464:(who appear to have been the Yscani or Iscanis of earlier times), and Guichitas or Wichita Proper; smaller bands are listed as well: Akwits (also Akwesh, Asidahetsh, or Asidahesh, a former northern Pawnee splinter group, which joined the Wichita), Itaz, Kishkat, and Korishkitsu (the two latter names may be a Wichita name for the Kichai). The Taovaya were the most important in the 18th century. The French called the Wichita peoples Panis Piqués (Pawnee Picts) or Panis Noirs (Black Pawnees), because they practiced tattooing; sometimes the Panis Piqués or Panis Noirs are included into the listing of Wichita sub-tribes, but it seems that there were no known separate sub-tribe which can be identified by this name. One Pawnee splinter grouping known as
256:
391:(buffalo) in a seasonal hunt and lived in hunting camps. Wichita people relied heavily on bison, using all parts—for clothing, food and cooking fat, winter shelter, leather supplies, sinew, medicine, and even armor. Each spring, Wichita families settled in their villages for another season of cultivating crops. Eventually, horses played a large role in the Wichita people's lifestyle. Increased access to horses in the mid 17th century caused Wichita hunting styles and seasons to become longer and more community-oriented. The Wichita economy also focused on horticulture, root-gathering, and fruits and nuts.
761:. He was disappointed in his search for gold as the Quivirans appear to have been prosperous farmers and good hunters but had no gold or silver. There were about 25 villages of up to 200 houses each in Quivira. Coronado said: "They were large people of very good build", and he was impressed with the land, which was "fat and black." Though Coronado was impressed with Wichita society, he often treated the Wichita poorly in his expedition. Even after Wichita migration, some settlements were thought to have remained in northern Quivira in 1680.
721:
609:
822:. Oñate described the city as containing "more than twelve hundred houses" which would indicate a population of about 12,000. His description of the Etzanoa was similar to that of Coronado's description of Quivira. The homesteads were dispersed; the houses round, thatched with grass and surrounded by large granaries to store the corn, beans, and squash they grew in their fields. Oñate's Rayados were certainly Wichita, probably the sub-tribe later known as the Guichitas.
323:
853:. Regarding religion, La Harpe noticed that the Wichita people "had little of it". He did, however, gain knowledge on the presence of a Great Spirit that the Wichita worshipped. Coronado's Quivira was abandoned early in the 18th century, probably due to Apache attacks. The Rayados of Oñate were probably still living in about the same Walnut River location. Archaeologists have located a Wichita village at the
1914:
993:. In 1790, it was estimated there were about 3,200 total Wichita. Conflict with Texans in the early 19th century and Americans in the mid 19th century led to a major decline in population, leading to the eventual merging of Wichita settlements. By 1868, the population was recorded as being 572 total Wichita. By the time of the census of 1937, there were only 100 Wichita officially left.
784:
66:
984:
The
Wichita had a large population in the time of Coronado and Oñate. One scholar estimates their numbers at 200,000. Villages often contained around 1,000 to 1,250 people per village. Certainly they numbered in the tens of thousands. They appeared to be much reduced by the time of the first French
971:
Due to geographical isolation, it was difficult for the French and
Spanish to trade with the Wichita. The French traded with the Wichita primarily for their horses during the 16th century. The Wichita sensed that trading with the French would be ideal. Their migration in 1714 was partly motivated by
958:
Wichita relationships were mostly harmonious and cooperative. The
Wichita were allies with the Comanche and traded with them. However, they were enemies with groups such as the Pawnee, the Missouri, and the Apache. The Apache were the Wichita's worst enemies, having driven them out of their homes
825:
What the
Coronado and Oñate expeditions showed was that the Wichita people of the 16th century were numerous and widespread. They were not, however, a single tribe at this time but rather a group of several related tribes speaking a common language. The dispersed nature of their villages probably
692:
observations. Recent analysis suggests that many non-local artifacts occur exclusively or primarily within council circles, implying the structures were occupied by political and/or ritual leaders of the Great Bend aspect peoples. Other archaeologists leave open the possibility that the council
529:
After the man and woman were made they dreamed that things were made for them, and when they woke they had the things of which they had dreamed... The woman was given an ear of corn... It was to be the food of the people that should exist in the future, to be used generation after generation.
412:
Wichita people had a history of intermarriage and alliance with other groups. Notably, the women of the
Wichita worked with the Pueblo to harvest crops and engage in trade. Pueblo women were recorded to have intermarried with Wichita people and lived together in Wichita villages.
877:
revived the fortunes of the
Wichita. The village at Petersburg was "a lively emporium where Comanches brought Apache slaves, horses and mules to trade for French packs of powder, balls, knives, and textiles and for Taovaya-grown maize, melons, pumpkins, squash, and tobacco."
975:
The
Wichita first gained their European commodities in the mid 18th century, inspiring them to maintain close ties with the French in the 19th century. French traders were eager to exchange their goods with Wichita settlements as they traveled from Louisiana to Santa Fe.
508:
in
Oklahoma and Texas, and they contain artifacts such as pottery, arrows, knives, clay figurines, and European trade goods. Extensive excavation of these sites revealed large ritualistic and burial structures common in the territory and culture of the Wichita people.
476:
The
Wichita people had a unified language system with minor dialectical differences based on the geography of unique tribes. Derived from the Caddoan language, much of the Wichita language was indistinguishable between tribes they shared close alliances with.
379:
The
Wichita made much of their own art, including ceramic pottery that greatly fascinated French and Spanish traders. To the untrained eye Wichita pottery was "virtually indistinguishable from the Osage and Pawnee", two other neighboring Indigenous groups.
687:
suggest they consist of a central patio surrounded by four semi-subterranean structures. The function of the council circles is unclear. Archaeologist Waldo Wedel suggested in 1967 that they may be ceremonial structures, possibly associated with
906:
The alliance between the Wichita, especially the Taovayas, and the Comanche began to break up in the 1770s as the Wichita sought a better relationship with the Spanish. Taovaya power in Texas declined sharply after an epidemic, probably
868:
The most prominent of the Wichita sub-tribes were the Taovayas. In the 1720s they had moved south from Kansas to the Red River establishing a large village on the north side of the River at Petersburg, Oklahoma and on the south side at
351:
The Wichita lived in settled villages with domed-shaped, grass lodges, sometimes up to 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter. The Wichita were successful hunters, farmers, traders, and negotiators. Their historical homelands stretched from
1663:
Perkins, S. M. & Drass, R. R. & Vehik, S. C. (2016). Decolonizing the Borderland: Wichita Frontier Strategies. Great Plains Quarterly 36(4), 259-280. University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from Project MUSE
962:
The Wichita people's relationship with the Osage is ambiguous. It is said to have been "cautiously hostile", but many Osage groups attacked them in the 18th century, eventually driving them out of the Arkansas River Basin.
579:
Archaeologists describe the Washita River Phase from 1250 to 1450, when local populations grew and villages of up to 20 houses were spaced every two or so miles along the rivers. These farmers may have had contact with the
576:, which was important for religious purposes. The men hunted deer, rabbits, turkey, and, primarily, bison, and caught fish and harvested mussels from the rivers. These villagers lived in rectangular, thatched-roof houses.
1469:
Wedel, Mildred M. 1982a The Wichita Indians in the Arkansas River Basin. In Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Papers in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel, edited by D.H. Ubelaker and H.J. Viola, pp. 118-134.
752:
who might have been related to the Wichita and the earlier Plains villagers. The Teyas, if in fact they were Wichita, were probably the ancestors of the Iscani and Waco, although they might also have been the
996:
In 2018, 2,953 people were enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. In 2011, there were 2,501 enrolled Wichitas, 1,884 of whom lived in the state of Oklahoma. Enrollment in the tribe required a minimum
647:
economy included agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Villages were located on the upper terraces of rivers, and crops appear to have been grown on the fertile floodplains below. Primary crops were
1902:
899:
the Spanish and their Apache allies undertook an expedition to punish the Indians. Their 500-man army attacked the twin villages on Red River, but was defeated by the Wichita and Comanche in the
2323:
873:. They adopted many traits of the nomadic Plains Indians and were noted for raiding, trading. They had a close alliance with the French, and in 1746 a French brokered alliance with the
1895:
485:
In 2018, the Wichita Tribes opened the Wichita Tribal History Center in Anadarko, which shares Wichita history, archaeology, visual arts, and culture with the public.
915:
in 1803 and the independence of Texas in 1836, all the related tribes were increasingly lumped together and dubbed "Wichita". That designation also included the
757:, who spoke a different language but later joined the Wichita tribe. Turning north, he found Quivira and the people later known as the Wichita near the town of
795:
was called Tabas (which bears a resemblance to the sub-tribe of Taovayas). Settlements existed here until the Wichita were driven away in the 18th century.
2308:
1888:
1880:
1918:
903:. The Spanish army suffered 19 dead and 14 wounded, leaving two cannons on the battlefield, although they claimed to have killed more than 100 Indians.
791:
The Quivirans apparently called their land Tancoa (which bears a resemblance to the later sub-tribe called Tawakoni) and a neighboring province on the
600:
Valley, with whom they interacted. In the late 15th century, most of these Washita River villages were abandoned for reasons that are not known today.
2318:
2117:
1874:
889:(Northerners). The Wichita people and the Comanche attacked a Spanish military expedition in 1759. Afterwards, in response to the destruction by the
2313:
946:(present-day Oklahoma) in the area where most of them continue to reside today. On June 4, 1891, the affiliated tribes signed an agreement with the
1562:
Elam, Earl Henry, "Anglo-American Relations with the Wichita Indians in Texas, 1822–1859." Master's Thesis, Texas Technological College, 1967, 11
1495:
Vehik, Susan C. "Oñate's Expedition to the Southern Plains: Routes, Destinations, and Implications for late Prehistoric Cultural Adaptations."
1098:
826:
indicated that they were not seriously threatened by attack by enemies, although that would change as they would soon be squeezed between the
1648:
624:
from these sites range from AD 1450 to 1700. Great Bend aspect sites are generally accepted as ancestral to the Wichita peoples described by
193:
2137:
255:
2057:
1292:
1536:(1982) A The Wichita Indians in the Arkansas River Basin. In Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Papers in Honor of John C. Ewers and
1930:
31:
2077:
1947:
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on the East. European diseases would also probably be responsible for a large decline in the Wichita population in the 17th century.
2002:
1942:
1602:
896:
1127:
776:. They are enemies of one another...These people of Quivira have the advantage over the others in their houses and in growing of
729:
625:
314:. It owns a smoke shop, travel plaza, and historical center in Anadarko. Their annual economic impact in 2010 was $ 4.5 million.
1149:
683:
Several village sites contain the remains of unusual structures called "council circles," located at the center of settlements.
562:
in present-day Oklahoma. The women of these 10th-century communities cultivated varieties of maize, beans, and squash (known as
452:
Wichita people have been a loose confederation of related peoples on the Southern Plains, including such bands or sub-tribes as
2328:
592:, farming villages along the Canadian River. The Panhandle villagers showed signs of adopting cultural characteristics of the
504:
Several sites spanning across different time periods are spread around the United States. These sites are terraced around the
911:, in 1777 and 1778 killed about one-third of the tribe. After the United States took over their territory as a result of the
2212:
173:
2092:
1967:
900:
563:
240:
930:. They were forced out of Texas to a reservation in Oklahoma in 1859. During the Civil War, the Wichita allied with
2027:
1977:
1789:
1755:
1721:
931:
684:
310:
The tribe owns the Sugar Creek Casino, several restaurants, the Sugar Creek Event Center, and Hinton Travel Inn in
42:
1540:, edited by D.H. Ubelaker and H.J. Viola, pp. 118-134. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 30, Washington, D.C.
1997:
1982:
523:
2242:
2097:
1414:
926:
of Oklahoma although the Tawakoni and Wacos still lived in Texas and were moved onto a reservation on the upper
2107:
2062:
1010:
694:
35:
1614:
2037:
1860:
846:
334:
2303:
2298:
2012:
2007:
862:
720:
543:
505:
369:
278:
138:
1223:
612:
Geophysical image depicting the subsurface archaeological footprint of a Great Bend aspect council circle
468:
moved from what is now Nebraska to the Texas-Arkansas border regions where they lived with the Taovayas.
1823:
The Deer Creek Site, Oklahoma: A Wichita Village Sometimes Called Ferdinandina: an Ethnohistorian's View
1196:
Long unreported artifact collections from Spanish Fort Bend Wichita Indian Sites in Oklahoma and Texas.
819:
815:
705:
554:
who gradually adopted agriculture. Farming villages were developed about 900 CE on terraces above the
436:-eyed people") and the Arikara referred to them as Čirikuúnux (a reference to the Wichita practice of
2022:
741:
1322:
608:
2247:
1868:
1854:
1537:
1056:
947:
870:
838:
282:
1248:
2197:
2177:
2087:
1817:
1785:
1717:
1533:
990:
986:
939:
912:
811:
585:
416:
The social structure was organized by ranking of each tribe. Tribes were also led by two chiefs.
357:
353:
274:
260:
1750:
1300:
322:
2222:
2207:
2192:
2172:
2167:
1805:
1797:
1772:
1764:
1737:
1729:
1644:
1598:
923:
858:
581:
395:
341:
281:. The Wichitas are a self-governance tribe, who operate their own housing authority and issue
205:
1373:
Wedel, Waldo (1967). "The Council Circles of Central Kansas: Were They Solstice Registers?",
2272:
2267:
2262:
2202:
2187:
2182:
2152:
2147:
2127:
1972:
1401:
Conflict and Culture Change in the Late Prehistoric and Early Historic American Midcontinent
1386:
Vehik, Susan C. 2002. "Conflict, Trade, and Political Development on the Southern Plains",
1169:
943:
850:
799:
792:
636:
and iron axe heads at several Great Bend sites, suggests contact of these people with early
621:
551:
311:
197:
122:
118:
1857:, article in the Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
814:(possibly Yscani) and Rayados, most certainly Wichita. The Rayado city was probably on the
2257:
2237:
2162:
2047:
1992:
1962:
1153:
1131:
1022:
935:
854:
842:
589:
453:
201:
190:
126:
1687:
934:
side. They moved to Kansas, where they established a village at the site of present-day
2277:
2232:
2227:
2157:
1864:
1641:
Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775-1979
1061:
1016:
745:
709:
617:
593:
559:
493:
388:
365:
236:
232:
1124:
2292:
2102:
2072:
2067:
1952:
1146:
1051:
998:
758:
652:, beans, squash, and sunflowers, cultivated for their seeds. Gathered foods included
555:
345:
224:
169:
161:
91:
1826:. Issue 5 of Series in Anthropology. Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma Historical Society.
432:
marks around their eyes. The kindred Pawnee called them Kírikuuruks or Kírikuruks ("
2217:
2052:
2042:
927:
916:
831:
807:
754:
539:
402:
398:
hides, which the women prepared and sewed. They often decorated their dresses with
142:
1832:
1821:
1071:
644:
461:
373:
1209:
Stephen M. Perkins & Timothy G. Baugh (2008) Protohistory and the Wichita,
2017:
861:. By 1757, however, it appears that all the Wichita had migrated south to the
733:
633:
632:
explorers. The discovery of limited quantities of European artifacts, such as
597:
465:
384:
228:
65:
1809:
1776:
1741:
383:
Historically, for much of the year, the Wichita lived in huts made of forked
17:
783:
769:
677:
568:
620:
share common traits and are collectively known as the "Great Bend aspect."
616:
Numerous archaeological sites in central Kansas near the Great Bend of the
1480:
680:, and dog, one of the few domesticated animals in the pre-Contact Plains.
1987:
1922:
1913:
1415:"Archaeologists explore a rural field in Kansas, and a lost city emerges"
1066:
1046:
908:
874:
689:
547:
457:
209:
95:
2112:
1274:
Plains Indians, 500–1500 CE: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups
985:
contacts with them in 1719, probably due in large part to epidemics of
881:
The Wichita and their Comanche allies were known to the Spanish as the
806:, the Wichita city. Oñate journeyed east from New Mexico, crossing the
803:
737:
701:
657:
573:
437:
425:
165:
919:
of northern Texas, who spoke a different although a related language.
2252:
2082:
1036:
827:
661:
653:
629:
489:
441:
429:
406:
217:
101:
1013:(c. 1520–after 1542), enslaved person, guide for Coronado expedition
1837:. Volume 38 of Reprints in Anthropology. J & L Reprint Company.
664:, and grape. Remains of animal bones in Great Aspect sites include
2032:
1957:
1099:"Native Americans chose Waco for water and abundance, like others"
1041:
798:
Sixty years after Coronado's expedition the founder of New Mexico
782:
777:
773:
765:
749:
719:
665:
649:
637:
607:
361:
321:
254:
245:
Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakoni)
213:
157:
105:
1861:
The last word on 'Wichita'. One person left who speaks 'Wichita'
1801:
1768:
1733:
1403:, PhD Dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
673:
433:
409:
their faces and bodies with solid and dotted lines and circles.
360:, in the north. A semi-sedentary people, they occupied northern
1884:
1848:
1465:
1463:
1461:
922:
The principal village of the Wichita in the 1830s was near the
424:
The Wichita tribes call themselves Kitikiti'sh or Kirikirish ("
669:
399:
41:"Wichita Indians" redirects here. For the baseball team, see
810:
and encountering two large settlements of people he called
387:
poles covered by dry grasses. In the winter, they followed
364:
in the early 18th century. They traded with other Southern
1763:(2 - Summer 1950). Oklahoma Historical Society: 154–160.
837:
In 1719, French explorers visited two groups of Wichita.
1673:
Smith, F. "Wichita Locations and Population, 1719-1901.
1125:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
1597:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), page 32,
273:
The Wichita and Affiliated Tribes are headquartered in
1276:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994), 347-348.
428:-eyed people"), because of the historical practice of
1834:
The Wichita Indians 1541–1750: Ethnohistorical Essays
857:
dating from the 1750s on the Arkansas River east of
550:
for at least 2,000 years. Early Wichita people were
2136:
1929:
1019:(1927–2016), last first-language speaker of Wichita
151:
132:
112:
85:
75:
56:
1643:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 340–342.
1639:Deloria Jr., Vine J; DeMaille, Raymond J. (1999).
1512:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916, 250-267
538:The Ancestral Wichita people lived in the eastern
344:. They are related by language and culture to the
1796:. Oklahoma Historical Society. pp. 200–206.
1728:. Oklahoma Historical Society. pp. 226–227.
1455:, etc. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1904, 124, 215, 219
972:their desire to move closer to European traders.
288:The current tribal administration is as follows.
2324:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1751:"Wichita-Kiowa Relations and the 1874 Outbreak"
1584:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 96
1510:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–1706
527:
1820:; Blaine, Martha Royce; Moore, Gordon (1981).
1360:Hoard, Robert J. and William E. Banks (2006).
1896:
1529:
1527:
890:
883:
326:Trade beads found at a Wichita village site,
8:
1438:Vehik, Susan C. "Wichita Cultural History."
1192:
1190:
239:, and the Wichita proper (or Guichita), are
51:
1903:
1889:
1881:
1871:of Wichitan language". Video by Al Jazeera
954:Relationships with other indigenous tribes
604:Great Bend settlements and council circles
64:
50:
30:For residents in the city of Wichita, see
1521:Vehik, "Wichita Cultural History," p. 328
712:, that flourished between 1450 and 1700.
277:. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in
223:Today, Wichita tribes, which include the
1877:, National Museum of the American Indian
1553:. Lincoln, NE: U of Neb Press, 1975, 338
1286:
1284:
1282:
1092:
1090:
1088:
492:, is held at the Wichita Tribal Park on
1084:
841:found a large village near present-day
736:Valley in search of a rich land called
348:, with whom they have close relations.
764:It was also noted: "They eat meat raw/
440:). The Kiowa called them Thoe-Khoot ("
1792:~ Vol. 30, No. 2 - Summer 1952].
1293:"Washita River Phase: A.D. 1250–1450"
1120:
1118:
1116:
7:
259:Wichita grass lodge, near Anadarko,
86:Regions with significant populations
1724:~ Vol. 15, No. 2 - June 1937].
1551:Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds
1135:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
938:. In 1867 they were relocated to a
496:, north of Anadarko, every August.
340:The Wichita language is one of the
32:List of people from Wichita, Kansas
2309:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2218:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
1453:The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542
394:Wichita people wore clothing from
25:
1677:Vol. 53, No. 28, 2008, pp.407-414
27:Confederation of Native Americans
2319:Native American tribes in Kansas
1912:
1249:"Wichita Annual Dance Committee"
748:, Coronado met people he called
700:One of these sites was the city
2314:Native American tribes in Texas
1716:Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant (1937).
1413:Kelly, David (19 August 2018).
1349:Archaeology of the Great Plains
1224:"Wichita Tribal History Center"
1137:2011: 38. Retrieved 8 Feb 2012.
959:before contact with Europeans.
298:Secretary: Myles Stephenson Jr.
1157:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes.
1147:"Wichita Executive Committee."
660:nuts, and the fruits of plum,
196:. Historically they spoke the
1:
1849:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1508:Bolton, Herbert Eugene, ed.,
1253:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1228:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
830:on the West and the powerful
730:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
626:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
327:
295:Vice-President: Jarrod Prince
264:
174:Caddoan Mississippian culture
52:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1831:Wedel, Mildred Mott (1988).
1442:, Vol 37, No. 141, 1992, 328
1097:Gately, Paul (8 July 2018).
787:Tatum, a Wichita woman, 1898
740:. In Texas, probably in the
532:The Mythology of the Wichita
488:The Wichita Annual Dance, a
1875:Wichita art and photographs
1718:"Battle of Wichita Village"
1499:, Vol 31, No. 111, 1986, 28
1351:University of Kansas Press.
950:for individual allotments.
901:Battle of the Twin Villages
643:Great Bend aspect peoples'
2345:
1790:The Chronicles of Oklahoma
1756:The Chronicles of Oklahoma
1722:The Chronicles of Oklahoma
1364:University Press of Kansas
1323:"Panhandle Pueblo Culture"
685:Archaeological excavations
521:
301:Treasurer: Claudia Spybuck
43:Wichita Indians (baseball)
40:
29:
1399:Hollinger, Eric (2005).
1347:Wood, W. Raymond (1998).
728:In 1541 Spanish explorer
704:, located in present-day
697:served a defensive role.
524:Southern Plains villagers
208:. They are indigenous to
189:, are a confederation of
156:
137:
117:
90:
80:
63:
1451:Winship, George Parker,
1159:Retrieved 24 April 2013.
849:found two villages near
732:journeyed east from the
36:Wichita (disambiguation)
2183:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1786:"Wichita Death Customs"
1130:April 24, 2012, at the
847:Claude Charles Du Tisne
335:Oklahoma History Center
292:President: Terri Parton
2329:Caddo County, Oklahoma
1919:Native American tribes
1784:Schmitt, Karl (1952).
1749:Schmitt, Karl (1950).
1549:John, Elizabeth A. H.
1297:University of Oklahoma
891:
884:
788:
725:
613:
536:
337:
279:Caddo County, Oklahoma
270:
194:Native American tribes
139:Native American Church
34:. For other uses, see
1675:Plains Anthropologist
1497:Plains Anthropologist
1481:"The Wichita Indians"
1440:Plains Anthropologist
1390:67, no. 1: pp. 37–64.
1211:Plains Anthropologist
1198:Plains Anthropologist
989:to which they had no
820:Arkansas City, Kansas
786:
723:
706:Arkansas City, Kansas
611:
560:South Canadian Rivers
552:hunters and gatherers
546:in Arkansas north to
481:Cultural institutions
405:. Both men and women
368:on both sides of the
325:
258:
152:Related ethnic groups
2213:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1968:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1327:Texas Beyond History
1272:Schlesier, Karl H.,
1170:"Sugar Creek Casino"
716:Post-contact history
333:, collection of the
306:Economic development
241:federally recognized
1869:last fluent speaker
1818:Wedel, Mildred Mott
1619:accessgenealogy.com
1582:The Comanche Empire
1534:Wedel, Mildred Mott
1362:Kansas Archaeology.
1057:Lipan Apache people
948:Cherokee Commission
871:Spanish Fort, Texas
839:Bernard de la Harpe
454:Taovayas (Tawehash)
283:tribal vehicle tags
147:Indigenous religion
53:
1983:Citizen Potawatomi
1851:, official website
1595:The Pawnee Indians
1580:Pekka Hamalainen,
1388:American Antiquity
1375:American Antiquity
1291:Drass, Richard D.
1213:, 53:208, 381–394,
1200:, 57 (221), 63-69.
1152:2010-07-01 at the
987:infectious disease
913:Louisiana Purchase
789:
726:
724:Wichita camp, 1904
614:
518:Precontact history
358:Great Bend, Kansas
356:, in the south to
354:San Antonio, Texas
338:
275:Anadarko, Oklahoma
271:
261:Oklahoma Territory
2286:
2285:
2208:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1948:Alabama-Quassarte
1863:: Interview with
1688:"Cara Jade Myers"
1650:978-0-8061-3118-4
1419:Los Angeles Times
924:Wichita Mountains
859:Newkirk, Oklahoma
622:Radiocarbon dates
582:Panhandle culture
564:the Three Sisters
530:—Tawakoni Jim in
342:Caddoan languages
206:Caddoan languages
179:
178:
16:(Redirected from
2336:
2138:Tribal languages
2118:United Keetoowah
2048:Muscogee (Creek)
2008:Fort Sill Apache
1943:Absentee Shawnee
1917:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1838:
1827:
1813:
1794:Internet Archive
1780:
1745:
1726:Internet Archive
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1692:Milken Institute
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1615:"Wichita Tribes"
1611:
1605:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1479:Brush, Rebecca.
1477:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1288:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1144:
1138:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1094:
944:Indian Territory
897:San Saba Mission
894:
887:
851:Neodesha, Kansas
793:Smoky Hill River
628:and other early
590:Texas Panhandles
584:villages in the
566:), marsh elder (
500:Historical sites
332:
329:
269:
268: 1885–1900
266:
198:Wichita language
76:Total population
68:
54:
21:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2140:
2132:
2003:Eastern Shawnee
1993:Delaware Nation
1934:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1909:
1845:
1830:
1816:
1783:
1748:
1715:
1712:
1710:Further reading
1707:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1303:on 3 March 2016
1290:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1154:Wayback Machine
1145:
1141:
1132:Wayback Machine
1123:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1032:
1023:Cara Jade Myers
1007:
1005:Notable Wichita
982:
969:
956:
936:Wichita, Kansas
855:Deer Creek Site
843:Tulsa, Oklahoma
718:
606:
526:
520:
515:
502:
483:
474:
450:
422:
330:
320:
308:
267:
253:
202:Kichai language
191:Southern Plains
183:Wichita people,
146:
99:
71:
59:
49:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2141:(still spoken)
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Otoe-Missouria
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Delaware Tribe
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1865:Doris McLemore
1858:
1852:
1844:
1843:External links
1841:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1814:
1781:
1746:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1679:
1666:
1656:
1649:
1631:
1606:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1542:
1538:Waldo R. Wedel
1523:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1472:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1377:32: pp. 54-63.
1366:
1353:
1340:
1329:. 26 July 2004
1314:
1278:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1202:
1186:
1161:
1139:
1112:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Taovaya people
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:Doris McLemore
1014:
1006:
1003:
981:
978:
968:
965:
955:
952:
717:
714:
710:Arkansas River
618:Arkansas River
605:
602:
594:Pueblo peoples
519:
516:
514:
511:
501:
498:
482:
479:
473:
470:
449:
446:
421:
418:
389:American bison
366:Plains Indians
319:
316:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
252:
249:
177:
176:
154:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
130:
129:
115:
114:
110:
109:
88:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
57:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Plains tribes
2302:
2300:
2299:Wichita tribe
2297:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Seneca-Cayuga
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:0-8061-2094-0
1600:
1596:
1593:George Hyde,
1590:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:Texas Indians
1482:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Kichai people
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1000:
999:blood quantum
994:
992:
988:
979:
977:
973:
966:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
945:
942:in southwest
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
898:
893:
888:
886:
879:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Juan de Oñate
796:
794:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
759:Lyons, Kansas
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
691:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
610:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
533:
525:
517:
512:
510:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
480:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
375:
372:and south to
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
347:
343:
336:
324:
317:
315:
313:
305:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
262:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Kichai people
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
144:
140:
136:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
92:United States
89:
84:
79:
74:
67:
62:
55:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Wichita tribe
2122:
2108:Thlopthlocco
1833:
1822:
1793:
1760:
1754:
1725:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1640:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1333:11 September
1331:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1307:11 September
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1273:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1156:
1142:
1134:
1103:. Retrieved
995:
983:
974:
970:
961:
957:
928:Brazos River
921:
905:
882:
880:
867:
836:
824:
816:Walnut River
808:Great Plains
797:
790:
763:
744:Canyon near
742:Blanco River
727:
699:
682:
642:
615:
578:
567:
540:Great Plains
537:
531:
528:
503:
487:
484:
475:
451:
423:
415:
411:
403:canine teeth
393:
382:
378:
350:
339:
309:
287:
272:
244:
222:
186:
182:
180:
143:Christianity
81:2,953 (2018)
48:Ethnic group
2088:Sac and Fox
1697:18 December
1470:Smithsonian
1179:24 December
1174:500 Nations
1072:Waco people
940:reservation
812:Escanjaques
708:, near the
645:subsistence
640:explorers.
331: 1740
187:Kitikiti'sh
121:, formerly
70:Tribal flag
58:Kitikiti'sh
2293:Categories
2248:Potawatomi
1933:recognized
1424:8 December
1258:8 December
1233:8 December
1105:8 December
1079:References
980:Population
734:Rio Grande
695:earthworks
634:chain mail
598:Rio Grande
522:See also:
466:Panismahas
251:Government
2178:Chickasaw
2128:Wyandotte
1973:Chickasaw
1931:Federally
1810:655582328
1777:655582328
1742:655582328
1664:database.
1571:John, 352
1101:. 10 KWTX
1025:, actress
1001:of 1/32.
932:the Union
863:Red River
770:Querechos
768:like the
678:pronghorn
662:hackberry
569:Iva annua
544:Red River
542:from the
506:Red River
458:Tawakonis
444:faces").
430:tattooing
370:Red River
113:Languages
100:formerly
2223:Muscogee
2198:Delaware
2193:Comanche
2173:Cheyenne
2168:Cherokee
2093:Seminole
2028:Kickapoo
2023:Kialegee
1988:Comanche
1963:Cherokee
1923:Oklahoma
1802:23027299
1769:23027299
1734:23027299
1624:July 15,
1150:Archived
1128:Archived
1067:Tawakoni
1047:Comanche
1030:See also
1011:Big Eyes
991:immunity
909:smallpox
892:Norteños
885:Norteños
875:Comanche
802:visited
690:solstice
630:European
586:Oklahoma
548:Nebraska
472:Language
407:tattooed
237:Tawakoni
210:Oklahoma
133:Religion
96:Oklahoma
2273:Wyandot
2268:Wichita
2263:Shawnee
2203:Koasati
2188:Choctaw
2153:Arapaho
2148:Alabama
2123:Wichita
2113:Tonkawa
2103:Shawnee
1978:Choctaw
1867:, "the
1855:Wichita
895:of the
804:Etzanoa
746:Lubbock
738:Quivira
702:Etzanoa
693:circle
658:hickory
638:Spanish
596:of the
574:tobacco
572:), and
556:Washita
513:History
438:tattoos
426:raccoon
318:Culture
243:as the
233:Taovaya
204:, both
166:Arikara
123:Wichita
119:English
2258:Seneca
2253:Quapaw
2238:Pawnee
2233:Ottawa
2163:Cayuga
2083:Quapaw
2073:Peoria
2068:Pawnee
2063:Ottawa
1953:Apache
1935:tribes
1808:
1800:
1775:
1767:
1740:
1732:
1647:
1601:
1037:Apache
917:Kichai
828:Apache
755:Kichai
654:walnut
534:, 1904
494:US-281
490:powwow
442:tattoo
396:tanned
346:Pawnee
312:Hinton
218:Kansas
216:, and
170:Kichai
162:Pawnee
127:Kichai
102:Kansas
2278:Yuchi
2243:Ponca
2228:Osage
2158:Caddo
2078:Ponca
2053:Osage
2043:Modoc
2038:Miami
2033:Kiowa
1958:Caddo
1788:[
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967:Trade
832:Osage
818:near
778:maize
774:Teyas
766:jerky
750:Teyas
666:bison
650:maize
462:Wacos
448:Bands
420:Names
385:cedar
362:Texas
214:Texas
158:Caddo
106:Texas
2013:Iowa
1806:OCLC
1798:LCCN
1773:OCLC
1765:LCCN
1738:OCLC
1730:LCCN
1699:2023
1645:ISBN
1626:2010
1599:ISBN
1426:2018
1335:2016
1309:2016
1260:2018
1235:2018
1181:2018
1107:2018
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772:and
674:deer
656:and
588:and
558:and
434:bear
374:Waco
229:Waco
200:and
181:The
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2018:Kaw
1921:in
780:".
670:elk
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