2479:
2420:
2409:
2252:Epiphenomenalism
2119:Consequentialism
2053:Institutionalism
1958:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1877:
1862:
1836:
1804:
1803:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1706:Self-Subsumption
1702:
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1496:
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1472:, trans., 1991.
1470:Nicholas Rescher
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552:Existence of God
496:Self-Subsumption
434:Western thinkers
334:Bertrand Russell
279:Bertrand Russell
160:infinite regress
71:Martin Heidegger
44:
41:
21:
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6509:
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6476:
6404:
6400:Alexander Pruss
6383:Jean-Luc Marion
6338:Alvin Plantinga
6333:Dewi Z Phillips
6320:
6318:
6312:
6283:Walter Kaufmann
6273:Frithjof Schuon
6246:Rudolf Bultmann
6203:
6197:
6193:Joseph Maréchal
6183:Pavel Florensky
6178:Sergei Bulgakov
6163:Ernst Troeltsch
6146:Harald Høffding
6123:
6117:
6088:William Whewell
6076:Georg W F Hegel
6071:Karl C F Krause
6058:
6052:
6048:Johann G Herder
6038:Baron d'Holbach
5988:Augustin Calmet
5974:
5890:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5866:
5824:Problem of evil
5818:
5814:Verificationism
5780:
5488:
5434:Atheist's Wager
5417:
5279:
5213:
5141:
5117:Problem of evil
5072:
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5037:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5002:
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4811:
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4791:
4781:
4771:
4768:De rerum natura
4761:
4751:
4741:
4725:
4465:
4369:Physical object
4205:Abstract object
4193:
4179:Theory of forms
4114:Meaning of life
4037:
4032:
4002:
3997:
3974:
3972:
3951:
3915:
3815:
3777:
3724:
3678:
3677:
3649:
3638:Russian cosmism
3611:
3607:Western Marxism
3572:New Historicism
3537:Critical theory
3523:
3519:Wittgensteinian
3415:Foundationalism
3348:
3285:
3266:Social contract
3122:Foundationalism
3055:
3037:
3021:Illuminationism
3006:Aristotelianism
2992:
2981:Vishishtadvaita
2934:
2886:
2827:
2794:
2665:
2594:Megarian school
2589:Eretrian school
2530:
2491:Agriculturalism
2468:
2414:
2395:
2342:
2314:
2271:
2223:
2180:
2164:Incompatibilism
2133:
2105:
2057:
2029:
1952:
1941:
1936:
1893:Closer to Truth
1884:
1865:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1815:
1812:
1810:Further reading
1807:
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1697:
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1659:Washington Post
1653:
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1642:Closer to Truth
1637:
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1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1573:necessary truth
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1508:
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1498:
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1493:
1488:Wayback Machine
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1381:
1376:'s speculative
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1309:
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1255:Sorensen, Roy.
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1153:. 12 July 2016.
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1002:Closer to Truth
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968:10.2307/2183226
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460:Nobel Laureate
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373:) that rely on
367:Lawrence Krauss
363:Stephen Hawking
356:possible worlds
322:
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288:
264:
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209:spatio-temporal
201:
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6413:Related topics
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6373:Daniel Dennett
6370:
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6363:Ravi Zacharias
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6340:
6335:
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6328:William L Rowe
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6305:
6303:William Alston
6300:
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6285:
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6265:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6251:Gabriel Marcel
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6205:
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6188:Ernst Cassirer
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6000:
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5993:René Descartes
5990:
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5965:Thomas Aquinas
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5734:Possibilianism
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5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Fundamentalism
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5571:Existentialism
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Noncognitivism
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5413:Transcendental
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5381:Pascal's wager
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5316:
5311:
5309:Christological
5306:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4931:Related topics
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4898:Being and Time
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4471:Metaphysicians
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4225:Causal closure
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Libertarianism
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Existentialism
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3783:Middle Eastern
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Existentialism
3544:
3542:Deconstruction
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Applied ethics
3371:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3339:Nietzscheanism
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3281:Utilitarianism
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:Transcendental
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Existentialism
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Augustinianism
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2818:Zoroastrianism
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2661:Church Fathers
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:Libertarianism
2173:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Metaphilosophy
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1883:
1882:External links
1880:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1837:
1832:978-0871404091
1831:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1791:978-0307456717
1790:
1769:
1750:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1691:
1670:
1609:
1564:
1539:
1515:
1491:
1458:
1427:
1390:(2): 101–150.
1365:
1341:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1231:
1224:
1198:
1174:
1156:
1142:
1125:
1108:
1095:
1078:
1065:
1047:
1034:
1028:978-0393352825
1027:
1007:
989:
962:(4): 510–525.
942:
917:
905:
875:
869:978-1136249228
868:
848:
842:978-1402086687
841:
821:
795:
770:
750:
744:978-3644045118
743:
723:
711:www.hedweb.com
698:
683:
674:
656:
640:
613:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
526:
523:
510:
507:
506:
505:
499:
485:
482:
474:quantum states
457:
454:
422:
419:
400:attributed to
394:
391:
321:
318:
300:
297:
295:
292:
287:
284:
263:
260:
255:
252:
229:uncaused cause
220:
217:
200:
197:
195:
192:
152:
149:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6623:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6518:
6514:
6501:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Anthony Kenny
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6268:Mircea Eliade
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:William James
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Ernst Haeckel
6129:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:Immanuel Kant
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5998:Blaise Pascal
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Language game
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Occam's razor
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Consciousness
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5209:Unmoved mover
5207:
5205:
5204:Supreme Being
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Phenomenology
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:Notable works
4728:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Phenomenalism
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Action theory
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:Miscellaneous
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:Miscellaneous
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Structuralism
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Postmodernism
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Phenomenology
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Vienna Circle
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Moral realism
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Phenomenology
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Individualism
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3051:Judeo-Islamic
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Shuddhadvaita
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Scholasticism
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Conceptualism
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Particularism
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Functionalism
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Eliminativism
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Compatibilism
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Particularism
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:"Nothingness"
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:1-55111-493-3
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1643:
1636:
1635:"Bede Rundle"
1631:
1625:
1621:
1616:Bede Rundle (
1613:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1593:"Nothingness"
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1549:"Nothingness"
1543:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1257:"Nothingness"
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
932:
928:
921:
918:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
865:
862:. Routledge.
861:
860:
852:
849:
844:
838:
834:
833:
825:
822:
810:
806:
805:"Nothingness"
799:
796:
784:
783:New Scientist
780:
774:
771:
766:
765:
757:
755:
751:
746:
740:
736:
735:
727:
724:
712:
708:
702:
699:
695:
694:
687:
684:
678:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
657:
653:
649:
644:
641:
629:
628:
623:
617:
614:
602:
598:
592:
589:
583:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
524:
522:
520:
516:
508:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
492:
490:
489:Robert Nozick
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Frank Wilczek
455:
453:
452:of creation.
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
420:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
298:
293:
291:
285:
283:
280:
275:
273:
269:
261:
259:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
198:
193:
191:
189:
185:
184:probabilistic
181:
180:deterministic
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
151:On timescales
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
130:
126:
125:consciousness
122:
118:
117:physical laws
114:
110:
106:
102:
93:
91:
85:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43: 515 BC
37:
32:
19:
6469:
6288:Martin Lings
6241:Emil Brunner
6231:Paul Tillich
6221:Martin Buber
6136:W K Clifford
6113:Afrikan Spir
6028:Thomas Chubb
5980:Early modern
5960:Adi Shankara
5873:Philosophers
5857:Natural evil
5773:
5749:Spiritualism
5724:Perennialism
5677:Metaphysical
5521:Antireligion
5396:Teleological
5319:Cosmological
5270:Baháʼí Faith
5235:Christianity
5194:Personal god
4948:Epistemology
4916:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4866:
4856:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4758:Nyāya Sūtras
4756:
4746:
4736:
4718:
4634:Wittgenstein
4579:Schopenhauer
4458:
4449:Unobservable
4299:Intelligence
4229:
4169:Subjectivism
4164:Spiritualism
4079:Essentialism
4059:Anti-realism
3985:
3971:
3642:
3633:Postcritique
3623:Kyoto School
3582:Posthumanism
3562:Hermeneutics
3417: /
3358:Contemporary
3334:Newtonianism
3297:Cartesianism
3256:Reductionism
3092:Conservatism
3087:Collectivism
3025:
2753:Sarvāstivadā
2731:Anekantavada
2656:Neoplatonism
2624:Epicureanism
2557:Pythagoreans
2496:Confucianism
2462:Contemporary
2452:Early modern
2356:Anti-realism
2310:Universalism
2267:Subjectivism
2063:Epistemology
1891:
1871:
1848:
1845:Leslie, John
1821:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1728:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1696:. Retrieved
1681:
1673:
1658:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1624:The Guardian
1623:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1557:, retrieved
1552:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1430:
1387:
1383:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1334:, retrieved
1329:
1319:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1239:
1234:
1215:
1192:1802.02231v2
1168:
1159:
1145:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1037:
1017:
1010:
1001:
992:
959:
955:
945:
935:, retrieved
930:
920:
910:, retrieved
888:
878:
858:
851:
831:
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:
798:
786:. Retrieved
782:
773:
763:
733:
726:
714:. Retrieved
710:
701:
691:
686:
677:
667:
659:
643:
631:. Retrieved
625:
622:"Parmenides"
616:
604:. Retrieved
600:
591:
512:
501:
495:
487:
470:Sean Carroll
459:
424:
415:
412:). He wrote:
396:
360:
349:
326:Dean Rickles
323:
305:Brian Leftow
303:Philosopher
302:
294:Explanations
289:
276:
265:
257:
237:
222:
203:Philosopher
202:
175:
171:
157:
154:
144:the Absolute
129:metaphysical
113:mathematical
97:
89:
54:
50:
48:
6606:Possibility
6308:Antony Flew
6293:Peter Geach
6226:René Guénon
6173:Lev Shestov
6168:Rudolf Otto
5875:of religion
5714:Panentheism
5647:Inclusivism
5566:Exclusivism
5561:Esotericism
5531:Creationism
5511:Agnosticism
5479:Poor design
5474:Omnipotence
5401:Natural law
5376:Ontological
5329:Contingency
5179:Holy Spirit
4778:Metaphysics
4762:(c. 200 BC)
4752:(c. 350 BC)
4742:(c. 350 BC)
4629:Collingwood
4534:Malebranche
4282:Information
4210:Anima mundi
4189:Type theory
4144:Physicalism
4109:Materialism
4064:Determinism
4035:Metaphysics
3628:Objectivism
3567:Neo-Marxism
3529:Continental
3439:Meta-ethics
3419:Coherentism
3324:Hegelianism
3261:Rationalism
3221:Natural law
3201:Materialism
3127:Historicism
3097:Determinism
2988:Navya-Nyāya
2763:Sautrāntika
2758:Pudgalavada
2694:Vaisheshika
2547:Presocratic
2447:Renaissance
2386:Physicalism
2371:Materialism
2277:Normativity
2262:Objectivism
2247:Emergentism
2237:Behaviorism
2186:Metaphysics
2152:Determinism
2091:Rationalism
1647:16 December
1466:Monadologie
1374:Max Tegmark
557:First Cause
450:possibility
438:nothingness
233:Four causes
205:Stephen Law
75:metaphysics
6585:Categories
6527:Philosophy
6278:J L Mackie
6236:Karl Barth
6033:David Hume
5955:Maimonides
5940:Heraclitus
5729:Polytheism
5699:Nondualism
5687:Humanistic
5672:Naturalism
5662:Monotheism
5620:Henotheism
5615:Gnosticism
5546:Demonology
5429:747 gambit
5346:Experience
5184:Misotheism
4838:Monadology
4772:(c. 80 BC)
4479:Parmenides
4364:Perception
4262:Experience
4149:Relativism
4124:Naturalism
4074:Enactivism
3927:Amerindian
3834:Australian
3773:Vietnamese
3753:Indonesian
3302:Kantianism
3251:Positivism
3241:Pragmatism
3216:Naturalism
3196:Liberalism
3174:Subjective
3112:Empiricism
3016:Avicennism
2961:Bhedabheda
2845:East Asian
2768:Madhyamaka
2748:Abhidharma
2614:Pyrrhonism
2381:Nominalism
2376:Naturalism
2305:Skepticism
2295:Relativism
2285:Absolutism
2214:Naturalism
2124:Deontology
2096:Skepticism
2081:Naturalism
2071:Empiricism
2035:Aesthetics
1939:Philosophy
1698:2022-06-07
1603:2020-09-07
1559:2023-10-22
1533:2023-10-22
1509:2023-10-22
1444:big bounce
1372:Physicist
1359:2023-10-22
1336:2023-10-22
1263:. Stanford
1042:David Hume
937:2023-10-22
912:2023-10-22
584:References
478:space-time
430:Parmenides
313:contingent
274:approach.
268:brute fact
240:David Hume
213:North Pole
101:multiverse
36:Parmenides
6591:Cosmogony
6551:Astronomy
6378:Loyal Rue
6103:Karl Marx
5925:Gaudapada
5754:Shamanism
5719:Pantheism
5704:Nontheism
5682:Religious
5667:Mysticism
5640:Christian
5630:Religious
5581:Atheistic
5576:Christian
5459:Nonbelief
5444:Free will
5260:Mormonism
5084:Afterlife
4998:Teleology
4963:Mereology
4943:Cosmology
4802:(c. 1000)
4699:Plantinga
4689:Armstrong
4639:Heidegger
4614:Whitehead
4599:Nietzsche
4519:Descartes
4489:Aristotle
4444:Universal
4374:Principle
4344:Necessity
4304:Intention
4257:Existence
4220:Causality
4159:Solipsism
4089:Free will
3806:Pakistani
3768:Taiwanese
3715:Ethiopian
3688:By region
3674:By region
3489:Scientism
3484:Systemics
3344:Spinozism
3271:Socialism
3206:Modernism
3169:Objective
3077:Anarchism
3011:Averroism
2900:Christian
2852:Neotaoism
2823:Zurvanism
2813:Mithraism
2808:Mazdakism
2579:Cyrenaics
2506:Logicians
2139:Free will
2101:Solipsism
2048:Formalism
1817:Holt, Jim
1729:Fecundity
1397:0704.0646
1212:Holt, Jim
976:0031-8108
652:Article 7
547:Cosmogony
542:Causality
371:cosmogony
244:necessity
238:However,
225:Aristotle
176:something
172:something
59:existence
6563:Religion
6500:Category
6445:Religion
6435:Exegesis
5920:Boethius
5915:Averroes
5910:Avicenna
5892:medieval
5862:Theodicy
5709:Pandeism
5625:Humanism
5593:Thealogy
5536:Dharmism
5506:Acosmism
5498:Theology
5366:Morality
5361:Miracles
5240:Hinduism
5230:Buddhism
5189:Pandeism
5164:Demiurge
5132:Theodicy
5016:Category
4938:Axiology
4792:(c. 270)
4720:more ...
4674:Anscombe
4669:Strawson
4664:Davidson
4559:Berkeley
4499:Plotinus
4460:more ...
4399:Relation
4379:Property
4354:Ontology
4277:Identity
4198:Concepts
4129:Nihilism
4094:Idealism
4042:Theories
3992:Category
3947:Yugoslav
3937:Romanian
3844:Scottish
3829:American
3758:Japanese
3738:Buddhist
3720:Africana
3710:Egyptian
3552:Feminist
3474:Rawlsian
3469:Quietism
3367:Analytic
3319:Krausism
3226:Nihilism
3191:Kokugaku
3154:Absolute
3149:Idealism
3137:Humanism
2925:Occamism
2892:European
2837:Medieval
2783:Yogacara
2743:Buddhist
2736:Syādvāda
2619:Stoicism
2584:Cynicism
2572:Sophists
2567:Atomists
2562:Eleatics
2501:Legalism
2442:Medieval
2366:Idealism
2320:Ontology
2300:Nihilism
2204:Idealism
1962:Branches
1951:Branches
1843:(2013).
1819:(2012).
1780:(2011).
1484:Archived
1468:(1714).
1436:Big Bang
1267:20 April
1214:(2012).
1104:Synthese
814:26 April
788:26 April
716:26 April
650:, 1714,
525:See also
519:apothegm
466:aphorism
348:must be
105:Big Bang
6575:Science
6539:Physics
6513:Portals
6471:more...
6204:postwar
5887:Ancient
5775:more...
5694:New Age
5635:Secular
5605:Fideism
5556:Dualism
5526:Atheism
5516:Animism
5422:Against
5265:Sikhism
5255:Judaism
5250:Jainism
5159:Brahman
5112:Miracle
4788:Enneads
4782:(c. 50)
4748:Timaeus
4738:Sophist
4684:Dummett
4679:Deleuze
4619:Russell
4609:Bergson
4604:Meinong
4584:Bolzano
4544:Leibniz
4524:Spinoza
4509:Aquinas
4494:Proclus
4424:Thought
4414:Subject
4394:Reality
4389:Quality
4359:Pattern
4319:Meaning
4294:Insight
4252:Essence
4237:Concept
4139:Realism
4104:Liberty
4069:Dualism
3942:Russian
3911:Spanish
3906:Slovene
3896:Maltese
3891:Italian
3871:Finland
3839:British
3821:Western
3811:Turkish
3796:Islamic
3791:Iranian
3743:Chinese
3730:Eastern
3697:African
3644:more...
3329:Marxism
3159:British
3102:Dualism
2998:Islamic
2956:Advaita
2946:Vedanta
2920:Scotism
2915:Thomism
2857:Tiantai
2800:Persian
2788:Tibetan
2778:Śūnyatā
2719:Cārvāka
2709:Ājīvika
2704:Mīmāṃsā
2684:Samkhya
2599:Academy
2552:Ionians
2526:Yangism
2483:Chinese
2474:Ancient
2437:Western
2432:Ancient
2391:Realism
2348:Reality
2338:Process
2219:Realism
2199:Dualism
2194:Atomism
2076:Fideism
1847:(ed.).
1638:(Video)
1630:nothing
1422:9890455
1402:Bibcode
984:2183226
354:in all
342:numbers
231:. (See
164:nothing
6490:Portal
5764:Theism
5657:Monism
5391:Reason
5341:Desire
5336:Degree
5304:Beauty
5218:God in
5174:Egoism
5127:Spirit
4922:(1981)
4912:(1943)
4902:(1927)
4892:(1846)
4882:(1818)
4872:(1807)
4862:(1783)
4852:(1781)
4842:(1714)
4832:(1710)
4822:(1677)
4818:Ethics
4812:(1641)
4714:Parfit
4704:Kripke
4694:Putnam
4654:Sartre
4644:Carnap
4594:Peirce
4539:Newton
4514:Suárez
4504:Scotus
4384:Qualia
4349:Object
4339:Nature
4334:Motion
4314:Matter
4247:Entity
4119:Monism
3901:Polish
3881:German
3876:French
3861:Danish
3851:Canada
3801:Jewish
3763:Korean
3748:Indian
3290:People
3211:Monism
3164:German
3132:Holism
3065:Modern
3043:Jewish
2966:Dvaita
2939:Indian
2862:Huayan
2714:Ajñana
2671:Indian
2536:Greco-
2521:Taoism
2511:Mohism
2457:Modern
2424:By era
2413:By era
2328:Action
2209:Monism
2129:Virtue
2111:Ethics
1855:
1829:
1788:
1764:
1689:
1420:
1222:
1025:
982:
974:
903:
866:
839:
741:
509:Humour
346:shapes
309:causal
103:, the
69:, and
53:" or "
5759:Taoic
5541:Deism
5324:Kalam
5275:Wicca
5245:Islam
5094:Faith
4968:Meta-
4709:Lewis
4659:Quine
4624:Moore
4589:Lotze
4574:Hegel
4549:Wolff
4529:Locke
4484:Plato
4454:Value
4434:Truth
3932:Aztec
3886:Greek
3866:Dutch
3856:Czech
3705:Bantu
3142:Anti-
2689:Nyaya
2679:Hindu
2539:Roman
2333:Event
1975:Logic
1741:(PDF)
1418:S2CID
1392:arXiv
1187:arXiv
980:JSTOR
633:2 May
606:2 May
537:Being
170:from
140:Monad
6321:2010
6319:1990
6317:1970
6202:1920
6124:1900
6122:1880
6059:1850
6057:1800
5449:Hell
5439:Evil
5356:Love
5122:Soul
4649:Ryle
4569:Kant
4564:Hume
4554:Reid
4429:Time
4409:Soul
4404:Self
4329:Mind
4287:Data
4272:Idea
3033:Sufi
2867:Chan
2726:Jain
2699:Yoga
2229:Mind
2169:Hard
2157:Hard
1853:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1649:2019
1269:2019
1220:ISBN
1023:ISBN
972:ISSN
901:ISBN
864:ISBN
837:ISBN
816:2017
790:2017
739:ISBN
718:2017
672:6.44
635:2017
608:2017
425:The
385:and
365:and
344:and
336:and
248:Kant
188:time
121:time
115:and
5889:and
5297:For
5098:or
3307:Neo
2872:Zen
1587:why
1583:π/4
1410:doi
964:doi
893:doi
402:God
215:?"
182:or
142:or
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109:God
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