179:
741:) writes, "Most people are not aware that there are 30 rolls made of Cherokees between 1817 and 1914. There are thousands of linear feet of records created by colonials, missionaries, U.S. officials, schools, travelers and newspapers that trace our ancestries to the mid-1700s. Much of this paper trail was created by the tribe itself." This makes the Cherokee far more documented than most non-Cherokee of the era. Referring to the vast amount of records documenting the actual Cherokee people, vs the number of people falsely claiming Cherokee ancestry, he added, "On a sadly comical note, if there were enough Cherokees to produce all the wannabes now claiming to be us, we would have never lost the war!"
1656:*. This not-new phenomenon, to put it perhaps overly simply, is the practice of settler individuals (and sometimes others, but primarily settlers) putting forth a false Indigenous identity, and placing themselves out in front of the world as Indigenous people, and sometimes even attempting to assert themselves in some way as a kind of voice of their supposed peoples. *Portmanteaus of "Pretend" and "Indian" and "Fake" and "MĂ©tis", respectively. Pretendian, as a descriptive term, has been around most of my life, to the extent that I am not sure that placing its origin on the timeline is readily possible.
966:) have either been recognized through an Act of Congress or met seven criteria of an American Indian tribe: being an American Indian entity since at least 1900, a predominant part of the group forms a distinct community and has done so throughout history into the present, holding political influence over its members, having governing documents including membership criteria, members having ancestral descent from historic American Indian tribes, not being members of other existing
538:
American.' You have people with no lived experience in
Indigenous community, they can't even name any Indigenous family or ancestors, but they have a family myth about a Cherokee great-grandmother, or they're descended from Pocahontas — you get that a lot in Virginia. So I think it's another kind of claim to own indigeneity, to try to have a moral claim or sense of belonging on the North American continent and so that's the context in which these tests are so popular.
523:
popular companies have admitted to having no North
American DNA, and that their "matches" are to Central Asian and South or Central American populations; smaller companies may have a very small pool from one tribe who participated in a medical study. The exploitation of Indigenous genetic material, like the theft of human remains, land and artifacts, has led to widespread distrust to outright boycotts of these companies by Native communities.
551:, may be slightly more credible than a generalized claim of "Native" identity. However, a claim of tribal descent or citizenship in isolation should not be the sole reason to categorize someone as being a member of that tribe. Again, editors should also factor in the questions following this section. There are also tribal-specific issues that may need to be considered, particularly for the groups below.
942:. In such cases, despite any perceived or actual unfairness, Knowledge (XXG)'s policies on original research mandate that editors should defer to the tribal nation's legal authority to decide citizenship and relationship, and use the same terminology for the person's status as is used by the nation the person claims. Just state that they have been disenrolled.
748:"Any person who publicly identifies as Cherokee has initiated a public discussion about their identity. It is appropriate to ask such persons to explain the verifiable basis upon which they are claiming a Cherokee identity. If they cannot substantiate that they are a Cherokee citizen, they should be clearly and directly asked to cease identifying as Cherokee."
1692:"pretendians" (short for "pretend Indians")... Ms. TallBear said, there is no excuse for outright lies. "If they're lying and they've gotten job benefits or scholarship benefits, they should be required to figure out how to make restitution," she said, likening fake identity claims to falsifying academic credentials. "It's fraud."
140:
38:
1247:
779:.  Métis peoples are recognized as one of Canada's aboriginal peoples under the Constitution Act of 1982. Since Métis can phenotypically resemble European-Canadians, their identity is increasingly claimed by non-Native people, particularly in Eastern Canada, with no historic ties to Métis communities. The author
252:, which misrepresents and diminishes the lives of Indigenous people. The United Nations has expressed concern with the "misappropriation and misuse of indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage." The many tribes who have issued statements on the issue over the decades are also concerned about this problem.
1610:
Pretendians – noun – A person who falsely claims to have
Indigenous ancestry – meaning it's people who fake an Indigenous identity or dig up an old ancestor from hundreds of years ago to proclaim themselves as Indigenous today. They take up a lot of space and income from First Nation, Inuit and Metis
1293:
If someone claims ancestry/descent/heritage and this can be proven, i.e. they name the specific tribal member who is their parent, grandparent, etc., with reliable published sources, list them as "being of descent" or "having ancestry." Unenrolled individuals whose parents are enrolled increasingly
607:
people from Canada and the United States. While many people accurately claim
Anishinaabe identities, others use this term because it is so broad and vague that is difficult to verify. If you list someone as being Anishinaabe, also include an individual's specific First Nations or tribal identity with
1289:
are used in several ways. Some may use the terms vaguely, to self-identify with no evidence; in other cases they are used to honestly state a person is the documented child or grandchild of an enrolled tribal member, or the documented descendant of a more distant ancestor who is known to have been a
1260:
If someone or a media outlet claims someone is an enrolled member but doesn't accurately list an actual, recognized tribe ("enrolled in the Paiute Nation"; "Paiute Nation" is not a recognized tribe), treat it as below: someone claiming descent from an ethnic group. (Unfortunately, many media outlets
906:
When considering non-citizens who claim to affiliation to tribal nations, ask if that claim is reciprocated. Are they mentioned on the tribe's website or newspaper as a member? Do they have a record of working with tribal nation organizations that recognize their claims? If they are mentioned by the
679:
Overwhelmingly, the most commonly claimed tribal identity in the United States is
Cherokee, and non-Native people claiming to be Cherokee vastly outnumber actual Cherokee people. The phenomenon of European-Americans falsely claiming Cherokee identity dates back to the mid-19th century in Georgia. As
522:
While there are some genetic markers that are more common among Native
Americans, these markers are also found in Asia, and in other parts of the world. The commercial DNA companies that offer ethnicity tests do not have a large enough pool of North American DNA to provide reliable matches. The most
443:
Occasionally, a family may actually be able to document a specific, named distant ancestor who can be identified as a tribal member on tribal rolls or (perhaps through census or baptism records) who was known to be Native or accepted as a tribal member prior to the era of reservation enrollment. The
537:
Being a Native
American isn’t just about having an ancestor among those founding populations. It’s not just a matter of what you claim, but it's a matter of who claims you. And if no Indigenous community claims you, it’s a little bit presumptuous to be running around saying 'I am, therefore, Native
325:
as one of the criteria considered for membership, other criteria are also used, such as lineal descent, geography, kinship, and other aspects of inclusion to
Indigenous community and culture. So, even people who may have some documented Indigenous ancestry are not inherently entitled to any form of
807:
gained US federal recognition in 1978. If an individual is an enrolled member of the Pascua Yaqui, they should be listed as such. Other
Americans who claim to be Yaqui can be listed as being of Yaqui descent, if the exact person they claim descent from was clearly Yaqui. Do not list them as Yaqui
1124:
There have been some exceptions to the rules, such as historical figures for whom we lack adequate documentation, but for whom there is tribal consensus that they were probably tribal members. Editors are asked to consider the questions above and, if at all in doubt, ask for feedback from more
985:
do not necessarily meet the seven criteria listed above, but are recognized as tribes by individual states, whose criteria differ from each other and lack a consistent standard. Approximately 16 states recognize 62 state-recognized tribes. These are not universally accepted as legitimate Native
714:
boldly claimed to be a
Keetoowah Cherokee anyway. His claim was refuted by the Keetoowah Chief at the time, but it took genealogical confirmation that Churchill has no Native ancestry for many to respect what was already known by the Nation. Numerous organizations with no connection to Cherokee
284:
In certain countries in the Americas, Indigenous peoples have legal and political relationships to the national government and rights that are negotiated by treaties. Thus, status as "Native American", "Indigenous", "Aboriginal," "Tribal member," or "American Indian" is a political, not racial,
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may seem complex or confusing to newcomers to the concept. However, while definitions can vary a bit between tribal communities, core principles and legal definitions are held in common. Indigenous identity is not simply defined by ancestry. It is not based on an individual's choice or personal
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If outside sources claim (or claimed) a person has Indigenous heritage but that person denies it, the controversy needs to be examined in the context of that individual's life. For example, in certain historic periods, some people passed as white and assimilated into mainstream society. But as
439:
Many people have such family myths, and without recognition and confirmation from a legitimate tribe, that's all it is: a myth. Simple assertion is not enough. It is not enough to have someone's unsupported word for Indigenous ancestry, no matter how much anyone likes them, unless you can also
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just for starters. Why this is the case is a matter of debate, but the fact that this sort of mythology is also prevalent in other settler states such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia suggests that these claims serve to make people feel more connected to lands with which they do not have a
488:
For that reason, North American people who claim an Indigenous identity should also indicate a specific tribe and be able to name their specific ancestors and living relatives from that tribal Nation. Without naming a particular Nation, there is no way to check the records to confirm that the
225:
forum on Indigenous Issues agrees that the person must be "accepted by the community as their member." In alignment with Indigenous tribal consensus and legal precedent on the issue, self-identification or individual declarations of belief of Indigenous identity are insufficient sourcing for
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now no longer accepts self-identification as sufficient for claims of Native American identity. They state: "We now understand that verifying such claims – especially when it comes to people who claim leadership or speak on behalf of an Indigenous community and are not members of a federally
1207:
has interviewed people for articles on Native topics and falsely reported, multiple times, that non-Native people are Native — simply taking the subject at their word with no fact-checking. This is why we go to tribal sources above even the usually-reliable mainstream
911:
descendant: this term is used for a person who has known and acknowledged ancestry from the nation but who is enrolled in another tribe or cannot enroll, often due to insufficient blood quantum. Knowledge (XXG) has categories for recognized descendants, such as
402:
Plenty of people in North America have felt the need to claim that they have a distant Native ancestor. One iteration of the myth has become so popular, it has a name, "Blood myth." A widespread cliché is claiming one's grandmother or great-grandmother was a
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If someone says that they belong to an Indigenous group without listing a specific tribal nation (i.e. saying one is "Cherokee" as opposed to saying one "is an enrolled member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians," then list them as "claiming descent."
715:
communities, who require no proof of Cherokee heritage for membership, yet claiming to be Cherokee tribes, have formed in the last half-century; the EBCI and CN both maintain lists of fraudulent tribes and have had to form taskforces to handle the problem.
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People may self-identify as "Indigenous peoples at the individual level" but this is not enough by itself: the question is whether they are "accepted by the community as their member." In the US, being openly claimed by the claimed tribe is crucial.
1035:. These groups often assume the identity of an historic Native American tribe, particularly on the East Coast, but fail to demonstrate a meaningful connection between their contemporary organization and the historic tribe whose identity they claim.
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have compiled this essay and these resources to help our fellow Wikipedians navigate questions of Native identity. Once you read further on the topic, it's not as complicated or mysterious as public perceptions suggest. You can always come over to
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List the organization as being a state-recognized or unrecognized tribe. Individuals who are members of unrecognized groups should not be automatically identified as being Native American or Indigenous, or included in Native American categories.
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Obituaries are usually not fact-checked. Sites like Find-A-Grave can be edited by anyone, and have been edited by scammers for the purpose of identity theft. These are only useful as hints for which tribe and relatives to look to for further
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are a group of related Southern Athabascan tribes from the American Southwest and Southern Plains. They fill a popular place in the American and European imagination. American and Mexican people frequently claim to be Apache without proof.
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use the term "direct descendant" to clarify their close connection to their community. "Direct descendant" is also used by individuals who have been disenrolled. Recognized descendants can be be placed in the appropriate category such as:
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established to administer lands and hold compensatory monies in trust. Shares in these corporations are held privately, can be owned by non-Indigenous people, and thus do not establish a claim to Native identity. Enrollment in a specified
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Unfortunately, sources that Wikipedians usually regard as reliable, such as mainstream newspapers "of record", may also fail to fact check on Native identity, especially if it is not an in-depth profile on the individual themselves. Even
234:. Non-Natives who assert Indigenous identity based on one possible distant ancestor are often ignorant of the realities of contemporary Indigenous communities, sometimes to the extent of not knowing these Indigenous nations still exist.
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has been noted, "Rare is the Oklahoma family that doesn’t think it possesses at least one-sixteenth Cherokee blood." Yet simple logic, backed up with solid documentation, easily proves that almost all of these family tales are just that—
485:, instead determining citizenship on the basis of kinship, lineage and family ties." Therefore, the idea of a single unified "Native American" racial identity is a European construct that does not have an equivalent in tribal thought.
1050:. Others desire to dishonestly gain access to funds earmarked for tribes or other minorities. Others may have even more problematic goals; for example, the fictitious "Little Shell Pembina Band of North America" was described by the
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Some fraudulent tribal organizations are essentially "heritage groups" of people who claim Indigenous ancestry but who do not meet any criteria for status as an Indigenous nation. Some of these may be motivated by a simple desire to
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address this by requiring lineal descent from their tribe and a minimum quarter blood quantum of any documented Michigan Odawa or Ojibwe ancestry.) Individuals who cannot meet minimum blood quantum are listed as descendants.
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An intertribal newspaper or website may or may not be accurate, depending on the site, and the author. Some check out the people they are writing about, others do not. Sometimes there needs to be a discussion on talk, or at
1385:- University of Minnesota, Critical Ethnic Studies compilation by Cherokee citizens. Sources discussing claims of Cherokee identity "as part of a longer history of cultural appropriation, erasure, and settler colonialism."
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If the individual publicly asserts an Indigenous identity even after being shown to have no connection to the community they claimed, and no right to even call themselves a descendant, their article can be added to the
229:
Indigenous identity is not a racial designation but is based on citizenship and immediate family relationships. Attempting to designate a person as Indigenous based on one distant ancestor would be akin to the outdated
519:. Attempts by non-Natives to racialize Indigenous identity by DNA tests are seen as insensitive at best, often racist, politically and financially-motivated, and dangerous to the survival of Indigenous cultures.
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In other words, a person who is a descendant of an Indigenous person, without recognition and acknowledgement of Indigenous status from a legitimate tribe, is only that: A descendant of a known, named individual.
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and thus even documented distant ancestry does not make the descendent in question an "Indian." Similarly, the concept of a tribal "descendent" or "relative" is also culturally determined by the tribe concerned.
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Editors should always examine the criteria below before listing individuals as being a member any of the following groups, particularly or especially if the individual claims Indigenous identity for themselves:
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This is the case whether or not they meet that Nation's criteria for citizenship. Descendants still have to be able to prove they have that heritage, separate from the question of whether they meet enrollment
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Some people using Indigenous identity for personal gain have been known to deliberately exaggerate their connections, even going so far as to create fake organizations and give false quotes to newspapers. Vet
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descent" and that playing an Indigenous woman was "in blood." Usually the Cherokee have to deal with so many false claimants they don't bother responding to individual false claims. However, this time the
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1970:"Elizabeth Warren's claim to Cherokee ancestry is a form of violence - Be it by the barrel of a carbine or a mail-order DNA test, the American spirit demands the disappearance of Indigenous people"
1670:"Doubts Over Indigenous Identity in Academia Spark 'Pretendian' Claims - Some Canadian universities now require additional proof to back up Indigenous heritage, replacing self-declaration policies"
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An article from the tribal newspaper will often mention if they are enrolled, or a descendant or relative. Tribes have websites and publications and frequently write about their notable citizens.
17:
2029:
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addressed above, one distant ancestor who chose to assimilate does not make that person Native now. It makes them someone with an ancestor who assimilated into their non-Native family.
448:. However, because Indigenous identity is not a racial construct and only the tribe in question has the authority to determine who is or is not a member, such ancestry is akin to the
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Hopefully, reading the above essay has given you a sense of the issues. Here are the types of sources we look to, or rule out, when noting someone is Native in their articles.
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While a DNA test may bring up some markers associated with some Indigenous or Asian populations (and the science there is fairly problematic, as TallBear describes in her book
178:
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1704:
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867:. Somewhat less popular but also acceptable (and preferable when more information is included) is listing the person's nation as a clause after their name, for example,
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The Cherokee are therefore particularly carefully documented, and it should therefore be assumed in most cases that someone claiming to be Cherokee without also being a
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phenomenon of what I and many other Indigenous people have for some time called Pretendians, as well as the related, and very often overlapping, phenomenon of
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1459:. He and his sister had been welcomed home in ceremony, and he was referred to on the tribe's website as "our relative". He was correctly categorized in
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designation. This essay will therefore focus on protocols for determining Indigenous identity of individuals (and also organizations) in the Americas.
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The Cherokee Scholars, an organization of Cherokee academics, created a public Cherokee Scholars’ Statement on Sovereignty and Identity which states:
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In the case of California, in which several historic tribes lack federal recognition, search for published confirmation by respected sources such as
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2021:
1969:
2022:"The real problem with Elizabeth Warren's DNA test: Geneticists - Defining Native American heritage with DNA tests misses the point, experts said"
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is a particularly popular tribe to a claim, especially in the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, mostly due to the notoriety of
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section.) Only if there is published opposition does this need to be questioned, and the first step would be to list both views with citations.
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67:
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963:
764:, they have been adopted by a particular individual or family, but that does not confer tribal enrollment or acceptance at the tribal level.
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Some people may descend from multiple tribes but don't have sufficient blood quantum to enroll in a particular tribe. (Tribes such as a the
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1916:
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If they are of First Nation heritage but non-status, simply state that they are "non-status." If they have been disenrolled, mention that.
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Fraudulent organizations claiming to Indigenous tribes are usually identifiable by public opposition raised by recognized tribes, and, for
72:
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568:
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Indigenous identity is not a matter of race. Race, as a European concept, had no direct equivalent in Indigenous thought. As professor
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mentions the BLP subject's tribe of enrollment. Often articles will also list the names of the BLP's relatives who are tribal members.
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families have felt more comfortable claiming a false Native American identity for their ancestors who were actually African American.
355:
671:, many people from other places claim Blackfoot ancestry, particularly the American South, which has never been Blackfeet territory.
50:
1042:, where the US created but never ratified 18 treaties. Some of those groups are seen as legitimate by recognized California tribes.
864:
482:
2595:
2055:
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Some state-recognized tribes are legitimately Indigenous people who became landless or faced tribal termination (for example, the
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and similar organizations made up of individuals who have no documented ancestry yet still insist on claiming Cherokee identity.
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is relying on the sorts of family myths mentioned above. Many people who have claimed to be Cherokee without citizenship, such as
1796:
Why tribal family lore is so common among white people from Oklahoma to Georgia. by Meagan Day, Jul 5, 2016. Accessed 23 Nov 2021
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had not bothered to check her claims, even in an article about the problem of Hollywood casting non-Natives in Native roles. The
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799:. Fleeing state-sanctioned violence by the Mexican government in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Yaqui emigrated to
730:, have later been shown via genealogical research to be mistaken, even if their belief in their assumed heritage may be sincere.
688:
1629:
Settler Colonialism + Native Ghosts: An Autoethnographic Account of the Imaginarium of Late Capitalist/Colonialist Storytelling
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If someone states they are an enrolled member of a specific, recognized tribal nation or First Nation and this is validated by
168:
these things. However, it takes more cultural familiarity than most Wikipedians may have. In an effort to help, members of the
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People may claim to have ancestry from a specific Native American ethnic or regional group. A claim to a specific tribe, e.g.
326:
tribal status or citizenship. Every tribal nation has its own criteria, and it is the nations who decide, not Wikipedians.
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in Washington state). In rare cases a state-recognized tribe will later gain federal recognition, such as in the case of the
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unless reliable Indigenous sources establish that they maintain active connections to the one of the eight Yaqui pueblos in
2626:
1246:, list them as such and add the appropriate First Nation, Inuit, MĂ©tis, or Native American categories. (Read above in the
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1463:. However, he petitioned the tribe for citizenship, and in 2021, his petition was granted. So he can now be listed as an
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issued a statement that they have no record of Chow, nor did they find any evidence that she is a descendant. Clearly,
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2654:"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Says Wind River and Yellowstone Actress is Not Enrolled nor Descended from Tribe"
2240:"An Open Letter to Defenders of Andrea Smith: Clearing Up Misconceptions about Cherokee Identification - ICTMN.com"
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548:
517:
there is no DNA test that can reliably confirm Native American ancestry, and no DNA test can indicate tribal origin
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1456:
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772:
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When someone identifies themselves as being a member of a tribe in the United States, research if that tribe is
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2059:
1705:"GA Third Committee approves resolution "Rights of Indigenous Peoples" | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples"
991:
2000:
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First search the federal register or appropriate Knowledge (XXG) pages to determine if the organization is a
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Tribes determine who is or is not a citizen or member of their nation. While some modern tribes may consider
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in 1988. Occasionally descendants of hobbyists have been raised to believe they are actually Native American.
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in Arizona. The so-called Chiricahua Apache Nation, based in Miami, Arizona, is not recognized as a tribe.
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media to indicate citizenship: listing the person's nation in parentheses after their name. For example:
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1944:
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and their citizenship in "domestic dependent nations," as defined by the 1832 US supreme court ruling
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298:
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Because of their blood quantum requirements, fewer people falsely claim to be EBCI or UKB. However,
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community knows and acknowledges them, and it remains a case of self-identification or blood myth.
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1793:
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1082:. If they are not listed as being federally recognized or state-recognized, they are unrecognized.
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families have preferred claiming Native ancestry to European-American ancestry, while quite a few
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1895:
1734:"Review of genealogies, other records fails to support local leaders' claims of Abenaki ancestry"
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1482:
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are a specific group of people with a shared history and heritage and who historically spoke the
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1379:," Native American Rights Fund. Tribal constitutions spells out the tribe's enrollment criteria.
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2356:"Mexican president to apologize to Yaquis in Sonora for injustices; return land, water rights"
1974:
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2681:"Eurasian Actress Exposed After Falsely Claiming She Was Part Native American Over Film Role"
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2452:"1851-1852 - Eighteen Unratified Treaties between California Indians and the United States"
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Our relative, Kyrie Irving, needs our help in advancing forward with NBA All-Star votes!
156:), who decides, and how Wikipedians can accurately write on these topics, especially in
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Some of these unrecognized groups do indeed have Indigenous ancestry, particularly in
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identity, solely determined by the tribal nation the individual claims to belong to.
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2478:"Resolution #00-08, A Resolution Opposing Fabricated Cherokee "Tribes" and "Indians""
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or proven recognition by such an entity in the case of a descent claim is essential.
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23:
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are interchangeable terms and imply the person is not an enrolled member. The terms
1996:
1965:
1875:
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1424:
1031:. More than 550 of these organizations exist across the United States including in
466:
424:
248:) is common in the United States and in Canada. This is an extreme form of harmful
237:
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is never fact-checked with the tribes and is not reliable for Indigenous identity.
842:(preferably one published by the tribe in question), that should be sufficient.
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1129:. If after this it is still unclear, indicate in the article and on talk, using
1032:
883:
854:
704:
584:
420:
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412:
314:, and Mexico recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples under Article 2 of the
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recognized tribal nation – is part of our basic responsibility as journalists."
1831:
1141:
Reliable and non-reliable sources for Indigenous American and Canadian identity
907:
tribe's website, use the language the tribe uses. They may be described as a:
838:
If someone is clearly described as a legal citizen of their tribal nation in a
699:(UKB), based in Oklahoma that requires a minimum blood quantum of 1/4; and the
632:
in the early 20th century. Actual Chiricahua Apache people are enrolled in the
461:
Doesn't bloodline make someone "Native American," "Indian," or "First Nations"?
1635:
1508:
1322:
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Category:American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
1039:
681:
604:
475:
Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science
445:
311:
245:
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claiming people belong to the so-called "Kiowa Nation." This is a red flag.)
703:(CN), based in Oklahoma who base their enrollment on lineal descent from the
292:
have a unique political relationship to the US federal government based upon
1355:
407:." Versions of this can be found in the family lore of many famous people -
1624:
1591:"Pretendians and what to do with people who falsely say they're Indigenous"
1468:
428:
lengthy ancestral connection. In the US context, some have noted that many
1891:
647:
Search for sources that identify the person's specific tribe, for example
2679:
Yu·September 21, Heather Johnson; Read, 2017·3 Min (September 21, 2017).
2429:
629:
600:
530:), it does not follow that the person should be described as Indigenous.
380:
1531:"Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?"
760:
is a Lakota term for an adoption ceremony, and if someone says they are
276:
and ask us specific questions at any time. We are happy to assist you!
2721:""Direct Descendant" Documenting Disenrollment in the Penobscot Nation"
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Other organizations identify as Native American tribes — and might use
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668:
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1898:
617:
596:
182:
2085:"DNA tests stand on shaky ground to define Native American identity"
2111:"You took a DNA test and it says you are Native American. So what?"
259:
created a video “Understanding Indigenous Claims and Connections."
217:
The important issue is not who you claim but rather who claims you.
2596:"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe welcomes NBA player as official member"
2537:"Why Kyrie Irving's Connection to the Standing Rock Sioux Matters"
2262:"ᏗᎦᏓᏤᎵᎢ: Cherokee Scholars' Statement on Sovereignty and Identity"
792:
592:
375:
177:
1383:
Syllabus: Elizabeth Warren, Cherokee Citizenship, and DNA Testing
1096:
1765:"Why Your DNA Results Didn't Show Your Native American Ancestry"
260:
153:
37:
919:
honorary member: not an enrolled member, has no legal standing.
812:, and are acknowledged by those communities as a Yaqui person.
18:
Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America
1416:
134:
32:
2627:"What's So Hard About Casting Indian Actors in Indian Roles?"
195:
Determining the status of those who claim Indigenous identity
1343:
1265:
onto ethnic group's names without researching further, e.g.
2056:"Native Americans fear potential exploitation of their DNA"
927:
relative; however, this does not confer tribal membership.
923:
Families can adopt members, such as Lakota people making a
2315:"Becoming Indigenous: The rise of Eastern MĂ©tis in Canada"
2215:"Tribe establishes Cherokee Identity Protection Committee"
848:: On Knowledge (XXG), we use the most common form used in
543:
What about claims of descent from a specific Native group?
1253:
For how to format their name and tribal citizenship, see
691:(EBCI) based in North Carolina and who require a minimum
2189:"5 Fake Indians: Checking a Box Doesn't Make You Native"
1917:"'There is no DNA test to prove you're Native American'"
1625:"4. Interlude: Community, Pretendians, & Heartbreak"
1486:
did a story on Native representation in film, they took
1233:
1226:
1161:
1154:
829:
506:
122:
115:
108:
101:
94:
2163:"Why Do So Many People Pretend to Be Native American?"
55:
It contains the advice and/or opinions of one or more
2620:
2618:
2426:"What is a real Indian Nation? What is a fake tribe?"
1945:"Genetic Markers Not a Valid Test of Native Identity"
1832:
Why Your Great-Grandmother Wasn't A Cherokee Princess
1101:
Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival
2001:"Can DNA Determine Who is American Native American?"
1100:
962:. Those 574 tribes in the United States (including
2656:. Pechanga.net. September 19, 2017. Archived from
1834:by Orrin at Native Languages. Accessed 23 Nov 2021
932:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
1943:Brett Lee Shelton, J. D.; Jonathan Marks (2008).
1878:(2003). "DNA, Blood, and Racializing the Tribe".
1003:Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana
302:. Canada similarly regulates relationships with
240:, in the form of non-Native people attempting to
148:Many misconceptions exist about who is and isn't
63:may be interpreted within their area of interest.
1465:enrolled member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
1455:, with his mother and grandparents known to the
1015:List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
2404:Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs
2313:Darryl R. J. Leoux; Adam Gaudry (25 Oct 2017).
1511:as an example of an "authentic" casting choice.
1372:" - Particularly helpful for evaluating sources
1189:Self-identification in non-Native sources like
898:Are they claimed by a recognized tribal nation?
746:
535:
215:
170:Indigenous Peoples of North America Wikiproject
2510:"Judge threatens Chippewa group with contempt"
1910:
1908:
651:, as opposed to a generalized "Apache" claim.
2078:
2076:
1125:experienced editors in the field, such as at
1103:. This is not foolproof but will still help.
880:List of Native Americans of the United States
533:Echoing Judge Steve Russell, TallBear adds,
8:
2049:
2047:
1886:(1). University of Minnesota Press: 81–107.
1870:
1868:
1866:
1437:, and his article is placed in the category
1296:Category:American people of Comanche descent
990:opposes state-recognized tribes, as well as
983:State-recognized tribes in the United States
950:before accepting such claims at face value.
914:Category:American people of Comanche descent
783:falsely claimed a MĂ©tis identity for years.
477:writes, "Native American tribes did not use
2756:Knowledge (XXG) essays about categorization
2704:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2458:. California State University Monterrey Bay
1806:Gates Jr., Henry Louis (29 December 2014).
1631:(Phd.).  : University of Waterloo. p. 235.
1808:"High Cheekbones and Straight Black Hair?"
1300:Category:American people of Ojibwe descent
816:Are they a tribal citizen (or equivalent)?
440:provide other evidence as detailed below.
2761:Knowledge (XXG) essays about verification
1758:
1756:
1754:
1417:This citation in the Jonathan Nez article
1411:
1409:
697:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
288:In the United States, members of the 574
226:Indigenous identity on Knowledge (XXG).
2562:"Kyrie Irving needs NBA All-Star Votes!"
2089:National Human Genome Research Institute
1763:Tennant, Amie Bowser (9 February 2018).
1559:"Fact Sheet:Who are indigenous peoples?"
1131:reliable sources for Indigenous identity
1110:purposes, members of such groups should
1518:
1447:, for example, was for several years a
1395:
1363:Reporter's Indigenous Terminology Guide
1340:Native American Journalists Association
695:of 1/16, based on the Baker Rolls; the
294:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
257:Native American Journalists Association
2697:
1727:
1725:
1642:from the original on December 28, 2021
2625:Maillard, Kevin Noble (Aug 1, 2017).
2354:Duarte, Carmen (September 26, 2021).
2268:. Cherokee Scholars. 13 February 2020
687:There are three Cherokee tribes: the
515:While DNA tests have become popular,
493:Does DNA "prove" Indigenous ancestry?
398:Is Indigenous identity a family myth?
7:
2032:from the original on 30 January 2023
1682:from the original on 23 January 2023
1553:
1551:
481:until the government introduced the
986:American tribes. For instance, the
569:Alaska Native Regional Corporations
567:land claims were extinguished, and
561:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
187:Native American hobbyism in Germany
73:Knowledge (XXG) policy or guideline
2387:. US Government Publishing Office.
2332:Andrew-Gee, Andrew (12 Nov 2017).
2244:indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com
1947:. Counsel for Responsible Genetics
1601:from the original on July 13, 2021
1443:In rare cases, status can change.
1244:reliable sources as outlined above
1048:misappropriate Indigenous identity
77:thoroughly vetted by the community
31:
2594:Hatton, Faith (August 27, 2021).
2428:. Cherokee Nation. Archived from
1915:Geddes, Linda (5 February 2014).
1461:American people of Lakota descent
1370:So you need an Indigenous Expert?
865:List of Native American musicians
483:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
1794:"No, you are not part Cherokee."
1732:Furukawa, Julia (May 22, 2023).
1668:Isai, Vjosa (October 15, 2022).
1421:an article in a tribal newspaper
1377:How to Find Tribal Constitutions
1097:Indian Basketweavers Association
689:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
138:
36:
2535:Zirin, Dave (August 27, 2018).
2406:. US Department of the Interior
2398:Newland, Bryan (12 July 2012).
2287:Mato Canli Win (10 June 2021).
2161:Cobb, Russell (4 August 2014).
2137:"No, you are not part Cherokee"
2083:Carey, Teresa L. (9 May 2019).
1439:Presidents of the Navajo Nation
2246:. 10 July 2015. Archived from
2109:Andrea Crossan (24 Nov 2016).
1328:Racial bias on Knowledge (XXG)
1182:, about the particular source.
444:best-known example of this is
1:
2334:"The making of Joseph Boyden"
2187:Chavers, Dean (15 Oct 2014).
2054:Suresh, Arvind (6 Oct 2016).
1490:at her word that she was of "
1116:be identified as Indigenous.
805:Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona
649:Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona
2400:"Federal Tribal Recognition"
1845:"LAYING CLAIM TO POCAHONTAS"
1467:, and added to the category
1120:Is this an exceptional case?
938:Some people might have been
624:Despite being a small band,
308:Indigenous peoples in Canada
242:pass as Indigenous Americans
2135:Day, Meagan (5 July 2016).
1092:News from Native California
970:, and not being previously
968:federally recognized tribes
940:disenrolled by their tribes
882:. See also the examples at
797:Indigenous people of Mexico
733:Genealogist and researcher
290:federally recognized tribes
2777:
2751:WikiProject content advice
2213:McKie B.P., Scott (2011).
2003:. The WEYANOKE Association
1738:New Hampshire Public Radio
1623:Robinson, Rowland (2020).
1216:
1213:Categories and terminology
1180:the Indigenous wikiproject
1144:
1127:The Indigenous Wikiproject
1068:federally recognized tribe
1029:unrecognized organizations
1012:
1009:Unrecognized organizations
978:US state-recognized tribes
819:
549:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
496:
84:
2566:Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
1457:Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
1080:unrecognized organization
1027:in their names — but are
863:. For more examples, see
2385:House of Representatives
2266:Think Tsalagi ᎢᏓᏓᏅᏛᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ
2060:Genetic Literacy Project
1248:Is the tribe recognized?
992:Cherokee heritage groups
954:Is the tribe recognized?
587:is an umbrella term for
172:have written this essay.
146:This page in a nutshell:
642:San Carlos Apache Tribe
640:in New Mexico, and the
471:Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
1769:The Genealogy Reporter
1346:, particularly their
1076:state-recognized tribe
1052:Anti Defamation League
974:by the U.S. Congress.
773:MĂ©tis people in Canada
750:
638:Mescalero Apache Tribe
634:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
540:
316:Constitution of Mexico
269:Indigenous Wikiproject
250:cultural appropriation
219:
190:
164:possible to check and
2660:on September 25, 2017
1892:10.1353/wic.2003.0008
1507:instead offered up a
1492:Eastern Band Cherokee
1449:documented descendant
1013:Further information:
661:Blackfoot Confederacy
181:
75:, as it has not been
24:Knowledge (XXG):NDNID
2219:Cherokee One Feather
2193:Indian Country Today
2028:. October 18, 2018.
1535:Indian Country Today
999:Chinook Indian Tribe
960:federally recognized
574:Alaska tribal entity
299:Worcester v. Georgia
2725:University of Maine
2432:on 12 November 2014
1488:Kelsey Asbille Chow
1480:For instance, when
1062:Suggested protocols
655:Blackfoot/Blackfeet
528:Native American DNA
371:Indigenous Canadian
366:Indigenous American
346:Aboriginal Canadian
154:Indigenous Canadian
116:WP:CHEROKEEPRINCESS
2719:Hamilton, Mary L.
2632:The New York Times
2360:Arizona Daily Star
1675:The New York Times
1501:The New York Times
1483:The New York Times
1451:, specifically, a
1267:The New York Times
1204:The New York Times
191:
95:WP:NATIVE-IDENTITY
1975:High Country News
1876:Kimberly TallBear
1453:Lakota descendant
1056:sovereign citizen
636:in Oklahoma, the
626:Chiricahua Apache
479:blood quantum law
434:European-American
405:Cherokee Princess
176:
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22:(Redirected from
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2250:on 15 July 2015.
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1880:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
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1351:Reporting Guides
1290:tribal member.
1236:
1229:
1164:
1157:
1054:as an extremist
948:reliable sources
832:
509:
430:African-American
409:Elizabeth Warren
198:belief. It is a
142:
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135:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
71:is not a formal
68:This information
61:content policies
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2456:Digital Commons
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2115:PRI's The World
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1968:(17 Jan 2019).
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1587:Ridgen, Melissa
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1529:(1 July 2015).
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1356:AP Style Insert
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1255:this style note
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1191:People Magazine
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988:Cherokee Nation
980:
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888:MOS:NATIONALITY
874:Cherokee Nation
870:Wilma Mankiller
840:reliable source
836:
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818:
789:
777:Michif language
770:
755:
739:Cherokee Nation
701:Cherokee Nation
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663:is situated in
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386:Native Hawaiian
356:American Indian
336:Native American
310:under the 1876
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267:Members of the
211:Cherokee Nation
166:reliably source
150:Native American
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1851:. July 9, 1995
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1589:(2021-01-28).
1578:
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1527:Russell, Steve
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1234:WP:NDN-DESCENT
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810:Sonora, Mexico
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735:David Cornsilk
720:tribal citizen
712:Ward Churchill
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2541:TheNation.com
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2516:. 20 May 2005
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