Knowledge:Reliable sources

1127:), can be used but care should be exercised, as they are often, in part, primary sources. Some of them will have gone through a process of academic peer reviewing, of varying levels of rigor, but some will not. If possible, use theses that have been cited in the literature; supervised by recognized specialists in the field; or reviewed by independent parties. Dissertations in progress have not been vetted and are not regarded as published and are thus not reliable sources as a rule. Some theses are later published in the form of scholarly monographs or peer reviewed articles, and, if available, these are usually preferable to the original thesis as sources. Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence. 860:. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an archived copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the archived copy to be accessible via the Internet. 2809:—are not a reliable source. If the information is supported by the body of the source, then cite it from the body. Headlines are written to grab readers' attention quickly and briefly; they may be overstated or lack context, and sometimes contain exaggerations or sensationalized claims with the intention of attracting readers to an otherwise reliable article. They are often written by copy editors instead of the researchers and journalists who wrote the articles. 735: 2210:(ML, AI) has become a common way to generate and publish material. It may not be known or detectable that ML was used. While ML generation in itself does not necessarily disqualify a source that is properly checked by the person using it, ML has a tendency to create or "hallucinate" imaginary information, "supported" by citations that look as if they are from respectable sources but do not exist. In one case, a lawyer used 747:, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing 1062:

relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse because of lack of citations. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be

2330:. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge editors. 1025:

source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them.

1177:– Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals. 81: 2122: 1100:– Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves ( 160: 2686:. Claims sourced to initial news reports should be immediately replaced with better-researched and verified sources as soon as such articles are published, especially if original reports contained inaccuracies. All breaking news stories, without exception, are primary sources, and must be treated with caution: see 3891: 1151:– Isolated studies are usually considered tentative and may change in the light of further academic research. If the isolated study is a primary source, it should generally not be used if there are secondary sources that cover the same content. The reliability of a single study depends on the field. Avoid 977:(where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery). 2444:

relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Knowledge.

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may be added to the top of articles related to a breaking-news event to alert readers that some information in the article may be inaccurate and to draw attention to the need to add improved sources as they become available. These templates should not be used, however, to mark articles on subjects or

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Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions.

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When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint. If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author

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contains several suggestions to avoid spreading unreliable and false information. These include: distrust anonymous sources, unconfirmed reports, and reports attributed to other news media; seek multiple independent sources which independently verify; seek verified eyewitness reports; and be wary of

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Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem

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Many Knowledge articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial within the

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Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for

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News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is

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Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas,

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Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have

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The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Knowledge article and is an appropriate source for that content. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues,

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and it does not need to go into all details of a current event in real time. It is better to wait a day or two after an event before adding details to the encyclopedia, than to help spread potentially false rumors. This gives journalists time to collect more information and verify claims, and for

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to generate and file a legal brief that he did not check; the judge upon reviewing the case stated, "six of the submitted cases appear to be bogus judicial decisions with bogus quotes and bogus internal citations", although ChatGPT had assured the author that they were real and could "be found in

1836:. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. 2536:

A statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view. Otherwise, individual opinions should be identified as those of particular, named sources. Editors should avoid original

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The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a

1141:. Works published in journals not included in appropriate databases, especially in fields well covered by them, might be isolated from mainstream academic discourse, though whether it is appropriate to use will depend on the context. The number of citations may be misleading if an author cites 2870:, these are rarely appropriate outside articles on the source itself. In general articles, commentary on a deprecated source's opinion should be drawn from independent secondary sources. Including a claim or statement by a deprecated source that is not covered by reliable sources risks giving 1024:

How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a

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Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on

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Source reliability falls on a spectrum: No source is 'always reliable' or 'always unreliable' for everything. However, some sources provide stronger or weaker support for a given statement. Editors must use their judgment to draw the line between usable and inappropriate sources for each

1639:. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make 3121: 781:

is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited.

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are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications.

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Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited.

1117:– Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses. 1506:

Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even Knowledge itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of

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prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to

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In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the

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for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, and sections of articles—without exception, and in particular to

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is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g.,

2456:, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Knowledge's verifiability and 2223:". Citations have been published to newspaper articles that do not exist, attributed to named reporters. Such spurious material may be generated unintentionally by writers—reporters, scientists, medical researchers, lawyers, ...—using 2312:, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. However, although Knowledge articles are tertiary sources, Knowledge employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus, 689:

In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are

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Otherwise reliable news sources—for example, the website of a major news organization—that publish in a blog-style format for some or all of their content may be as reliable as if published in standard news article format

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Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people.

1632:. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject. 1781:

are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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Rochon, PA; Gurwitz, JH; Cheung, CM; Hayes, JA; Chalmers, TC (13 July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".

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are of very low quality and have only token peer-review, if any. These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals

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Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say " says....". A prime example of this is

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are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged, unless they meet the criteria for acceptable use of

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Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in

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Some sources are blacklisted, and can not be used at all. Blacklisting is generally reserved for sources which are added abusively, such as state-sponsored fake news sites with a history of addition by

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When only self-published by the vendor, i.e. no reliable independent source confirming the ranking as being relevant, the ranking would usually carry insufficient weight to be mentioned in any article.

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and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites,

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cautions consumers to be wary of news reports describing early science and medical breakthroughs, especially those which do not interview independent experts (often solely based on unreliable

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such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available.

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also documents a connection between Schreiber and Terry Morris, a 'pioneer' of this genre who freely admitted to taking 'considerable license with the facts that are given to me.'

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in mainstream newspapers. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the readers that they are reading an opinion

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for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. If you are new to editing and just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the

3415: 685:) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. 5276: 3137: 3005: 2500:

Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. In such cases, look for neutral corroboration from another source.

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Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific

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and should not be treated differently than the underlying press release. Occasionally, some newspapers still have specialist reporters who are citable by name. (

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A number of sources are deprecated on Knowledge. That means they should not be used, unless there is a specific consensus to do so. Deprecation happens through a

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that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge.

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are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid

513: 1814: 1123:– Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a doctorate, and which are publicly available (most via interlibrary loan or from 3798: 3213: 3162: 3147: 3054: 2842: 2760:(exaggerating risks, symptoms, or anecdotes of a disease which leads to unnecessary worry, panic, or spending), and to be skeptical of treatments which are " 2756:), to prefer reports which avoid hyperbolic language and describe both benefits and costs of a new treatment (all treatments have trade-offs), to be wary of 1778: 1715:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. 1133:– One may be able to confirm that discussion of the source has entered mainstream academic discourse by checking what scholarly citations it has received in 59: 4803: 3070: 2990: 2156:, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met: 3542: 2611:, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material. "Self-published blogs" in this context refers to personal and group blogs; see 5332: 5200: 4527: 4176: 2768:" as more than 90% of all treatments fail during these stages and, even if efficacious, may be 10 to 15 years or more from reaching the consumer market. 1820: 241: 3672: 5003: 3203: 3111: 2493:

reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to

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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.

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Similarly for breaking news, a contemporary secondary news source can quickly become a historical primary source. Articles of recent current events

629: 208: 1786:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid 5109: 4798: 4537: 4279: 2653: 2616: 2612: 2245: 1276:. However, links to such repositories can be used as open-access links for papers which have been subsequently published in acceptable literature. 695: 682: 674: 4818: 4604: 4473: 3380: 3247: 2859:. It is reserved for sources that have a substantial history of fabrication or other serious factual accuracy issues (e.g. promoting unfounded 699: 485: 52: 3975: 1494:

in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.

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is generally not as reliable as news reporting, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of fact-checking and accuracy (see

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not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular,

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at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable.

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potential hoaxes. With mass shootings, remain skeptical of early reports of additional attackers, coordinated plans, and bomb threats.

5205: 4791: 3177: 2078:) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not. 464: 3405: 2664:

Breaking-news reports often contain serious inaccuracies. As an electronic publication, Knowledge can and should be up to date, but

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an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (

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persons in the news. If they were, hundreds of thousands of articles would have such a template, without any significant advantage (

2722: 418: 45: 4153: 3633: 5467: 5342: 4813: 4808: 3439:"Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees" 3065: 2449: 2063:). For official accounts from celebrities and organizations on social media, see the section about self-published sources below. 1826: 474: 5418: 4828: 4765: 4274: 4269: 3930: 3075: 3020: 1629: 1623: 1107: 785:

When editors talk about sources that are being cited on Knowledge, they might be referring to any one of these three concepts:

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article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By

5195: 4438: 3106: 2659: 1756: 744: 282: 185: 38: 31: 5210: 5033: 4980: 4854: 4532: 4507: 4453: 2935: 2836: 2545:, especially those printed in academic review journals that survey the literature, can help clarify academic consensus. 2138: 622: 579: 574: 565: 534: 409: 372: 352: 268: 236: 231: 194: 1564:

Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems:

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For health- and science-related breaking-news, Knowledge has specific sourcing standards to prevent inaccuracies: see

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rumors may be appropriate (i.e. if the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true).

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Some news organizations have used Knowledge articles as a source for their work. Editors should therefore beware of

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Scholarly sources and high-quality non-scholarly sources are generally better than news reports for academic topics

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Signals that a news organization engages in fact-checking and has a reputation for accuracy are the publication of

1340:. Press releases from organizations or journals are often used by newspapers with minimal change; such sources are 1321: 800: 494: 345: 199: 96: 1328:, which are responsible for accuracy. The agency should be cited in addition to the newspaper that reprinted it. 273: 5238: 5225: 5162: 5147: 4786: 4667: 4587: 4370: 4365: 3756: 3099: 3015: 2995: 2961: 2487: 2438: 1965: 905: 459: 367: 340: 3306: 596: 5243: 5177: 5126: 4849: 4755: 4710: 4662: 4657: 4375: 4333: 4299: 3532: 2951: 2924: 2846: 2357: 901: 669: 437: 432: 323: 318: 5099: 5085: 4975: 4743: 4328: 4259: 3664: 3352: 3116: 2971: 2623: 2161: 2133: 2112: 1953: 1872: 1664: 1387:

The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information

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Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals

3725: 3565: 3242: 2347: 1945: 1367: 394: 2305:, i.e., a document or recording that relates to or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. 5312: 5190: 5185: 4609: 3250:– obtain community input on whether or not a source meets our reliability standards for a particular use 3025: 2715: 1977: 1973: 1474: 1421: 604: 499: 4150:. How a troll used user-generated content to spread misinformation to TV.com, the IMDb, and Knowledge. 4236: 1427:

Unless reported by a reliable source, leaks should not normally be used or cited directly in articles.

1208:—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. ( 5042: 4908: 4547: 4423: 4355: 4323: 4284: 3855:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3000: 2317: 1948:

is generally unacceptable. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and

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about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.

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Any analysis or interpretation of the quoted material, however, should rely on a secondary source (

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When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as

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generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from

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It does not involve claims about third parties (such as people, organizations, or other entities).

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depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process.

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A deprecated source should not be used to support factual claims. While there are exceptions for

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Knowledge articles (and Knowledge mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose

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This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is

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Knowledge:Identifying and using primary sources § Examples of news reports as primary sources

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and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is

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news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis.

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Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the

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Knowledge:Verifiability#Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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and others and discussed on Knowledge, where incorrect details from articles added as

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Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Using the subject as a self-published source

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sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the

1519:. Direct links to the original source should be preferred over the aggregator's link. 5451: 4634: 3832: 3713: 3588: 3494: 3376: 2856: 2852: 2573: 2457: 1760: 1648: 1644: 1462: 1269: 1197: 1164: 1142: 1067: 4942: 3887: 5266: 2671: 2008: 1988: 1957: 1899: 1553: 796: 4970: 3468: 1192:). The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should 4154:

How to Read a News Story About an Investigation: Eight Tips on Who Is Saying What

4144:"How I used lies about a cartoon to prove history is meaningless on the internet" 3775: 2765: 5428: 4687: 3510: 3401: 3334: 1802: 1783: 1305: 894:

and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should

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These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as

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Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Respect secondary sources

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Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information

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It does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject.

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Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

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Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

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For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Knowledge content.

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when using single studies in such fields. Studies relating to complex and

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Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Avoid gossip and feedback loops

2421:, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or 2189: 2032: 1996: 1313: 1248: 1160: 1124: 5054: 3699:, which is broadly considered a questionable and prohibited source, per 2689:

Knowledge:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

2682:

When editing a current-event article, keep in mind the tendency towards

2460:

policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory.

2297:

Knowledge:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

1568:

It may be impossible to provide a stable source for the alleged ranking.

1163:, are less definitive and should be avoided. Secondary sources, such as 3998:"Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Health News Edition | On the Media" 3873: 2606: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2181: 2048: 1992: 1969: 1886: 1309: 1260: 1256: 3950:"Newspaper Alarmed When ChatGPT References Article It Never Published" 3760: 2537:

research especially with regard to making blanket statements based on

2495:

make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article

1212:

Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Predatory journals

2185: 2040: 2036: 2028: 1768: 1396: 1264: 3454: 3302: 1057:

Knowledge:Verifiability § Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion

4025:"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?" 1470: 1400: 1252: 733: 1497:

Some news organizations may not publish their editorial policies.

698:. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see 4023:

Sun, Duxin; Gao, Wei; Hu, Hongxiang; Zhou, Simon (1 July 2022).

2602: 2598: 2089:

Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves

2016: 1981: 1138: 5058: 4172: 2886:. Specific blacklisted sources can be locally whitelisted; see 2587:

There is an important exception to sourcing statements of fact

2417:

in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable

602: 37:"WP:IRS" redirects here. For independent reliable sources, see 3919:

of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge.

2669:

investigative authorities to make official announcements. The

2116: 1508: 1171:

are preferred when available, so as to provide proper context.

605: 154: 75: 3931:"Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief" 3351:

Please keep in mind that any exceptional claim would require

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Knowledge:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources

2227:

to help them to produce reports, or maliciously to generate "

2176:

The Knowledge article is not based primarily on such sources.

1651:..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate 898:

the information as it is presented in the Knowledge article (

27:

Content guideline for determining the reliability of a source

3078:, a program for accessing paywalled resources free of charge 4873: 3533:"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals" 3381:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers" 2613:

Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

2246:

Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

1703:

Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the

44:"WP:Reliability" redirects here. For the WikiProject, see 4078:"How long a new drug takes to go through clinical trials" 1517:

reliability should be judged based on the original source

1272:, and will always fail higher sourcing requirements like 99:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

1424:

article. Such sources are essentially a single source.

991:, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing. 51:

For community input on the reliability of a source, see

4134: 2826: 2792: 2785: 2643: 2562: 2527: 2477: 2390: 2286: 2279: 2102: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1862: 1855: 1732: 1690: 1683: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1543: 1536: 1477:

from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for

1452: 1445: 1294: 1236: 1229: 1204:, and that it is included in the relevant high-quality 1087: 1042: 1015: 1008: 952: 945: 938: 884: 877: 842: 822:"WP:PUBLISHED" redirects here. Not to be confused with 768: 725: 142: 135: 128: 121: 3968:"The Breaking News Consumer's Handbook | On the Media" 3323:

but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.

3173:

Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)

2301:

Knowledge articles should be based mainly on reliable

1360:

Knowledge:Verifiability § Newspaper and magazine blogs

3406:"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)" 3332:

A variety of these incidents have been documented by

3122:

Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources

3100:

Knowledge:Essay directory § Verifiability and sources

2622:

The exception for statements ABOUTSELF is covered at

2579: 1465:, whether written by the editors of the publication ( 916: 856:

means, for Knowledge's purposes, any source that was

2173:

There is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity.

1987:

Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources are

1647:

wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist

657:). If no reliable sources can be found on a topic, 5427: 5411: 5356: 5305: 5257: 5224: 5176: 5140: 5092: 4950: 4938: 4881: 4871: 4837: 4779: 4719: 4695: 4685: 4642: 4632: 4572: 4562: 4482: 4398: 4388: 4308: 4244: 4234: 2160:The material is neither unduly self-serving nor an 1743:

Knowledge:Conflict of interest § Covert advertising

3497:(4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?". 1481:, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact ( 3001:Inaccuracy § Appendix: Reliability in the context 2401:Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) 1624:Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Bias in sources 964:newer sources are generally preferred in medicine 650:that have appeared in those sources are covered ( 4351:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources 3386:(3rd ed.). Scholarly Open Access. Archived from 2868:discussion of the source's own view on something 1873:Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published sources 1420:Multiple sources should not be asserted for any 792:The creator of the work (the writer, journalist) 58:For a list of frequently discussed sources, see 3168:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content 1944:Content from websites whose content is largely 1346:For topics relating to health or medicine, see 1251:, such as those available on repositories like 712:Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Good research 681:Contentious material about living persons (or, 679: 4513:Do not disrupt Knowledge to illustrate a point 3718:"'Predatory' Open-Access Scholarly Publishers" 3087:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request 3082:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources 2609:as a source for material about a living person 1815:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series 1479:statements attributed to that editor or author 5070: 4184: 3663:Malone Kircher, Madison (November 15, 2016). 3061:List of academic databases and search engines 2660:Knowledge:Notability (events) § Breaking news 2439:Knowledge:Fringe theories § Parity of sources 2202:Spurious sources produced by machine learning 1779:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1755:). Advertisements can be cited, but they are 1628:Knowledge articles are required to present a 623: 8: 4939: 3134:(phrase doesn't mean what you think it does) 2843:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 1984:and other collaboratively created websites. 1709:Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information 789:The piece of work itself (the article, book) 60:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 30:"WP:RS" redirects here. For other uses, see 4845:Categories, lists, and navigation templates 3566:"'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy" 2127:It has been suggested that this section be 902:Knowledge:Citing sources § Inline citations 648:all majority and significant minority views 95:Editors should generally follow it, though 5077: 5063: 5055: 4947: 4878: 4731: 4692: 4639: 4569: 4395: 4241: 4191: 4177: 4169: 1821:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 1665:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 1484: 1053:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 659:Knowledge should not have an article on it 630: 616: 388: 215: 181: 71:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 4054: 3138:Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy 3006:Identifying and using independent sources 2192:. Use of self-sourced material should be 1840:Self-published sources (online and paper) 1705:reputation for fact-checking and accuracy 858:made available to the public in some form 87:This page documents an English Knowledge 3342:or otherwise have appeared in newspapers 3264:Knowledge Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches 3057:, a list of frequently discussed sources 2745:Knowledge:Reliable sources § Scholarship 2373:, may be used to mark areas of concern. 2266:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources 808:Any of the three can affect reliability. 795:The publisher of the work (for example, 4135:Citogenesis (Where citations come from) 3368: 3295:The Creation Research Society Quarterly 3286: 2957:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) 1659:Questionable and self-published sources 696:Knowledge:Biographies of living persons 587: 564: 512: 484: 449: 417: 380: 308: 281: 207: 184: 3996:Gladstone, Brooke (25 December 2015). 3675:from the original on November 16, 2016 3238:Current science and technology sources 3158:Identifying and using tertiary sources 3153:Identifying reliable sources (science) 3143:Identifying reliable sources (history) 2890:for other details about blacklisting. 2761: 2488:Knowledge:Manual of Style § Quotations 743:Articles should be based on reliable, 700:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 642:Knowledge articles should be based on 505:Deletion guidelines for administrators 53:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 5333:Converting between references formats 3897:from the original on 17 November 2018 3614:from the original on November 5, 2011 3578:from the original on October 16, 2011 3011:Identifying and using primary sources 2539:novel syntheses of disparate material 2316:(except as sources on themselves per 1833:The Times Higher Education Supplement 7: 3545:from the original on 8 November 2017 2730:Knowledge:No disclaimers in articles 1636: 1552:Although the content guidelines for 5348:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 5287:Referencing without using templates 5282:Referencing with citation templates 5004:List of all policies and guidelines 3948:Tangermann, Victor (6 April 2023). 3665:"Fake Facebook news sites to avoid" 3475:from the original on April 13, 2013 3418:from the original on April 11, 2013 3219:Ye shall know them by their sources 3043:Knowledge:Advanced source searching 1461:Editorial commentary, analysis and 1347: 987:Sources of any age may be prone to 174:referencing for beginners help page 5043:Summaries of values and principles 4884: 4722: 4485: 4311: 3564:Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). 3214:Knowledge is not a reliable source 3163:Identifying and using style guides 3148:Identifying reliable sources (law) 3055:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 2580:§ Editorial and opinion commentary 2215:reputable legal databases such as 1707:that this guideline requires. The 974: 917:§ Reliability in specific contexts 103:. When in doubt, discuss first on 25: 3853:Nestle, Marion (2 January 2007). 3736:from the original on 4 March 2016 3437:Butler, Declan (March 28, 2013). 3233:Change detection and notification 3071:List of online newspaper archives 2991:External links/Perennial websites 2676:Breaking News Consumer's Handbook 1806:evidence of being published in a 1643:appropriate, as in "The feminist 46:Knowledge:WikiProject Reliability 4953: 4698: 4645: 4575: 4528:Please do not bite the newcomers 4401: 4247: 3833:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009 3531:Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). 3066:List of digital library projects 2906:lists many templates, including 2744: 2450:Moon landing conspiracy theories 2353:, or article templates, such as 2235:Reliability in specific contexts 2120: 1827:Supplement to the London Gazette 1432:Editorial and opinion commentary 1335: 683:in some cases, recently deceased 158: 79: 5338:Reference display customization 3978:from the original on 2019-02-28 3790:from the original on 2014-03-05 3204:Vanity and predatory publishing 3185:(provides a ref-vetting method) 3112:Applying reliability guidelines 1175:POV and peer review in journals 1108:Knowledge:Neutral point of view 654:Knowledge:Neutral point of view 4121:How to Read a Secondary Source 3189:Potentially unreliable sources 3050:Free English newspaper sources 2723:current-event-related template 2507:Knowledge:No original research 1898:use self-published sources as 1469:) or outside authors (invited 1104:Knowledge:No original research 692:Knowledge:No original research 1: 5110:Biographies of living persons 4538:Responding to threats of harm 4280:Biographies of living persons 3799:Conflicts-of-interest section 3638:Scholarly definition document 3608:Scholarly definition document 3132:Don't "teach the controversy" 2458:biographies of living persons 2240:Biographies of living persons 2144:Proposed since December 2023. 1711:might have a reputation for " 1579:Biased or opinionated sources 1523:Vendor and e-commerce sources 675:biographies of living persons 248:Don't disrupt to make a point 39:Knowledge:Independent sources 5458:Knowledge content guidelines 4605:Criteria for speedy deletion 4474:Paid-contribution disclosure 4127:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4113:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4107:How to Read a Primary Source 3303:blog comments as peer review 3248:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 2857:reliable sources noticeboard 2837:Knowledge:Deprecated sources 2666:Knowledge is not a newspaper 1954:newspaper and magazine blogs 984:with new secondary sources. 982:must be periodically updated 428:Categories, lists, templates 5343:References and page numbers 5277:Introduction to referencing 4029:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 3929:Moran, Lyle (30 May 2023). 3511:10.1126/science.342.6154.60 3299:Journal of Frontier Science 2727: 2577: 2504: 1482: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1209: 1167:, textbooks, and scholarly 1101: 914: 899: 651: 644:reliable, published sources 269:Other behavioral guidelines 5489: 5463:Knowledge reliable sources 5292:Referencing dos and don'ts 4041:10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.002 3183:Reliable sources checklist 3097: 3036: 2840: 2834: 2816: 2775: 2657: 2651: 2633: 2552: 2517: 2485: 2467: 2436: 2398: 2380: 2294: 2269: 2262:, not just article space. 2243: 2110: 2092: 2085:is not a reliable source. 1911: 1870: 1845: 1740: 1722: 1673: 1662: 1621: 1582: 1526: 1435: 1393:Knowledge is not the place 1322:United Press International 1284: 1219: 1077: 1050: 1032: 998: 969:Sometimes sources are too 928: 867: 832: 821: 801:Cambridge University Press 758: 715: 709: 111: 105:this guideline's talk page 64: 57: 50: 43: 36: 29: 5437:Parenthetical referencing 5272:Citations quick reference 5239:Punctuation and footnotes 4998: 4734: 4210: 3033:Locating reliable sources 1759:and should be treated as 906:Knowledge:Inline citation 274:WMF friendly space policy 69:on reliable sources, see 18:Knowledge:RELIABLE SOURCE 5196:Citation Style Vancouver 3178:Reliable source examples 2847:Knowledge:Spam blacklist 1378:Human interest reporting 1196:be treated similarly to 1098:Prefer secondary sources 410:Other editing guidelines 373:Other content guidelines 242:Don't bite the newcomers 166:This page in a nutshell: 5468:Knowledge verifiability 5093:Policies and guidelines 4981:Licensing and copyright 4201:policies and guidelines 3862:Public Health Nutrition 3274:WikiProject Reliability 3194:Tertiary-source fallacy 3127:Dictionaries as sources 2945:Policies and guidelines 2766:in pre-clinical testing 2601:, websites, webforums, 1980:hosting services, most 1485:§ Statements of opinion 666:Knowledge:Verifiability 5357:Template documentation 3726:The Charleston Advisor 1906:User-generated content 1883:publish their own book 1270:self-published sources 1198:self-published sources 995:Usage by other sources 755:Definition of a source 740: 687: 32:WP:RS (disambiguation) 5086:Knowledge referencing 4976:Friendly space policy 4766:Broad-concept article 4275:What Knowledge is not 4270:Neutral point of view 3644:on September 10, 2011 3574:. Salon Media Group. 3355:, and this is policy. 3254:Reliable sources quiz 3076:The Knowledge Library 3021:Reliable sources/Cost 2762:awaiting FDA approval 2652:Further information: 2549:Statements of opinion 2486:Further information: 2338:primary source-inline 1630:neutral point of view 1475:letters to the editor 1372:conflicts of interest 1202:accredited university 1051:Further information: 1029:Some types of sources 973:to use, such as with 737: 710:Further information: 358:Don't copy long texts 5132:Scientific citations 5105:No original research 4543:Talk page guidelines 4503:Conflict of interest 4444:Ownership of content 4289:Copyright violations 4265:No original research 3716:(25 February 2015). 3199:Tiers of reliability 2996:How to mine a source 2967:No original research 2409:information include 1877:Anyone can create a 1753:influencer marketing 1670:Questionable sources 1318:Agence France-Presse 1115:Reliable scholarship 292:Talk page guidelines 227:Conflict of interest 186:Knowledge guidelines 5244:Shortened footnotes 4439:No personal attacks 4361:Don't create hoaxes 3763:on 11 January 2017. 3610:. Princeton. 2011. 3353:exceptional sources 3107:Articles on sources 2972:Non-English sources 2888:Knowledge:Blacklist 2861:conspiracy theories 2853:request for comment 1900:third-party sources 1655:believed that...". 1641:in-text attribution 1370:and disclosures of 824:Knowledge:Published 646:, making sure that 363:Don't create hoaxes 168:Knowledge requires 5259:Help for beginners 5211:Citation templates 5168:Referencing styles 5034:List of guidelines 4855:Template namespace 4533:Courtesy vanishing 4508:Disruptive editing 4454:Dispute resolution 4082:Cancer Research UK 3874:10.1079/PHN2001253 3804:2018-12-30 at the 3693:An example is the 3538:The New York Times 3411:The New York Times 3390:on 5 January 2017. 3379:(1 January 2015). 3309:2019-04-20 at the 2936:unreliable source? 2813:Deprecated sources 2610: 2514:Academic consensus 2423:medical guidelines 2415:systematic reviews 2405:Ideal sources for 2368:refimprove science 2315: 2155: 2068:review aggregators 1966:social media sites 1800:supplement is not 1395:for passing along 1281:News organizations 1185:Predatory journals 1181:Predatory journals 1064:attributed in-text 809: 741: 649: 575:Naming conventions 353:Offensive material 237:Disruptive editing 232:Courtesy vanishing 5473:Knowledge sources 5445: 5444: 5419:Knowledge Library 5249:Nesting footnotes 5158:Combining sources 5052: 5051: 4994: 4993: 4934: 4933: 4897:Project namespace 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4804:Dates and numbers 4771:Understandability 4681: 4680: 4628: 4627: 4620:Revision deletion 4593:Proposed deletion 4558: 4557: 4523:Gaming the system 4498:Assume good faith 4384: 4383: 4084:. 21 October 2014 3774:Fees, F. (2016), 3669:New York Magazine 3449:(7442): 421–422. 3404:(April 7, 2013). 3301:(the latter uses 3293:Examples include 3039:Help:Find sources 2979:Information pages 2855:, usually at the 2758:disease mongering 2592: 2454:parity of sources 2328:original research 2313: 2303:secondary sources 2206:In recent years, 2162:exceptional claim 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2081:In particular, a 1952:blogs (excluding 1879:personal web page 1748:Sponsored content 1719:Sponsored content 1408:circular sourcing 1190:Journal hijacking 1137:or lists such as 878:WP:CONTEXTMATTERS 807: 668:, which requires 647: 640: 639: 445: 444: 405:Understandability 304: 303: 259:Gaming the system 222:Assume good faith 180: 179: 153: 152: 89:content guideline 16:(Redirected from 5480: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5313:Cite link labels 5297:Citing Knowledge 5226:Inline citations 5216:Reflist template 5191:Citation Style 2 5186:Citation Style 1 5115:Reliable sources 5079: 5072: 5065: 5056: 5029: 5028: 5019:List of policies 5014: 5013: 4971:List of policies 4958: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4872:Project content 4732: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4469:Child protection 4464:No legal threats 4434:Ignore all rules 4406: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4339:Reliable sources 4316: 4315: 4314: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4223:Ignore all rules 4205: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4137:, xkcd comic by 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4058: 4035:(7): 3049–3062. 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3868:(5): 1015–1022. 3859: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3815: 3809: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3759:. Archived from 3755:Beall, Jeffrey. 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3722: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3583: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3373: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3291: 3259:Source criticism 3209:Knowledge clones 2986:Common knowledge 2940: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2829: 2795: 2788: 2767: 2732: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2646: 2583: 2565: 2530: 2509: 2480: 2419:medical journals 2393: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2310:tertiary sources 2289: 2282: 2208:machine learning 2154:about themselves 2142: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2105: 2061:self referencing 2001:Famous Birthdays 1938: 1936:WP:USERGENERATED 1931: 1924: 1865: 1858: 1735: 1693: 1686: 1616: 1609: 1607:WP:BIASEDSOURCES 1602: 1595: 1546: 1539: 1502:News aggregators 1488: 1455: 1448: 1362: 1351: 1348:§ Medical claims 1339: 1326:Associated Press 1297: 1239: 1232: 1215: 1159:fields, such as 1149:Isolated studies 1135:citation indexes 1110: 1090: 1068:sources disagree 1045: 1018: 1011: 955: 948: 941: 920: 908: 896:directly support 887: 880: 845: 771: 728: 677:, which states: 670:inline citations 656: 632: 625: 618: 606: 495:Deletion process 389: 348: 347:Non-free content 329:Reliable sources 249: 216: 182: 170:inline citations 162: 161: 155: 145: 138: 131: 124: 83: 82: 76: 21: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5423: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5301: 5253: 5220: 5172: 5163:Offline sources 5148:Citation needed 5136: 5088: 5083: 5053: 5048: 5026: 5025: 5011: 5010: 4990: 4954: 4952: 4930: 4885: 4883: 4859: 4833: 4787:Manual of Style 4775: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4699: 4697: 4677: 4673:Page protection 4646: 4644: 4624: 4588:Deletion policy 4576: 4574: 4554: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4402: 4400: 4380: 4371:Patent nonsense 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2925:citation needed 2921: 2916: 2910: 2901: 2896: 2849: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827:WP:RSDEPRECATED 2825: 2821: 2815: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2543:Review articles 2534: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2441: 2435: 2433:Fringe theories 2403: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2358:primary sources 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2324:Primary sources 2299: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2248: 2242: 2237: 2204: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2072:Rotten Tomatoes 1962:Internet forums 1942: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1891:Internet forums 1889:, and posts on 1875: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1757:non-independent 1745: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1684:WP:QUESTIONABLE 1682: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1653:Barry Goldwater 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1504: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1224: 1169:review articles 1131:Citation counts 1094: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1059: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1003: 997: 959: 958: 951: 944: 937: 933: 927: 891: 890: 883: 876: 872: 866: 864:Context matters 849: 848: 841: 837: 831: 820: 775: 774: 767: 763: 757: 732: 731: 724: 720: 714: 708: 636: 607: 599: 514:Project content 460:Manual of Style 368:Patent nonsense 346: 341:Fringe theories 247: 195:Guidelines list 159: 149: 148: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 108: 80: 74: 63: 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5383: 5372: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Citation tools 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Reference-tags 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5178:Citing sources 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5141:General advice 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5127:Citing sources 5124: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5022: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4986:Privacy policy 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4850:Categorization 4847: 4841: 4839: 4838:Classification 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4756:Disambiguation 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4711:Editing policy 4707: 4705: 4690: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Administrators 4654: 4652: 4637: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4376:External links 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4334:Citing sources 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4300:Article titles 4297: 4292: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4199:Knowledge key 4198: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4151: 4141: 4139:Randall Munroe 4132: 4118: 4102: 4101:External links 4099: 4096: 4095: 4069: 4015: 3988: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3908: 3845: 3810: 3766: 3747: 3714:Beall, Jeffrey 3705: 3686: 3655: 3634:"Book reviews" 3625: 3604:"Book reviews" 3595: 3556: 3523: 3495:Bohannon, John 3486: 3429: 3393: 3377:Beall, Jeffrey 3367: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3344: 3325: 3315: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2952:Citing sources 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2919: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2793:WP:RSHEADLINES 2789: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2754:press releases 2684:recentism bias 2648: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2595:self-published 2590: 2574:opinion pieces 2567: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2377:Medical claims 2375: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2203: 2200: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2148: 2147: 2125: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2025:Know Your Meme 1946:user-generated 1940: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1761:self-published 1737: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1618: 1617: 1614:WP:ACCORDINGTO 1610: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1554:external links 1548: 1547: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1463:opinion pieces 1457: 1456: 1453:WP:RSEDITORIAL 1449: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1385: 1382:Junk food news 1375: 1364: 1353: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1206:citation index 1178: 1172: 1146: 1128: 1118: 1112: 1092: 1091: 1088:WP:SCHOLARSHIP 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1047: 1046: 1043:WP:SOURCETYPES 1038: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016:WP:USEBYOTHERS 1012: 1004: 999: 996: 993: 957: 956: 949: 942: 939:WP:AGE MATTERS 934: 929: 926: 923: 897: 889: 888: 881: 873: 868: 865: 862: 847: 846: 838: 833: 819: 815:Definition of 813: 805: 804: 793: 790: 773: 772: 764: 759: 756: 753: 730: 729: 721: 716: 707: 704: 638: 637: 635: 634: 627: 620: 612: 609: 608: 603: 601: 597: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 569: 568: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 537: 532: 531: 530: 517: 516: 510: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 489: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 467: 454: 453: 447: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 438:Disambiguation 435: 433:Categorization 430: 422: 421: 419:Categorization 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 385: 384: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 338: 337: 336: 326: 324:External links 321: 319:Citing sources 313: 312: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 286: 285: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 212: 211: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 189: 188: 178: 177: 163: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143:WP:RELIABILITY 139: 132: 125: 117: 112: 109: 94: 93: 84: 65:For Knowledge 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5485: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Cite messages 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306:Advanced help 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5100:Verifiability 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4949: 4946: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4880: 4877: 4870: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Accessibility 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744:Summary style 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4691: 4684: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4631: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4568: 4561: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4397: 4394: 4387: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329:Autobiography 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260:Verifiability 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4243: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827:(2): 108–13. 3826: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3786: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3648:September 22, 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3618:September 22, 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3589:Debbie Nathan 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3117:Cherrypicking 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2724: 2721:, or another 2717: 2707: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2645: 2644:WP:RSBREAKING 2641: 2640: 2637: 2630:Breaking news 2629: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2359: 2349: 2348:better source 2339: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318:WP:SELFSOURCE 2311: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2103:WP:SELFSOURCE 2100: 2099: 2096: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:content farms 1955: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1788:ads disguised 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1691:WP:QUESTIONED 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:Harry Magdoff 1646: 1645:Betty Friedan 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1625: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336:§ Scholarship 1331: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:news agencies 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165:meta-analyses 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121:Dissertations 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 994: 992: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 975:breaking news 972: 967: 965: 954: 953:WP:OLDSOURCES 950: 947: 943: 940: 936: 935: 932: 924: 922: 918: 910: 907: 903: 895: 886: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 863: 861: 859: 855: 854: 844: 840: 839: 836: 829: 825: 818: 814: 812: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 780: 770: 766: 765: 762: 754: 752: 750: 746: 736: 727: 723: 722: 719: 713: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 686: 684: 678: 676: 671: 667: 662: 660: 655: 645: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 611: 610: 594: 593: 590: 586: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 523:Project pages 521: 520: 519: 518: 515: 511: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 487: 483: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 452: 448: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 420: 416: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 379: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 344: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 311: 307: 298: 295: 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