1047:(e.g., illegal MP3 copies). Several courts have found that merely linking to someone else's website, even if by bypassing commercial advertising, is not copyright or trademark infringement, regardless of how much someone else might object. Linking to illegal or infringing content can be sufficiently problematic to give rise to legal liability. Compare for a summary of the current status of US copyright law as to hyperlinking, see the discussion regarding
834:
48:
40:
1230:
822:
website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing a single site.
821:
Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. To prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and always cause a new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large
168:
that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document may follow hyperlinks. These hyperlinks may also be followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known
929:
together; in addition, it had a visually different kind of hyperlink that caused a popup help message to appear when clicked, usually to give definitions of terms introduced on the help page. The first widely used open protocol that included hyperlinks from any
Internet site to any other Internet
868:
In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to a theoretical
456:
The words that follow identify what is being linked; this is the only part of the code that is ordinarily visible on the screen when the page is rendered, but when the cursor hovers over the link, many browsers display the target URL somewhere on the screen, such as in the lower left-hand
817:
or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add a special "target" attribute to specify where the link loads. If no window exists with that name, a new window is created with the ID, which can be used to refer to the window later in the browsing session.
1470:. The Ninth Circuit decision in this case is the first important decision of a US court on linking. In it, the Ninth Circuit held the deep linking by Arriba Soft to images on Kelly's website to be legal under the fair use doctrine.
768:
In a typical web browser, this would display as the underlined word "Example" in blue, which when clicked would take the user to the example.com website. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document.
893:
working with graduate student Dan
Ostroff designed and implemented the highlighted link in the HyperTIES system in 1983. HyperTIES was used to produce the world's first electronic journal, the July 1988
938:(which could handle Gopher links as well as HTML links). HTML's advantage was the ability to mix graphics, text, and hyperlinks, unlike Gopher, which just had menu-structured text and hyperlinks.
865:) in which one could link any two pages of information into a "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel.
1360:
668:
motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when they have not been visited, but underlined purple text when they have. When the
885:) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within a single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968), with
1638:
565:
citation index, founding that the median lifespan of Web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived. The median lifespan of a Web page constitutes high-degree variable, but its
156:
most hyperlinks cause the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are marked to cause the target document to open in a new window (or, perhaps, in a new
1216:
Multimedia, Hypermedia, and
Virtual Reality: Models, Systems, and Application: First International Conference, MHVR'94, Moscow, Russia September (14–16), 1996. Selected Papers
971:, which incorporate the content in question into the pages of the linking site, making it seem part of the linking site's own content unless an explicit attribution is added.
786:
When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown, popping up, not in a regular
1214:
990:
was initially convicted in this way of copyright infringement by linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. The courts that advocate this view see the mere
1043:, there is a distinction between the mere act of linking to someone else's website, and linking to content that is illegal (e.g., gambling illegal in the US) or
1464:
1048:
947:
1653:
794:, which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back).
994:
of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material is illegal. In 2004,
917:
allowed for hyperlinking between various pages within a document, as well as to other documents and separate applications on the same computer. In 1990,
1386:
825:
Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window.
1600:
1447:
2153:
542:. Permalinks are often rendered simply, that is, as friendly URLs, so as to be easy for people to type and remember. Permalinks are used in order to
1619:
460:
Typically these words are underlined and colored (for example, blue for a link that has not yet been visited and purple for a link already visited).
194:
displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without the user following the link.
224:. This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a
1674:
Weinreich, Harald; Hartmut
Obendorf; Winfried Lamersdorf (2001). "The look of the link - concepts for the user interface of extended hyperlinks".
1626:, Decision of February 21, 2006, Case No. CV 04-9484 AHM (CD Cal. 2/21/06), CRI 2006, 76–88 No liability for thumbnail links to infringing content
1572:
1352:
869:
proprietary worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Though Nelson's Xanadu
Corporation was eventually funded by
340:(also known as a "one-to-many" link, an "extended link" or a "multi-tailed link") is a hyperlink which leads to multiple endpoints; the link is a
1329:
1740:
1303:
967:
or other entry point designated by the site owner, but to content elsewhere, allowing the user to bypass the site's own designated flow, and
1635:
1480:
1252:
728:
with the attribute "href" (HREF is an abbreviation for "Hypertext REFerence") and optionally also the attributes "title", "target", and "
300:
may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping
152:
The effect of following a hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on the link itself; for instance, on the
2209:
261:(in any of various ways), which is why a link to a fragment is called an anchor link (that is, a link to an anchor). For example, in
1701:
1224:
1070:
applied for by its owner, Ronald
Neville Langford, around the world relating to search techniques using hyperlinked images to other
956:, some websites object to being linked by other websites; some have claimed that linking to them is not allowed without permission.
122:, many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference
1191:
606:
with a "name" or "id" attribute at that position of the HTML document. The URL of the position is the URL of the webpage with a
538:
are URLs that are intended to remain unchanged for many years into the future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to
543:
1162:
1416:
486:
1514:
1281:
873:
in the 1980s, it never created this proprietary public-access network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by
1526:
1438:
240:. The fragment is generally a portion of text or a heading, though not necessarily. For instance, it may also be a
296:
One way to define a hot area in an image is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a
2013:
1733:
895:
557:
The scientific literature is a place where link persistence is crucial to the public knowledge. A 2013 study in
328:
Hyperlink is embedded into e-mail address and allows visitors to send an e-mail message to this e-mail address.
145:
In some hypertext, hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as
814:
591:
270:
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such as the "rel" attribute which specifies the relationship between the current document and linked document.
1382:
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1597:
661:
123:
1993:
1839:
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621:" can be replaced with syntax that references a page number or another element of the PDF, for example, "#
304:
or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements.
1616:
2071:
922:
886:
509:
describes hyperlinks that offer a far greater degree of functionality than those offered in HTML. These
1569:
1129:
1321:
906:
and Greg
Kearsley used HyperTIES to publish "Hypertext Hands-On!", the world's first electronic book.
236:
An anchor hyperlink (anchor link) is a link bound to a portion of a document, which is often called a
1726:
1088:
1063:
935:
530:
649:, or with certain symbols following to visualize link target or document types. This is also called
1962:
1952:
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803:
681:
607:
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205:
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An inline link may display a modified version of the content; for instance, instead of an image, a
43:
An example of a hyperlink as commonly seen in a web browser, with a mouse pointer hovering above it
31:
366:
saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the
114:
The document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in content from
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Hyperlink is embedded into a text or an image and takes visitors to another part of a web page.
216:
section may be shown. The full content is then usually available on demand, as is the case with
1353:"The growing problem of Internet 'link rot' and best practices for media and online publishers"
2043:
1998:
1763:
1697:
1487:
1244:
1220:
931:
874:
838:
806:, and many other web browsers all show the URL. In addition, the URL is commonly shown in the
799:
676:) the browser displays the link's target. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on the
521:, which are unidirectional and therefore offer no more functionality than hyperlinks in HTML.
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1607:, District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Decision of July 28, 2004, 03 C 3231
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1983:
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602:, or other resource, or to a position in a webpage. The latter is achieved by means of an
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83:. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document.
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Ford Motor
Company v. 2600 Enterprises, 177 F.Supp.2d 661 (EDMi December 20, 2001)
115:
2148:
2117:
2066:
2003:
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Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.Com, Inc., No. 99-07654 (CD Calif. March 27, 2000)
1412:
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634:
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225:
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39:
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The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link:
517:, remove linking from, within, and between XML documents. It can also describe
2112:
1957:
1864:
1020:
1015:
882:
846:
807:
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To embed a link into a web page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form:
139:
1718:
1273:
637:
usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different
310:
Hyperlink is embedded into a word or a phrase and makes this text clickable.
149:
and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links.
2173:
2168:
2050:
1988:
1859:
1834:
1819:
983:
979:
964:
914:
677:
535:
247:
198:
127:
84:
56:
293:, the hash character (#) precedes the name of the anchor for the fragment.
17:
1693:
1481:"The prosecution of Taiwan sexuality researcher and activist Josephine Ho"
2008:
1945:
1879:
1844:
1809:
1793:
1134:
1119:
1104:
1083:
1071:
870:
646:
551:
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482:
367:
91:. A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a
1551:
American Civil
Liberties Union v. Miller, 977 F.Supp. 1228 (ND Ga. 1997)
2033:
1967:
1915:
925:, had widespread use of hyperlinks to link different pages in a single
599:
934:
from 1991. It was soon eclipsed by HTML after the 1993 release of the
1067:
999:
51:
Visual abstraction of several documents being connected by hyperlinks
316:
Hyperlink is embedded into an image and makes this image clickable.
1588:
Universal City
Studios Inc v Reimerdes, 111 FSupp2d 294 (DCNY 2000)
1676:
Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
1213:
Brusilovski, Peter; Kommers, Piet; Streitz, Norbert (1996-05-15).
1024:
862:
832:
638:
506:
87:
is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as
46:
38:
998:
was acquitted of 'hyperlinks that corrupt traditional values' in
952:
While hyperlinking among webpages is an intrinsic feature of the
1510:
665:
642:
375:
290:
251:
1722:
861:. In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine (the
772:
By default, browsers will usually display hyperlinks as such:
502:
446:
438:
285:
apps, anchors can be inserted where desired and may be called
262:
986:, but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands,
653:. The behavior and style of links can be specified using the
370:. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the
374:. Web pages are written in the hypertext mark-up language
845:
The term "link" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by
660:
In a graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse
561:
analyzed 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters'
978:, it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely
898:, which was cited as the source for the link concept in
1413:"Making a Server ("HREF" is for "hypertext reference")"
1570:
Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.
1245:"The Anchor element - HTML: HyperText Markup Language"
763:<a href="https://example.com/">Example</a>
684:, another program may be activated to open the file.
672:
activates the link (e.g., by clicking on it with the
617:
When linking to PDF documents from an HTML page the "
2141:
2095:
2059:
1976:
1888:
1802:
1756:
254:), a designated, often irregular part of an image.
381:This is what a hyperlink to the home page of the
1598:Comcast of Illinois X LLC v. Hightech Elec. Inc.
902:'s Spring 1989 manifesto for the Web. In 1988,
776:An unvisited link is usually blue and underlined
577:A link from one domain to another is said to be
428:The hyperlink starts with an anchor opening tag
30:For help creating links on Knowledge (XXG), see
779:A visited link is usually purple and underlined
493:as vertices and hyperlinks, as directed edges.
1446:(1 ed.). Apple Computer Inc. p. 49.
1013:, claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent (
442:for the page. (The URL is enclosed in quotes.)
269:provides anchoring capability (as long as the
1734:
1304:"HTML, Web Browsers, and Other Paraphernalia"
948:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
8:
782:An active link is usually red and underlined
453:, marking the end of the anchor opening tag.
281:is a typical example of implementing it. In
1741:
1727:
1719:
1322:"Definition of Permanent Link (Permalink)"
1274:"XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.0"
103:). A user following hyperlinks is said to
27:Method of referencing visual computer data
2154:List of graphical user interface elements
1683:
1219:. Springer Science & Business Media.
554:, blog post or any online digital media.
220:software – e.g., with an
1031:'s patent did not cover web hyperlinks.
590:The most common destination anchor is a
1363:from the original on September 19, 2014
1146:
598:. This can refer to a document, e.g. a
1389:from the original on September 8, 2016
813:Normally, a link opens in the current
1332:from the original on November 1, 2018
432:, and includes a hyperlink reference
7:
1654:All your Interwibble is belong to us
1515:Hyperlink patent case fails to click
1383:"The Average Lifespan of a Webpage"
420:This HTML code consists of several
1284:from the original on July 17, 2021
837:Douglas Engelbart and his team at
25:
1351:W. Kille, Leighton (2015-10-09).
1194:from the original on May 26, 2021
963:, which do not point to a site's
164:, for which the link target is a
1636:TelecomTV – TelecomTV One – News
1486:. Sex.ncu.edu.tw. Archived from
1453:from the original on 2018-01-23.
1233:from the original on 2018-02-07.
474:tag can also consist of various
467:) terminates the hyperlink code.
1579:, 75 FSupp2d 1290 (D Utah 1999)
1437:(Atkinson, Bill?) (1987). "3".
1419:from the original on 2012-10-25
1255:from the original on 2022-08-30
1165:from the original on 2022-09-08
1027:found for Prodigy, ruling that
853:. Nelson had been inspired by "
402:"https://www.w3.org/"
95:, and to create a hyperlink is
959:Contentious in particular are
749:" class="db-PGkbGluayBjbA">
614:" – appended.
385:could look like in HTML code:
273:or schema defines it), and in
75:can follow or be guided to by
1:
1527:Cybertelecom:: Legal to Link?
629:Link behavior in web browsers
1901:Head-up display in computing
921:, which was introduced with
348:Uses in various technologies
126:such as tables of contents,
67:, is a digital reference to
1019:) on web hyperlinks. After
857:", a popular 1945 essay by
680:and on the browser and its
581:from its source anchor and
573:How hyperlinks work in HTML
569:usually is of some months.
2231:
2210:Graphical control elements
1750:Graphical control elements
1533:. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
1062:Somewhat controversially,
945:
694:("href" pointing to a URL)
528:
434:href="https://www.w3.org/"
359:HTML element § Anchor
356:
257:Fragments are marked with
160:). Another possibility is
29:
1249:Mozilla Developer Network
909:Released in 1987 for the
896:Communications of the ACM
463:The anchor closing tag (
407:W3C organization website
387:
2189:Zoomable user interface
1357:journalistsresource.org
913:, the database program
298:political map of Africa
1994:Client-side decoration
1440:Hypercard User's Guide
842:
655:Cascading Style Sheets
505:recommendation called
52:
44:
2072:Breadcrumb navigation
1694:10.1145/504216.504225
1066:has tried to enforce
1016:U.S. patent 4,873,662
923:Microsoft Windows 3.0
836:
610: – "#
50:
42:
1617:Perfect 10 v. Google
1385:. November 8, 2011.
1064:Vuestar Technologies
550:readers to the same
531:Digital preservation
1493:on February 8, 2012
1110:Object hyperlinking
790:, but in a special
608:fragment identifier
342:set-valued function
320:Bookmark hyperlink.
32:Help:Contents/Links
1931:Progress indicator
1906:HUD in video games
1660:, 21 February 2009
1641:2008-12-23 at the
1622:2008-12-17 at the
1603:2008-12-17 at the
1575:2008-12-20 at the
1517:. August 23, 2002.
1130:Xenu's Link Sleuth
843:
664:may change into a
567:order of magnitude
559:BMC Bioinformatics
53:
45:
2197:
2196:
2044:Window decoration
1999:Disclosure widget
1803:Data input-output
1764:Adjustment handle
1184:"Tabbed browsing"
875:Douglas Engelbart
326:E-mail hyperlink.
267:<anchor />"
166:document fragment
16:(Redirected from
2222:
2142:Related concepts
2123:Inspector window
2108:Alert dialog box
2101:
2004:Frame / Fieldset
1784:Hamburger button
1743:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1687:
1661:
1656:, Silvie Barak,
1651:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:Internet Archive
1524:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1455:
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1405:
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1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1310:on July 4, 2013.
1306:. Archived from
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:. Dec 31, 2020.
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1151:
1018:
849:at the start of
764:
754:
726:HTML element "a"
692:link destination
657:(CSS) language.
515:multidirectional
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
383:W3C organization
314:Image hyperlink.
280:
268:
218:print publishing
93:hypertext system
21:
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2223:
2221:
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2091:
2087:Virtual desktop
2055:
1972:
1884:
1798:
1752:
1747:
1704:
1673:
1670:
1668:Further reading
1665:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1643:Wayback Machine
1634:
1630:
1624:Wayback Machine
1615:
1611:
1605:Wayback Machine
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1577:Wayback Machine
1568:
1564:
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1422:
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1409:Tim Berners-Lee
1407:
1406:
1402:
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1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1080:
1029:British Telecom
1014:
1007:British Telecom
950:
944:
932:Gopher protocol
911:Apple Macintosh
904:Ben Shneiderman
900:Tim Berners-Lee
891:Ben Shneiderman
855:As We May Think
831:
796:Mozilla Firefox
762:
736:
651:link decoration
631:
587:to its target.
575:
533:
527:
499:
449:is followed by
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417:
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401:
398:
395:
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389:
364:Tim Berners-Lee
361:
355:
350:
334:
308:Text hyperlink.
279:{{anchor|name}}
278:
266:
234:
188:
183:
116:Knowledge (XXG)
111:the hypertext.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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1855:Radio button
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1158:
1155:"HTML Links"
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1038:
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996:Josephine Ho
988:Karin Spaink
973:
969:inline links
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942:Legal issues
919:Windows Help
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724:It uses the
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2118:File dialog
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1830:Date picker
1529: The
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1115:Overlinking
1089:Dereference
1051:Arriba Soft
992:publication
974:In certain
747:link target
732:" or "id":
710:link target
635:web browser
275:wiki markup
226:page layout
192:inline link
99:(or simply
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18:Wikilinking
2204:Categories
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1958:Status bar
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1513:News.com,
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1423:2012-10-25
1259:2021-10-13
1169:2019-05-21
1141:References
1091:(operator)
1055:Perfect 10
1045:infringing
1021:litigation
980:references
961:deep links
883:programmer
847:Ted Nelson
808:status bar
753:</a>
751:link label
745:" target="
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715:link class
705:link title
699:link label
536:Permalinks
525:Permalinks
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465:</a>
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124:mechanisms
2215:Hypertext
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2169:Mouseover
2077:Hyperlink
2051:Workspace
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1984:Accordion
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1835:Grid view
1820:Combo box
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128:footnotes
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1620:Archived
1601:Archived
1573:Archived
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1417:Archived
1387:Archived
1361:Archived
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1288:July 26,
1282:Archived
1253:Archived
1231:Archived
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1192:Archived
1163:Archived
1135:Nofollow
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579:outbound
552:Web page
548:redirect
540:link rot
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338:fat link
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105:navigate
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2019:Popover
1968:Tooltip
1953:Sidebar
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1415:. W3C.
1393:Oct 31,
1367:Oct 30,
1336:Oct 31,
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1011:Prodigy
829:History
719:link id
682:plugins
600:webpage
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513:can be
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