1639:, the United States Supreme Court noted that factual compilations of information may be protected with respect to "selection and arrangement, so long as they are made independently by the compiler and entail a minimal degree of creativity," as "he compilation author typically chooses which facts to include, in what order to place them, and how to arrange the collected data so that they may be used effectively by readers"; the Court also indicated that "originality is not a stringent standard; it does not require that facts be presented in an innovative or surprising way" and that "he vast majority of works make the grade quite easily, as they possess some creative spark, 'no matter how crude, humble or obvious' it might be."(
584:, Knowledge editors should not use unpublished work (note: unpublished work in public collections may be suitable). With published work, biased statements of opinion should be attributed in the text either to the author or the publication or both. It is sometimes relevant for an article to include a short quotation such as a significant statement made by the subject of the article or a notable comment about the subject. In these cases a verbatim quotation should be given rather than a paraphrase. Quotations should be used sparingly, typically only if the information within cannot be conveyed otherwise. They should be clearly identified and formatted as defined in
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slaveholding nations." In addition to the substantial number of life histories it contains, the most compelling feature of the collection is the composition of the sample of people who made up its informants. Although not a representative sample of the slave population, they were a remarkably diverse and inclusive cross-section of former slaves. Those whose voices are included in the collection ranged in age from one to fifty at the time of emancipation in 1865, which meant that more than two-thirds were over eighty when they were interviewed. Source:
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Administration (WPA) and assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave
Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. This online collection is a joint presentation of the Manuscript and Prints and Photographs Divisions of the Library of Congress and includes more than 200 photographs from the Prints and Photographs Division that are now made available to the public for the first time. Born in Slavery was made possible by a major gift from the Citigroup Foundation. Source:
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instructions on how to fix errors of this sort. The spaces for examples from the editor's inappropriate text are provided because even experienced or good faith editors may not recognize where the issues lie without them. If there is a passage of several consecutive sentences which is a continuous close paraphrase, this may alone be a sufficient demonstration. Otherwise, showing the pattern in several separated sentences is typically better than offering one, brief example.
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fifty years of age when they obtained their freedom in 1865. Over 500 black and white photographs were taken of interview subjects. The
Library of Congress Manuscript and Print and Photograph Divisions assembled a seventeen-volume collection from the set, called "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938." David Brion Davis, a historian, claimed that the large collection "is indisputably unique among former slaveholding nations."
615:, while a close paraphrase of one paragraph of a two-paragraph article might be considered a serious violation. Editors must therefore take particular care when writing an article, or a section of an article, that has much the same scope as a single source. The editor must be especially careful in these cases to extract the facts alone and present the facts in plain language, without carrying forward anything that could be considered "creative expression".
577:" of an author are independent of copyright ownership. They include the author's right to control first publication of a work; the author's right to be attributed or to remain anonymous; the author's right for the work to be published without distortion or mutilation. As with copyright, moral rights apply to creative expression but not to mere facts. Respecting moral rights can help ensure that Knowledge content can be reused as widely as possible.
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Writers' Project of the Works
Progress Administration (WPA). They were aggregated and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. The collection is a united effort of the Manuscript and Prints and Photographs Divisions of the Library of Congress. Citigroup Foundation made the Born in Slavery possible by a major gift.
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second sentence. Just two short sentences are close to the sources. For these reasons the close paraphrasing should be acceptable. Note, however, that closely paraphrasing extensively from a non-free source may be a copyright problem, even if it is difficult to find different means of expression. The more extensively we rely on this exception, the more likely we are to run afoul of compilation protection.
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1352:, we can use the original text with proper attribution. If you can resolve it that way, please let me know if you need assistance with those directions. Otherwise, so that we can be sure it does not constitute a derivative work, this article should be rewritten; there is a link to a temporary space for that purpose in the instructions which now appear in place of the article. The essay
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1258:, which may require removing the paraphrasing content until it can be repaired. Unless close paraphrasing is immediately obvious, it is good practice to cite specific passages alongside the corresponding passage from the source on the talk page to highlight their similarity; this will provide objective evidence of close paraphrasing.
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identical words. What looks like copying or close paraphrasing may thus be accidental. These similarities are more likely to exist where content is less creative and more formulaic. Independent creation is less likely when there is evidence that the source was consulted or close following is extensive.
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The first is a simple statement of fact and should be acceptable. The second carries over the figurative expressions "looms through" and "like a red omen", so presumably is not acceptable despite using completely different words from the original. But even if you only carry across statements of fact,
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In this example, the wording of the article is very close to that of both sources. However, the article merely presents standard facts for a topic like this in standard sequence. The article does not copy any creative words or phrases, similes or metaphors, and makes an effort at paraphrasing in the
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There is no reasonable alternative way of expressing the idea, and since ideas are not subject to copyright the term is also not protected. However, if different sources use different terms for the concept, it may be best for the article to use a different term from the source or to include the term
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Translation from a foreign language is a form of paraphrase, since all the words or phrases have been replaced with equivalent
English-language words or phrases. This may or may not be acceptable, depending on whether any creative expression – anything other than simple statements of fact – has been
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and was still protected by copyright, it would be acceptable to say that the llama is an animal with a shaggy coat, and perhaps that it has a long neck. These are facts. But use of the phrases "indolent expression" and "undulating throat" might violate copyright. The original choice of words is part
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One of the key factors in the creation of inadvertent close paraphrasing is starting with text taken directly from the source. The word choice and style can easily resurface since it is foremost in our minds. An approach to ensure that information is fully understood and formed into unique thoughts
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Although facts are not subject to copyright, a selection or arrangement of facts may be considered creative and therefore protected. For example, an alphabetical list of states in the US giving their name, size and population cannot be copyrighted. However, a shorter list of states giving the name,
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between an article and a copyrighted source. This may exist when the creative expression in an important passage of the source has been closely paraphrased, even if it is a small portion of the source, or when paraphrasing is looser but covers a larger part of the source or covers "the heart" (the
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Summarize in your own words instead of closely paraphrasing. Closely paraphrased material that infringes on the copyright of its source material should be rewritten or deleted to avoid infringement, and to ensure that it complies with
Knowledge policy. Public domain sources and CC BY-SA-compatible
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Born in
Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938 contains more than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery and 500 black-and-white photographs of former slaves. These narratives were collected in the 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress
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Quotation from non-free sources may be appropriate when the exact words in the source are relevant to the article, not just the facts or ideas given by the source. Examples may include statements made by a person discussed in the article; brief excerpts from a poem, song, or book described in the
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of Belloc's creative expression. Going further, the simile "like an unsuccessful literary man" is also creative, and is also protected. A clumsy paraphrase like "resembling a failed writer" might violate copyright even though the words are entirely different. More than the facts have been copied.
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Knowledge's primary concern is with the legal constraints imposed by copyright law. Close paraphrasing of the creative expression in a non-free copyrighted source is likely to be an infringement of the copyright of the source. In many countries close paraphrasing may be also seen as mutilation or
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to discuss your concerns with the contributor. Many people who paraphrase too closely are not intentionally infringing, but just don't know how to properly paraphrase. It might help to point them to this essay or to the references and resources listed here, which include some pointers for proper
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In the 1930s a Works
Progress Administration (WPA) project, called Federal Writers' Project, was conducted to capture the history record of people born into slavery. At the time of the project 2/3rds of the more than 2,300 men and women interviewed were over the age of eighty, having been one to
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The Slave
Narrative Collection provides a unique and virtually unsurpassed collective portrait of a historical population. Indeed, historian David Brion Davis has argued that the voluminous number of documented slave testimonies available in the United States "is indisputably unique among former
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article you wrote may be a problem under our copyright policies, since the text seems very closely paraphrased from . While facts are not copyrightable, creative elements of presentation – including both structure and language – are. For an example of close paraphrasing, consider the following:
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Substantial similarity is also immaterial when strong evidence exists that the content was created independently. An author may think they are being original when they write "Charles de Gaulle was a towering statesman", not realizing that many other authors have independently come up with these
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The US Copyright Office states that, "Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... The
Copyright Office cannot register claims to exclusive rights in brief combinations of words ... To be protected by copyright, a work must contain a certain minimum amount of
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This is an example; there are other passages that similarly follow quite closely. As a website that is widely read and reused, Knowledge takes copyright very seriously to protect the interests of the holders of copyright as well as those of the
Wikimedia Foundation and our reusers. Knowledge's
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An exception would be when closely paraphrasing a compatibly licensed source that is not permissible as a citation. For instance, one may closely paraphrase another Knowledge article or use content from another compatibly licensed user-generated wiki, so long as the content meets core content
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A collection of more than 2,300 accounts of slavery taken directly from former slaves and 500 black-and-white photographs make up the Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938. In the 1930s these narratives were compiled in the 1930s as part of the Federal
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It is acceptable to use a technical term such as "The War of the Spanish Succession" or "Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)" when the term is almost always used by sources that discuss the subject, and when such sources rarely use any other term. In this case, the technical term is
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But also "thick protection is the norm, but when there are very few articulable, concrete similarities based on protected aspects of a work and a limited number of ways in which the underlying ideas could be expressed differently, or where the only protectable aspect of a work is the 'unique
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The following example messages can be copied and pasted directly from this page, although you will need to fill in your own example close paraphrases as well as supplying the article's title and the source URL. The messages strive to avoid accusations while at the same time pointing to clear
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require that the content we take from non-free sources, aside from brief and clearly marked quotations, be rewritten from scratch. The article has been replaced with a notice of these copyright concerns that includes directions for resolving them. If the material can be verified to be
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There are a few specific situations when close paraphrasing is permitted. If information is gathered from the public domain or is free use content, close paraphrasing may be acceptable. In some instances it is helpful to capture the words as written, in which case the guidelines for
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There are other passages that similarly follow quite closely. As a website that is widely read and reused, Knowledge takes copyright very seriously to protect the interests of the holders of copyright as well as those of the Wikimedia Foundation and our reusers. Knowledge's
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1516:. These may be of interest to editors. However, they may have inaccuracies or omissions, and Knowledge has a broader aim of providing material that may be used anywhere for any purpose, which imposes further restrictions that are defined in our policies and guidelines.
898:"A statement issued by the receiver, Deloitte's David Carson, confirmed that, of the 670 employees, 480 of them would be laid off" vs. "A statement from the receiver, David Carson of Deloitte, confirmed that 480 of the 670 employees have been made redundant".
386:– for example, by adding "John Smith wrote ...", together with a footnote containing the citation at the end of the clause, sentence or paragraph. Limited close paraphrasing is also appropriate if there are only a limited number of ways to say the same thing.
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Unlike straightforward copyright violations, close paraphrasing is notoriously difficult to detect; frequently the contributor will add wiki syntax and write in the style of a Knowledge article (as indeed they should). Here are some ways you might detect it:
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650:. While in this context, too, close paraphrasing of a single sentence is not as much of a concern, if a contributor closely paraphrases public domain or freely licensed content, they should explicitly acknowledge that content is closely paraphrased. (See
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authorship ... Names, titles, and other short phrases do not meet these requirements." However, if a source creatively combines, selects or arranges names, titles, short phrases or expressions, following it too closely may infringe on its copyright.
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Another potential problem arises when a contributor copies or closely paraphrases a biased source either purposefully or without understanding the bias. This can make the article appear to directly espouse the bias of the source, which violates our
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Close paraphrasing is also permitted when there are only a limited number of ways to say the same thing. This may be the case when there is no reasonable way to avoid using technical terms, and may also be the case with simple statements of fact.
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Look for disjointed and sudden changes in the tone, vocabulary, and style of content introduced by the same contributor. For example, "The cat is a small predatory carnivorous species of crepuscular mammal. Housecats like to kill mice and
1360:, while about plagiarism rather than copyright concerns, also contains some suggestions for reusing material from sources that may be helpful, beginning under "Avoiding plagiarism". Please let me know if you have questions about this. --
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apply. Lastly, there may be some instances where it's difficult to paraphrase because of the nature of the content; in such cases, there are a couple of tips below about how to limit the degree of close paraphrasing to avoid issues.
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template is used, since rewriting can be done on the spot rather than in a temporary page. You may use this example verbatim, if you wish, but may and should modify it if it is not completely appropriate to the circumstances.
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Look for redundant content; this may be a sign that two or more sources were closely paraphrased. For example, "The cat is a small predatory carnivorous species of crepuscular mammal. Like many pets, domestic cats are
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Examine the talk pages of major contributors and other pages where they have written in their own words, and determine if their article contributions substantially differ in tone, structure, and vocabulary from these
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Names or titles of people, organizations, books, films and so on may be given in full: the US Copyright Office states that, "Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... ."
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that makes clear whose words or ideas are being used (e.g. "John Smith wrote that ...") or may include more general attribution that indicates the material originates from a free source, either as part of an
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template, which can be customized to identify the source and to indicate if the source is public domain, to mark it for cleanup (and usually one would also open a talk page discussion about the matter):
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an excessive amount of material directly from other sources. Although in legal terms it's not possible to have close paraphrasing of a work without copyright protection, Knowledge's own rules require
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922:"Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly was amongst those who occupied the visitors' gallery" vs. "Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly, who is one of those currently occupying the visitors' gallery".
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selection and arrangement' of otherwise unprotectable elements, a work is entitled only to 'thin' protection, where 'virtually identical copying' is required to support a finding of infringement." [
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1402:. While facts are not copyrightable, creative elements of presentation – including both structure and language – are. For an example of close paraphrasing, consider the following: The source says:
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article; or significant opinions about the subject of the article. Quotation should not, however, be treated as an alternative to extracting facts and presenting them in plain language. Thus:
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To properly paraphrase content, you review information from reliable sources, extract the salient points, and use your own words, style and sentence structure to draft text for an article.
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914:"there was a minor scuffle during which the main door to the visitors' centre was damaged" vs. "There were some scuffles at one point and a main door to the visitors' centre was damaged".
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Correcting issues – step 2) Read source information, preferably taking notes to extract essential points, and write a summary in your own words, thereby producing an acceptable version.
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Limited close paraphrasing is appropriate within reason, as is quoting, so long as the material does not violate copyrights and is cited and (for biased statements of opinion) clearly
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also contains some suggestions for reusing material from sources that may be helpful, beginning under "Avoiding plagiarism". Please let me know if you have questions about this. --
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In this example, Knowledge's article text is an attempt at paraphrasing the source. However, almost all of the original word choice, word order and sentence structure is retained.
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1580:(article) – Substantial similarity is the standard developed and used by United States courts to determine whether a defendant has infringed the reproduction right of a copyright.
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require that the content we take from non-free sources, aside from brief and clearly marked quotations, be rewritten from scratch. So that we can be sure it does not constitute a
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The structure of Knowledge's statement is essentially the same as the original. Changing a single word and slightly reordering one phrase is not enough to constitute a paraphrase.
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Gather related items from the multiple sources and explain it to yourself: The point is to rephrase or summarize a body of information in your own words and sentence structure.
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An example of closely paraphrased simple statements of fact is given by a biography that relies on two sources for the basic outline. The sources and the article start with:
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In some limited cases, close paraphrasing may be an acceptable way of writing an article. For example, many Knowledge articles are (or were) based on text from the 1911
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permits the use of the material. Knowledge deliberately adopts a narrower limitation and exception from copyright than fair use. Our policy and guideline are set out at
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The structure of this version is essentially the same as the original. Changing a few words and slightly reordering phrases is not enough to constitute a paraphrase.
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when they powerfully illustrate a point for your article. Overuse can result in a disjointed article and may breach copyright. (Extensive quotations are forbidden by
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The employees say they will not be leaving until they meet with Mr. Carson. There were some scuffles at one point and a main door to the visitors' centre was damaged
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Under US copyright law, however, substantial similarity does not always indicate infringement. It does not indicate infringement, for instance, where the doctrine of
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template is used instead. You may use this example verbatim, if you wish, but may and should modify it if it is not completely appropriate to the circumstances.
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Insert a dispute template and/or engage in a copyright-infringement discussion: Your approach here may depend upon the extensiveness of the issues you discover.
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The workers responded angrily to this unexpected decision and at least 100 of them began an unofficial sit-in in the visitors' gallery at the factory that night.
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material to be cited. Public domain material may have in-text attribution where appropriate. If the source material bears a free copyright license that is
906:"They insisted they would refuse to leave until they had met with Carson" vs. "The employees say they will not be leaving until they meet with Mr. Carson".
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size and population as before, but ranked as the "top most livable states" would be subject to copyright. The selection and ranking is considered creative.
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sources may be closely paraphrased, and limited close paraphrasing of copyrighted sources may also be permitted as fair use. Attribution is always required.
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This slight rewording does not change the fact that the underlying structure and language are the same. Minor changes, such as "was amongst those" --: -->
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1556:(article) – Legal doctrine that limits the scope of copyright protection by differentiating an idea from the expression or manifestation of that idea.
1544:(information page) – Information about plagiarism and copyright concerns with copy-paste, which cannot be done except in the case of short quotations.
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and produces a well-rounded understanding of the topic. It also makes it less likely that your end result will follow too closely on any one source.
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illustrates a common way in which people closely paraphrase content; this one demonstrates how to properly synthesize and paraphrase information.
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The best way to prevent close paraphrasing is to understand clearly when it is a problem, how to avoid it, and how to address it when it appears.
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1528:(guideline) – Guideline on Knowledge's definition of and approach to handling plagiarism to avoid making the work of others look like your own.
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Article: John Smith was born on 2 February 1949 in Hartford, Connecticut... He studied medicine at State University, and earned an MD in 1973.
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Take short phrases from the article and put them in a search engine. Take a look at the results and see if they closely resemble the article.
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1562:(information page) – Discussion of derivative work: a copyright concern where something that is "based on and a close copy of" another work.
1538:(op-ed) – Thorough discussion of Knowledge's position regarding plagiarism, including how to avoid it, good practices, and how to detect it.
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However, if you believe that the close paraphrasing in question is so close that it infringes copyright, instead follow the instructions at
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The Llama is a woolly sort of fleecy hairy goat, with an indolent expression and an undulating throat; like an unsuccessful literary man.
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The following example was engineered for cases when the paraphrasing is close enough to require blanking of the article and listing at
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Source1: John Smith was born in Hartford, Connecticut on February 2nd 1949... He attended State University, obtaining an M.D. in 1973.
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876:"A statement issued by the receiver, Deloitte's David Carson, confirmed that, of the 670 employees, 480 of them would be laid off.
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Your approach may vary depending upon the severity of the concern. Here are a couple of ways to manage close-paraphrase concerns.
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Consider the following example of a close paraphrase (unacceptable version) and ways to correct it to make an acceptable version:
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It is of course also necessary that other requirements for copyright violation also exist, such as being a "substantial" taking.
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Source2: John Smith was born on 2 February 1949 in Hartford... He graduated with a medical degree from State University in 1973.
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This example was engineered for cases when the paraphrasing is not enough of a concern to require blanking and listing and the
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or as a general notice in the article's "References" section (for further information on how to attribute free sources, see
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861:"A statement from the receiver, David Carson of Deloitte, confirmed that 480 of the 670 employees have been made redundant
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Facts and ideas cannot be protected by copyright, but creative expression is protected. The test of creativity is minimal.
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This version brings together information from two sources, without maintaining the previous sentence structure or style.
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Allow time between note-taking and drafting to clear your mind of the original diction and better paraphrase the content.
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Bringing in other sources helps to ensure that there's a good understanding of the topic and a neutral point of view.
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After material has been written, return to the source to double check for content and properly paraphrased language.
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the more you translate and the more closely you translate, the more likely you are to create a copyright problem.
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This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of
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When using a close paraphrase legitimately, citing a source is in most cases required and highly recommended.
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There are legal, ethical, and organizational standard considerations regarding the use of close paraphrasing.
1604:(essay) – Among other things, discusses how to avoid copyright violations when writing about fictional works.
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taken from the foreign-language source. For example, consider two translations from the Turkish language:
1550:(article) – An overview of how close paraphrasing is treated under various jurisdictions' copyright laws.
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Collect information from multiple sources. This will have several benefits: it promotes a tone with a
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Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly, who is one of those currently occupying the visitors' gallery
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Short catchphrases, slogans or mottos may also be reproduced where relevant to the discussion.
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1574:(essay) – Proper use of quotations in articles, with copyright and "fair use" considerations.
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Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly was amongst those who occupied the visitors' gallery."
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Limited quotation from non-free copyrighted sources is allowed, as discussed in Knowledge's
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367:, is the superficial modification of material from another source. Editors should generally
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Knowledge:FAQ/Copyright § Can I add something to Knowledge that I got from somewhere else?
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so long as the source is attributed as part of the citation or at the end of the article.
927:"currently occupying", are not enough to constitute an original rewriting of the passage.
1445:
A number of Knowledge policies and guidelines are relevant to this essay. They include:
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there was a minor scuffle during which the main door to the visitors' centre was damaged
393:, and when extensive (with or without in-text attribution) may also violate Knowledge's
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contains some suggestions for rewriting that may help avoid these issues. The article
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contains some suggestions for rewriting that may help avoid these issues. The article
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Start off by taking notes of essential information only, excluding the use of phrases.
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Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith
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1425:, this article should be revised to separate it further from its source. The essay
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764:
Right: Churchill said, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat."
611:
most essential content). A close paraphrase of one sentence from a book may be of
1283:
Note: All text in these examples is dedicated by its authors to the public domain
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1458:– policy that describes general principles that apply to use of copyrighted work
1226:
1026:
Don't paraphrase information in the same order it was presented from the source.
756:. To avoid this risk, Knowledge keeps this—like other non-free content—minimal.
432:
way to violate copyright or plagiarize. Close paraphrasing can be a problem too.
376:
1480:
and describes when non-free material may be used under the "fair use" principle
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Words or ideas do not follow the same pattern and order as the source material.
1039:
Information has been gathered from several sources and distilled in your words.
1610:(article) – Includes a list of free and commercial plagiarism detection tools.
1598:(essay) – Information about how to write a plot summary for a work of fiction.
1505:
612:
570:
Knowledge does not have an official policy regarding moral rights of authors.
424:
1646:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)
1568:(talk page) – Discussion of paraphrase and abridgement, a copyright concern.
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Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack
1849:
1242:. Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner. See the
1678:
1501:
880:
They insisted they would refuse to leave until they had met with Carson.
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1679:"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"
937:
for an example of an unusable paraphrase repaired to become acceptable.
606:
Paraphrasing rises to the level of copyright infringement when there is
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2845:
Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument
1464:– policy that describes copyright violations and how to address them
1592:(article) – Sometimes there are only so many ways to say something.
501:
489:
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distortion of an author's work, infringing on their moral rights.
423:
2310:
Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability
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Look for content that resembles content included in a quotation.
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4157:
3764:
2970:
1911:
1870:
1787:. The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University
1662:
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2447394-jerseyboys.html
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Knowledge is not here to tell the world about your noble cause
1220:
744:), and quotations of biased statements of opinion should have
389:
Close paraphrasing without in-text attribution may constitute
121:
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26:
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The structure and language of the two sentences are the same.
783:
When there are a limited number of ways to say the same thing
4007:
Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article
3179:
Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals
1470:– policy that defines limitations on use of non-free content
500:
If this somewhat dubious source was used for the article on
3536:
Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify
3345:
Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass
2940:
What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion
2280:
Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books
1496:
Several Knowledge articles discuss related topics such as
651:
1738:
Knowledge:Plagiarism § Copying material from free sources
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is to isolate the essential information by taking notes.
726:
Knowledge:Plagiarism § Copying material from free sources
488:
illustrates creative expression in his description of a
4380:
How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb?
1572:
Knowledge:Quotations § Copyrighted material and fair use
4390:
How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle
1770:
1736:
policies. Attribution may be required, as explained at
1566:
Knowledge talk:Copyrights/Archive 12 § Derivative works
1300:. It would not be appropriate for situations where the
956:
796:
525:
469:
462:
86:
79:
3942:
No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability
3576:
Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature
2647:
Knowledge is not being written in an organized fashion
3688:
There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns
2325:
Don't demolish the house while it's still being built
1115:
Correcting issues – step 1) Bring in other source(s).
1992:
Editing Knowledge is like visiting a foreign country
1740:, but citing it is a source might be against policy.
1390:
article you contributed to has parts which are very
817:considered to be "merged" with the idea expressed.
740:. Quotations must always have inline citations (see
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2983:
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Example approaches to discussing with other editors
4651:Difference between policies, guidelines and essays
4430:Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them
1602:Knowledge:Plot-only description of fictional works
1914:Essays on building, editing, and deleting content
771:reviewer found the film "pretentious and boring".
2775:Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions
2720:We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions
2472:Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography
542:"The sun looms through the haze like a red omen"
4450:No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man
4180:Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball
3857:Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity
2497:Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area
2002:Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia
494:
4132:Knowledge is not the place to post your résumé
3877:Extracting the meaning of significant coverage
3043:High-functioning autism and Asperger's editors
2810:Counting and sorting are not original research
1751:"Staff protest over Waterford Crystal closure"
1703:Bruce P. Keller and Jeffrey P. Cunard (2001).
409:, copying or closely paraphrasing it is not a
132:For information on copy and pasting text, see
2840:Don't confuse stub status with non-notability
2122:The role of policies in collaborative anarchy
1882:
1636:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
341:
8:
4370:Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake
3134:An uncivil environment is a poor environment
2860:How to save an article proposed for deletion
2137:We are absolutely here to right great wrongs
2077:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields
2052:Not editing because of Knowledge restriction
1584:
1394:from . This can be a problem under both our
1016:Add inline citations in accordance with the
691:Public domain or compatibly-licensed content
397:, which forbids Knowledge contributors from
369:summarize source material in their own words
3902:Inclusion is not an indicator of notability
2622:Understanding Knowledge's content standards
1240:of one or more non-free copyrighted sources
648:Knowledge's guideline related to plagiarism
4630:
4617:
4595:You don't have to be mad to work here, but
4167:
4154:
3982:Notability is not relevance or reliability
3937:News coverage does not decrease notability
3847:Discriminate vs indiscriminate information
3797:Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions
3774:
3761:
2980:
2967:
2790:Before commenting in a deletion discussion
2765:Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions
1921:
1908:
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1850:WMF legal's comments on close paraphrasing
1560:Knowledge:FAQ/Copyright § Derivative works
1060:
348:
334:
141:
4490:Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you
2780:Arguments to make in deletion discussions
2400:Identifying and using independent sources
646:, close paraphrasing may be at odds with
134:Knowledge:Copying text from other sources
4656:Don't cite essays as if they were policy
3817:Big events make key participants notable
2380:Formatting bilateral relations templates
1826:"How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing"
1785:"Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words"
1074:
1045:are used appropriately and infrequently.
926:"is one of those" and "occupied" --: -->
849:
4704:How to contribute to Knowledge guidance
4320:Don't abbreviate "Knowledge" as "Wiki"!
4067:Solutions are mixtures and nothing else
3972:Notability is not a level playing field
3887:How the presumption of notability works
3003:Contributing to complicated discussions
2855:How the presumption of notability works
2375:Formatting bilateral relations articles
2190:Adding images improves the encyclopedia
1707:. Practising Law Institute. p. §11–41.
1626:
701:Knowledge:1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica
293:
267:
226:
195:
151:
144:
4600:You should not write meaningless lists
3897:Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments
3204:Staying cool when the editing gets hot
2945:When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork
2770:Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews
2335:Don't hope the house will build itself
2112:Ten Simple Rules for Editing Knowledge
1942:All Five Pillars are equally important
1861:How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing
1855:Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words
1828:. Colorado State University. 1993–2011
1807:
1797:
1783:Purdue OWL contributors (2010-04-21).
1490:Knowledge:Manual of Style § Quotations
4027:One sentence does not an article make
3977:Notability is not a matter of opinion
3693:You can't squeeze blood from a turnip
3606:Don't throw your toys out of the pram
3124:A weak personal attack is still wrong
3063:Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors
2695:Don't throw more litter onto the pile
2462:Minors and persons judged incompetent
2225:An unfinished house is a real problem
2210:Alternatives to the "Expand" template
1705:Copyright Law: A Practitioner's Guide
1596:Knowledge:How to write a plot summary
1083:
1080:
1077:
738:non-free content policy and guideline
666:When is close paraphrasing permitted?
7:
4560:Things that should not be surprising
4255:Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense
3581:Don't remind others of past misdeeds
3526:Don't come down like a ton of bricks
3511:Don't call people by their real name
3189:Profanity, civility, and discussions
2597:There are no shortcuts to neutrality
1548:Paraphrasing of copyrighted material
1532:"Let's get serious about plagiarism"
1514:paraphrasing of copyrighted material
1095:Born in Slavery, Library of Congress
1065:Example: close paraphrasing repaired
407:compatible with Knowledge's licenses
286:Contributor copyright investigations
260:Guidance for text copyright problems
4455:No one cares about your garage band
4107:What is and is not routine coverage
3952:No one cares about your garage band
3872:Existence does not prove notability
3290:Assume the assumption of good faith
3219:There is no Divine Right of Editors
3073:Relationships with academic editors
2935:Why was the page I created deleted?
2370:Featured articles may have problems
1468:Knowledge:Non-free content criteria
4500:Please do not murder the newcomers
4057:Reducing consensus to an algorithm
3541:Don't drink the consensus Kool-Aid
3264:Knowledge should not be a monopoly
2755:Adjectives in your recommendations
2642:Knowledge is not a reliable source
2632:What an article should not include
2522:The problem with elegant variation
2330:Don't get hung up on minor details
1498:Copyright law of the United States
62:thoroughly vetted by the community
58:Knowledge's policies or guidelines
25:
3822:Businesses with a single location
3103:You have a right to remain silent
2552:Restoring part of a reverted edit
2507:Potential, not just current state
2437:Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats
486:More Beasts: (for Worse Children)
3571:Don't knit beside the guillotine
3566:Don't ignore community consensus
2800:Confusing arguments mean nothing
1771:2008–2009 Irish financial crisis
1684:. United States Copyright Office
1441:Relevant policies and guidelines
1225:
638:Even when content is verifiably
125:
105:
30:
4072:Sources must be out-of-universe
3787:All high schools can be notable
3184:Old-fashioned Wikipedian values
2870:Identifying blatant advertising
2652:The world will not end tomorrow
2637:Knowledge is a work in progress
2482:Not everything needs a template
2395:How to write a featured article
2012:External criticism of Knowledge
1997:Editors will sometimes be wrong
941:How to write acceptable content
250:Requesting copyright permission
245:Copying text from other sources
4661:Avoid writing redundant essays
4580:What Knowledge is not/Outtakes
4310:Don't stuff beans up your nose
4185:Akin's Laws of Article Writing
4012:Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability
3962:Notability cannot be purchased
3922:Masking the lack of notability
3259:Knowledge is not about winning
2685:Copyediting reception sections
2587:Temporary versions of articles
2517:Principle of Some Astonishment
2305:Creating controversial content
2205:Akin's Laws of Article Writing
1462:Knowledge:Copyright violations
1450:Knowledge:No original research
1055:The example above on this page
45:Knowledge:Copyright violations
1:
4687:About policies and guidelines
4440:List of jokes about Knowledge
3802:Articles with a single source
3249:Two wrongs don't make a right
3239:The rules of polite discourse
3169:It's not the end of the world
2930:Knowledge is not Whack-A-Mole
2477:Not everything needs a navbox
2345:Don't "teach the controversy"
2157:Knowledge is not RationalWiki
2017:Here to build an encyclopedia
1150:Knowledge:The perfect article
934:
240:Donating copyrighted material
4738:Knowledge supplemental pages
4270:BOLD, revert, revert, revert
4190:Alternatives to edit warring
3053:Maintaining a friendly space
2147:Knowledge is an encyclopedia
1476:– guideline that expands on
1298:Knowledge:Copyright problems
1054:
660:neutral point of view policy
4555:The Five Pillars of Untruth
4550:The first rule of Knowledge
4345:Editing under the influence
4122:Knowledge is not Crunchbase
3882:Google searches and numbers
3601:Don't template the regulars
3516:Don't call the kettle black
3310:Be excellent to one another
3194:Revert notification opt-out
3098:We are all Wikipedians here
2547:Put a little effort into it
2492:Obtain peer review comments
2447:Introduction to structurism
2385:Fruit of the poisonous tree
2355:Editors are not mindreaders
2260:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle
2250:Beef up that first revision
2022:Leave it to the experienced
1987:Don't search for objections
1863:, Colorado State University
1554:Idea–expression distinction
1155:Existing close paraphrasing
709:work of the U.S. government
703:). If the source is in the
18:Knowledge:Close-paraphrased
4754:
4585:Why not create an account?
4520:Requirements for adminship
4395:How to vandalize correctly
4325:Don't delete the main page
4245:Avoid using preview button
3967:Notability comparison test
3551:Don't fight fire with fire
3546:Don't eat the troll's food
3506:Don't call a spade a spade
3501:Don't bludgeon the process
3350:Encourage full discussions
3199:Shadowless Fists of Death!
2835:Don't attack the nominator
2795:But there must be sources!
2617:Try not to leave it a stub
2567:Source your plot summaries
1726:Keller and Cunard, §11–40.
1474:Knowledge:Non-free content
1147:
1128:
1113:
1101:
1087:
979:Record the source for the
946:
882:Following the revelations,
786:
732:Quotation of non-free text
671:
633:
624:Knowledge:Non-free content
595:
563:
539:"Istanbul is a large city"
515:
452:
235:Frequently asked questions
165:Copyright violation policy
69:
4629:
4616:
4535:Sarcasm is really helpful
4475:Notability is not eternal
4400:How to win a citation war
4170:
4166:
4153:
3862:Every snowflake is unique
3782:Advanced source searching
3777:
3773:
3760:
3663:No, you can't have a pony
3611:Do not insult the vandals
3471:Don't be high-maintenance
3028:Encouraging the newcomers
2979:
2966:
2572:Specialized-style fallacy
2537:Pruning article revisions
2365:Endorsements (commercial)
2350:Editing on mobile devices
2255:Blind men and an elephant
2230:Articles have a half-life
1977:Dissent is not disloyalty
1947:Avoid vague introductions
1920:
1907:
1263:Notice to the contributor
750:guidelines for quotations
551:Selection and arrangement
312:Media copyright questions
170:Reusing Knowledge content
4545:The Night Before Wikimas
4410:Ignore every single rule
4385:How to get away with UPE
4265:Before they were notable
4037:Overreliance upon Google
3832:Common sourcing mistakes
3405:Settle the process first
3365:Imagine others complexly
3269:Writing for the opponent
3244:There is no common sense
2925:Unopposed AFD discussion
2910:Relisting can be abusive
2785:Avoid repeated arguments
2390:Give an article a chance
2240:Avoid mission statements
2200:Advanced text formatting
2195:Advanced article editing
2152:Knowledge is a community
2127:The rules are principles
2087:Product, process, policy
1937:Articles must be written
1384:
1313:
1234:This article or section
697:Encyclopaedia Britannica
209:Copying within Knowledge
113:This page in a nutshell:
4680:Policies and guidelines
4515:Requests for medication
4495:Please bite the newbies
4420:Mess with the templates
3987:Notability means impact
3521:Don't call things cruft
3496:Don't be the Fun Police
3426:Knowledge:Because I can
3305:Avoid the word "vandal"
3119:A thank you never hurts
2890:Liar liar pants on fire
2825:Deletion is not cleanup
2735:Writing better articles
2725:Write the article first
2700:Gender-neutral language
2672:Writing article content
2662:Writing better articles
2657:Write the article first
2592:Tertiary-source fallacy
2360:Encourage the newcomers
2320:Dictionaries as sources
2265:Build content to endure
644:compatible free license
4709:Policy writing is hard
4575:Knowledge is an MMORPG
4415:Is that even an essay?
4112:What notability is not
3867:Existence ≠ Notability
3476:Don't be inconsiderate
3400:Read before commenting
3385:Mind your own business
3300:Avoid personal remarks
2875:Identifying test edits
2220:A navbox on every page
2175:100K featured articles
1972:Concede lost arguments
1967:Competence is required
1614:Template:uw-paraphrase
1585:
1578:Substantial similarity
634:Knowledge's guidelines
608:substantial similarity
598:Substantial similarity
592:Substantial similarity
566:Knowledge:Moral rights
498:
433:
384:attributed in the text
322:Declaration of consent
4505:Pledge of Tranquility
4250:Avoid using wikilinks
4077:Subjective importance
3591:Don't spite your face
3380:Keep it down to earth
3144:Beware of the tigers!
3083:Too long; didn't read
3023:Edit at your own pace
2993:Accepting other users
2760:AfD is not a war zone
2107:There is no seniority
2047:Neutrality of sources
1664:Robert Jones, in the
1414:example from article
1332:example from article
1121:A Collective Portrait
988:neutral point of view
776:Bulgarian Butterflies
672:Further information:
596:Further information:
427:
214:Public domain content
4671:Quote your own essay
4540:Sausages for tasting
4365:Five Fs of Knowledge
4315:Don't-give-a-fuckism
4285:CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh?
4097:Vanispamcruftisement
3997:Notability sub-pages
3807:Avoid template creep
3767:Essays on notability
3683:There are no oracles
3466:Don't be a WikiBigot
3320:Call a spade a spade
3093:Unblock perspectives
2920:The Heymann Standard
2905:Overzealous deletion
2865:I just don't like it
2602:There is no deadline
2467:"Murder of" articles
2295:Common-style fallacy
2167:Article construction
2082:Process is important
2027:Levels of competence
1952:Be a reliable source
1608:Plagiarism detection
1542:Knowledge:Copy-paste
1526:Knowledge:Plagiarism
1484:Knowledge:Plagiarism
1456:Knowledge:Copyrights
1407:example from source
1325:example from source
1103:Unacceptable version
821:in a sourced quote.
774:Wrong: According to
642:or released under a
582:verifiability policy
307:Copyright assistance
281:Files for discussion
49:Knowledge:Plagiarism
4460:No one really cares
4375:Go ahead, vandalize
4137:Two prongs of merit
4082:Third-party sources
4002:Notabilitymandering
3957:No one really cares
3912:Inherent notability
3907:Independent sources
3792:Alternative outlets
3626:Nationalist editing
3596:Don't take the bait
3561:Don't help too much
3486:Don't be prejudiced
3456:Don't be an ostrich
3421:ALPHABETTISPAGHETTI
3154:Deletion as revenge
3129:Advice for hotheads
2950:No Encyclopedic Use
2830:Does deletion help?
2730:Writing about women
2612:The deadline is now
2607:There is a deadline
2487:Nothing is in stone
2117:Tendentious editing
2032:Levels of consensus
1857:, Purdue University
1386:Hi. I'm afraid the
1315:Hi. I'm afraid the
746:in-text attribution
717:in-text attribution
580:In accordance with
449:Creative expression
411:copyright violation
375:as required by the
317:File copyright tags
146:Knowledge copyright
60:as it has not been
4470:No sorcery threats
4350:Embrace Stop Signs
4230:Assume good wraith
4205:Anti-Wikipedianism
4042:Perennial websites
4032:Other stuff exists
3668:Passive aggression
3631:No angry mastodons
3621:Hate is disruptive
3481:Don't be obnoxious
3446:Don't be a fanatic
3224:Most ideas are bad
3164:Forgive and forget
2973:Essays on civility
2582:Run an edit-a-thon
2315:Deprecated sources
2290:Citation underkill
2275:Chesterton's fence
2245:Be neutral in form
2142:Knowledge in brief
2097:Reasonability rule
2062:Oversimplification
2037:Most ideas are bad
1810:has generic name (
1769:Knowledge article
1536:Knowledge Signpost
1409:The article says:
1377:close paraphrasing
1327:The article says:
1305:close paraphrasing
1292:Extensive problems
1238:close paraphrasing
1212:Close paraphrasing
769:The New York Times
434:
428:Copying isn't the
361:Close paraphrasing
276:Copyright problems
255:Close paraphrasing
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4590:Yes legal threats
4405:Ignore all essays
4290:Complete bollocks
4215:Asshole John rule
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4102:What BLP1E is not
4022:One hundred words
3992:Notability points
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3556:Don't give a fuck
3431:Civil POV pushing
3395:Mutual withdrawal
3285:Assume good faith
3254:Knowledge clichés
3149:Civility warnings
3068:Please say please
3018:Editors' pronouns
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2850:Follow the leader
2715:Use our own words
2680:Avoid thread mode
2527:Pro and con lists
2285:Citation overkill
2235:Autosizing images
1957:Civil POV pushing
1251:
1250:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
892:
891:
856:Close paraphrase
713:the Copyright FAQ
358:
357:
219:Non-US copyrights
140:
139:
120:
119:
99:Explanatory essay
97:
96:
41:explanatory essay
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4666:Finding an essay
4631:
4618:
4280:Butterfly effect
4275:Boston Tea Party
4235:Assume stupidity
4220:Assume bad faith
4210:Articlecountitis
4168:
4155:
4087:Trivial mentions
3932:Minimum coverage
3775:
3762:
3461:Don't be ashamed
3340:Discussing cruft
3330:Deny recognition
3229:Nothing is clear
3038:Expect no thanks
2981:
2968:
2900:Nothing is clear
2747:deleting content
2430:Tertiary sources
2185:Acronym overkill
2057:The one question
1922:
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1898:Knowledge essays
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1256:Template:Copyvio
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1207:You can use the
1197:Flag the problem
1075:
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864:
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799:
528:
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395:copyright policy
373:inline citations
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204:Non-free content
160:Copyright policy
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4646:Value of essays
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4604:
4435:Legal vandalism
4300:Counting juntas
4200:Anti-Wikipedian
4162:
4160:Humorous essays
4141:
4117:What to include
4062:Run-of-the-mill
4052:Read the source
4017:Offline sources
3812:Bare notability
3769:
3748:
3702:
3653:No Confederates
3451:Don't be a jerk
3409:
3375:Keep it concise
3315:Beyond civility
3273:
3107:
3048:How to be civil
3013:Don't retaliate
2975:
2954:
2885:Keep it concise
2820:Delete the junk
2815:Delete or merge
2805:Content removal
2739:
2705:Myth vs fiction
2666:
2557:Robotic editing
2420:Science sources
2415:Primary sources
2405:History sources
2180:Abandoned stubs
2161:
1932:Article content
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4295:Counting forks
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3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Don't cite GNG
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3827:But it's true!
3824:
3819:
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3809:
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3724:WikiHarassment
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3703:
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3695:
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3660:
3658:No queerphobia
3655:
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3295:Assume no clue
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3085:
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3060:
3055:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Enjoy yourself
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2007:Explanationism
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4570:Watchlistitis
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4565:The WikiBible
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4485:Play the game
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4425:My local pond
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470:WP:NOCREATIVE
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440:Copyright law
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19:
4634:About essays
4623:About essays
4530:Rouge editor
4480:Oops Defense
4260:Barnstaritis
4225:Assume faith
4047:Pokémon test
3892:High Schools
3714:WikiBullying
3678:Superhatting
3673:POV railroad
3370:Just drop it
3174:Nobody cares
3008:Divisiveness
2532:Printability
2425:Style guides
2215:Amnesia test
2072:Paraphrasing
2071:
1830:. Retrieved
1820:
1789:. Retrieved
1778:
1773:, 2009-04-11
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1731:
1722:
1704:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1673:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1634:
1629:
1583:
1535:
1510:moral rights
1495:
1444:
1371:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1268:
1246:for details.
1237:
1235:
1202:
1192:
1181:discussions.
1163:
1071:
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967:
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575:moral rights
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560:Moral rights
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463:WP:FACTSONLY
443:
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388:
381:
365:patchwriting
364:
360:
359:
302:General help
254:
179:CC BY-SA 4.0
112:
38:
4641:Essay guide
4525:Rouge admin
4092:Video links
3947:No big loss
3636:just madmen
3586:Don't shout
3360:How to lose
3355:Get over it
3139:Be the glue
3058:Negotiation
2915:Relist bias
2745:Removing or
2577:Stub Makers
2410:Law sources
2340:Don't panic
968:Take notes
754:substantial
613:low concern
564:Main page:
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4465:No, really
4445:LTTAUTMAOK
3927:Make stubs
3648:No racists
3390:Say "MOBY"
3112:Philosophy
2985:The basics
2542:Publicists
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2457:Merge Test
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1925:Philosophy
1832:2011-06-28
1791:2011-06-28
1756:2011-06-28
1666:Jerseyboys
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3744:WikiPeace
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3698:UPPERCASE
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2710:Proseline
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2067:Paradoxes
1982:Don't lie
1688:2 October
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