Knowledge (XXG):Researching with Knowledge (XXG)

764:("Full Text On the Net" bias) and ensure that a second article appearing to confirm a Knowledge (XXG) article is not (for example) simply a copy of an earlier version. One place to look for additional sources to use in assessing the quality of a Knowledge (XXG) article is to look at the sources it cites. An article that faithfully reflects the information and intent of a large number of high quality sources is likely to be a very reliable indicator of the current state of knowledge on a subject. An article with fewer or no sources listed or sources of lower quality may not reflect a researcher's desired high quality. The only way to ensure the article faithfully reflects the information in high quality sources is to read and understand the cited sources and perhaps others. Often at the least a Knowledge (XXG) article will be an excellent overview of a given subject, making it easier to understand the cited sources and know what type of information to look for. 724:, or watching newly created articles for quality control purposes, or similar roles. Editors who find that editorial administrator responsibility would benefit their ability to help the Knowledge (XXG) community may ask their peers in the community for agreement to undertake such roles. This approval process helps to create and maintain a structure which enforces meritocracy and communal standards of editorship and conduct. Administrative and other similar roles are achieved only after a nomination process and a poll that shows at least 75-80% approval, a standard which tends to ensure a high level of experience, trust, and familiarity across a broad front of projects within Knowledge (XXG). 175: 646:) but other times it may be subtle: one side of a controversial issue may be excellently presented, while the other is barely mentioned; a portion of someone's life (not always the most notable portion) may be covered in detail, while other aspects may be presented only sketchily or not at all; coverage of a country's history may focus on the incidents that drew international attention, or may simply reflect the interest and expertise of some individual writer. 668:—a collaborative, open-source medium. Just as human knowledge evolves, so does our wiki coverage of it. Wiki articles are continually edited and improved over time, and in general this results in an upward trend of quality and a growing consensus over a fair balanced representation of information. It will tend to gain citations, new sections, and so forth. Dubious statements tend to be removed over time, but they may have a long life before they are removed. 981:(it's free, you don't need to provide any personal or contact information, and there won't be any spam). If you log in, and if you sign your posts on talk pages with ~~~~, that will be saved on the talk page as an account signature and a timestamp. Posting to talk pages with an account is not only a local social norm, but it makes it possible for you to retain your identity across multiple editing sessions and avoid being confused with others. 489: 963:. In the history section of each article, you can find out which users contributed what material to an article. In addition, each article has a talk page. If you have questions about the article, asking on its talk page or the talk page of the users who contributed the text will often get your question answered. Then you and the contributor may update the article to make it clearer for the next researcher. 98: 70: 532:. However, this process can take months or years, as each user contributes in turn. Some articles contain statements and claims that have not yet been fully cited. Others will later have entire new sections added. Some information now in the article may be considered by later contributors to be insufficiently founded and may be removed or expanded. 933:, many articles are not yet there. In fact, two articles on related subjects may have been written by different people and reflect different biases. Even within a single article radically different or conflicting biases may be found. It is also a matter of contention whether certain views are described in a neutral manner. 807:. Hyperlinks allow Knowledge (XXG) authors to link any word or phrase to another Knowledge (XXG) article, often providing annotations of great value. Background information to an article no longer needs to be limited or even produced by the author of the article. This method has proved to have major limitations on the 1063:

Owing to the radical openness of Knowledge (XXG), decisions about referencing articles must be made on an article-by-article basis. If one does choose to cite a Knowledge (XXG) article, references should identify a specific version of an article by providing the date and time it was created. This can

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with important links liable to be lost like needles in a haystack. Also, someone may have linked a word without looking to see whether it leads to anything useful: you may follow up a link and find nothing more than what you just read, or even find an article on an unrelated meaning of the same word.

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The Knowledge (XXG) community is largely self-organising, so that anyone may build a reputation as a competent editor and become involved in any role they may choose, subject to peer approval. Individuals often will choose to become involved in specialized tasks, such as reviewing articles at others'

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Also, much as Knowledge (XXG) can rapidly produce articles on timely topics, it is also subject to remarkable oversights and omissions. There is no systematic process to make sure that "obviously important" topics are written about, so at any given time Knowledge (XXG) may be wildly out of balance in

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Knowledge (XXG)'s most dramatic weaknesses are closely associated with its greatest strengths. Knowledge (XXG)'s radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state: for example, it could be in the middle of a large edit or it could have been recently vandalized.

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Another problem with a lot of content on Knowledge (XXG) is that many contributors do not cite their sources—something that makes it hard for the reader to judge the credibility of what is written. As of 2010, this problem has almost certainly been diminishing over the last several years, but it has

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is neutral, referenced, and encyclopedic, containing notable, verifiable knowledge. An increasing number of articles reach this standard over time. Because this is an open wiki, there is no guarantee that a featured article retains its quality over time, and of course an older featured article does

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There are cases where contributions to Knowledge (XXG) are considered original and important enough on topics not covered in other works, so as to be considered a citeable (secondary) source. (For example, according to the New York Times' website, "The Supreme Court of Iowa cite Knowledge (XXG) to

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between the editors who created it. Often, if you have questions about an article or are looking to do in-depth research on a subject, reading the history and talk pages gives you further insight into why the article says what it says and which points of the article (if any) are in dispute and may

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The process of creating Knowledge (XXG) is radically open. As a result, unlike most reference works, it is possible that, even for a generally excellent and stable article, the latest version at any given moment may have been subject to recent edits which are not of the same quality as the rest of

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In part, this is because Knowledge (XXG) operates mainly on an informal process to resolve such issues. When editors cannot agree on content and approach, it is likely to take a bit of time before more experienced editors enter the picture. Even then, on inherently controversial topics, those more

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itself) than like a typical reference work. The mere fact that a book is in the library is no guarantee against bias or misinformation. The same can be said of Knowledge (XXG) articles. This does not make them useless, it just means that they should be approached differently than one approaches a

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However, few articles are of encyclopedic quality from the start. Indeed, many articles commence their lives as partisan drafts, and it may take a long process of discussion, debate, and argument to yield a consensus form. Other articles may, for a while, become caught up in a heavily unbalanced

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Also, it often provides access to subject matter that is otherwise inaccessible in non-native languages. Since English Knowledge (XXG) editors come from all around the world, the relative lack of non-Western topics found in many Western publications is significantly less noticeable on Knowledge

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First you should question the appropriateness of citing any encyclopedia as a source or reference. This is not simply a Knowledge (XXG)-specific issue, as most secondary schools and institutions of higher learning do not consider encyclopedias, in general, a proper citable source. Citation of

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In comparison with most other web-based resources, Knowledge (XXG)'s open approach tremendously increases the chances that any particular factual error or misleading statement will be promptly corrected. As Knowledge (XXG) is a collaborative, ongoing project, one may also ask questions of an

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Users should be aware that not all articles are of encyclopedic quality from the start. Indeed, many articles start out by giving one—perhaps not particularly evenhanded—view of the subject, and it is after a long process of discussion, debate, and argument that they gradually take on a

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upward. It is important to use Knowledge (XXG) carefully if it is intended to be used as a research source. Individual articles will, by the very nature of Knowledge (XXG), vary in standard and maturity. This page is intended to help users and researchers do this effectively.

863:—or, more remarkably, if it is a blank article that has not yet been started—numerous related articles may be easily accessible through this feature. Sometimes these backward links will show you ways in which the article you started from is incomplete in one area or another. 839:

Virtually all articles now have some form of categorization; however, the quality of this can be highly variable. In many topic areas contributors have created detailed and well-organized categorization; in other topic areas, categorization has occurred in a more

836:) since the beginning of 2004. The category system is a collaborative categorization system using freely chosen keywords by all contributors to Knowledge (XXG). This feature allows researchers to navigate Knowledge (XXG) via categories, which can be very useful. 638:

the relative attention paid to two different topics. For example, it is far more likely that the English-language Knowledge (XXG) will have at least some material about any given small U.S. village than about a given moderately-sized city in sub-Saharan Africa.

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for serious research, not an endpoint. Though many casual inquiries will be satisfied merely by referring to Knowledge (XXG), you will learn more by accessing the print and online resources we reference. We encourage you to verify our content by using

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Questions like this are often very useful to the refinement of articles. If you have a relevant question that was not answered by the article, there is a fair chance that others will need this information also, and it should be added to the article.

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Another closely related issue is that particular Knowledge (XXG) articles (or series of related articles) are liable to be incomplete in ways that would be unusual in a more tightly-controlled reference work. Sometimes this is obvious (as with a

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Probably the most general approach to this is to first put your question on the talk page of the appropriate article, then put a note on the talk page of the relevant contributor or contributors calling their attention to your question.

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as a whole, because for a variety of reasons links are prone to quickly become obsolete. However, internal links within Knowledge (XXG) can be made with confidence, and so Knowledge (XXG) serves a web of mutually supporting information.

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as not everything in Knowledge (XXG) is accurate, comprehensive, or unbiased. Knowledge (XXG), like other encyclopedias, is intended to provide an overview of topics and indicate sources of more extensive and academic information.

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is for a specific version of this page created at 22:13 on 17 January 2007; 101425275 is the article version number. The link will display the article as it existed at that time; no later revisions will be included in the text.

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Because of the nature of Knowledge (XXG), it's encouraged that people looking for information should try to find it themselves in the first instance. If, however, you come across valid information missing from Knowledge (XXG),

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viewpoint, and it can take some time to restore a balanced consensus. Knowledge (XXG) has various processes to reach consensus about an article, including mechanisms to bring in broader participation to controversial articles.

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At the same time, simple academic ethics require that you should actually read the work that you cite: if you do not actually have your hands on a book, you should not misleadingly cite it as your source.

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Despite this shortage of formal review, many articles have had enormous scrutiny. Again, this can often be identified informally by browsing the history and discussion associated with the article.

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There is an established escalation and dispute process within Knowledge (XXG), as well as pages designed for raising questions, feedback, suggestions and comments, and community discussion. (See

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In most academic institutions, Knowledge (XXG), like most encyclopedias and other tertiary sources, is unacceptable as a source for facts in a research paper. Some encyclopedias such as

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sits at the top of all editor conduct disputes, and its members are elected by an established enquiry and decision-making process in which all regular editors can equally participate.

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Unlike some reference works, Knowledge (XXG)'s biases are inconsistent. Wikipedians come from all over the world and all walks of life. While we strive to have articles fit a

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We advise special caution when using Knowledge (XXG) as a source for research. Anyone may edit an article, deleting accurate information or adding false information. See also

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is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Knowledge (XXG) is certainly more subject to subtle vandalism and deliberate factual errors than a typical reference work.

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Another feature of the "toolbox" is the "Printable version". Use it whenever you want to print articles for a printer-friendly version of the article. Browsers, such as

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The founder of Knowledge (XXG) is the sole individual empowered to override this process, but has stated in public that extreme circumstances aside, he will not do so.

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If you decide to cite Knowledge (XXG), remember that its articles are constantly changing: cite exact time, date, and version of the article version you are using.

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In general, you should not expect Wikipedians to contact you by email. Instead, check back to the talk page periodically to see if your question has been answered.

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Knowledge (XXG) article is balanced, neutral, and encyclopedic, containing notable verifiable knowledge. Over time, an increasing number of articles have reached

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Where articles have references to external sources (whether online or not) read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says.

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discusses one of the more ambitious schemes to bring a comparable level of scrutiny to a large number of articles. As of November 2004, there have been no

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can be a great tool for learning and researching information. However, as with all tertiary reference works, Knowledge (XXG) is not considered to be a

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Inside Higher Ed. March 26, 2010. A discussion of teaching critical evaluation of Knowledge (XXG) and other online sources in a classroom setting.

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form. Others may become caught up in a heavily unbalanced viewpoint and can take some time—months perhaps—to regain a better-balanced consensus.

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Always be wary of any one single source (in any medium—web, print, television or radio), or of multiple works that derive from a single source.

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and similar services); if an article predominantly relies on closed sources, it might get harder in the future to understand its references.

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have notable authors working for them and may be cited as a secondary source in some cases; institutional policies will vary. For example,

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explain that "jungle juice" is 'the name given to a mix of liquor that is usually served for the sole purpose of becoming intoxicated.'")

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This does not mean Knowledge (XXG) is not useful: Knowledge (XXG) articles contain many links to newspaper articles, books (often with

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numbers), radio programming, television shows, Web-based sources, and the like. It will usually be more acceptable to cite those

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One of the lesser known, but extremely useful, techniques for researching with Knowledge (XXG) is the effective use of the "

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In general, this problem is less common in the English-language Knowledge (XXG) than in Wikipedias in some other languages.

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Knowledge (XXG) often produces excellent articles about newsworthy events within days of their occurrence, such as the

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Similarly, because Knowledge (XXG)'s content is only valuable in relation to its sources, it helps to preserve on the

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No good scholar expects any given reference work to be truly unbiased. Instead, one comes to understand the expected

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In all categorized articles, you should be able to find a list of categories at the very bottom of that article.

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and external links, Knowledge (XXG) can be an excellent guide to other related material, both on and off Wiki.

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Knowledge (XXG) is not just an encyclopedia—it is also an immense community of active contributors, or

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degraded, or failed to rise with the general standards, to the point of losing their featured status.

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perspectives and attitudes about race, ethnicity, sex, and sexuality that by today's standards seem

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For the most part, Knowledge (XXG) has similar strengths and weaknesses to any other encyclopedia.

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Many of the general rules of thumb for conducting research apply to Knowledge (XXG), including:

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en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Knowledge (XXG):Researching_with_Wikipedia&oldid=101425275

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We strongly recommend that if you want to participate in the Knowledge (XXG) community you

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list some additional issues about Knowledge (XXG) (and what we try to do to mitigate them)

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It explains concepts or processes used by the Knowledge (XXG) community. It is not one of

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not magically improve as Knowledge (XXG)'s standards generally rise. As of August 2006,

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pages contains examples of academic publications that used Knowledge (XXG) as a source.

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At any given moment, an article may be in a vandalized state (rare, but not negligible).

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The history of an article and the process around how it was written are transparent.

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Knowledge (XXG) in research papers has been known to result in a failing grade.

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Another proposed approach to formally reviewing more articles can be found at

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help several hundred editors to watch for problematic edits and editors. An

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Facilities for help for users researching specific topics can be found at:

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A small number of English-language Knowledge (XXG) articles—most notably,

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Knowledge (XXG) has certain advantages over other reference works. Being

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Knowledge (XXG) breathes new life into one of the initial dreams of the

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For a quick and simple guide to using Knowledge (XXG) in Research, see

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Can History be Open Source? Knowledge (XXG) and the Future of the Past

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sources are usually easier to preserve in the long-term (including at

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In this respect, Knowledge (XXG) is more like a library (or like the

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perspective (and probably a lesser degree of scholarship than in

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Evaluating Web Pages: Techniques to Apply & Questions to Ask

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Knowledge (XXG):Administration § Human and legal administration

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for a summary overview and understanding of Knowledge (XXG).

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Special research considerations concerning Knowledge (XXG)

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Background knowledge for researchers about Knowledge (XXG)

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However, unlike most reference works, you can access the

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Knowledge (XXG):A researcher's guide to discussion pages

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Knowledge (XXG):A researcher's guide to discussion pages

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rather than Knowledge (XXG) since it is, by nature, a

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Keep in mind that an encyclopedia is intended to be a

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article's authors. And thanks to its extensive use of

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experienced editors may have their own axes to grind.

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Articles vary wildly in quality and comprehensiveness.

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Brochure on how to evaluate a Knowledge (XXG) article

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Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) as an academic source

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Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) as an academic source

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published, although at least two have been issued in

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of a particular work. For example, in looking at the

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Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

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Knowledge (XXG):Why Knowledge (XXG) is not so great

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Knowledge (XXG):Academic studies of Knowledge (XXG)

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Knowledge (XXG):Why Knowledge (XXG) is not so great

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Knowledge (XXG):Academic studies of Knowledge (XXG)

703:Editorial administration, oversight and management 421:Potential researchers and other serious users are 27:Guide to conducting research using Knowledge (XXG) 1383:"Courts turn to Knowledge (XXG), but selectively" 1020:Knowledge (XXG):Forum for Encyclopedic Standards 786:(previous versions and change comments) and the 1273:– academic research about Knowledge (XXG), and 1262:– our help desk, feel free to ask any questions 715:Knowledge (XXG):Editorial oversight and control 564:Knowledge (XXG):Why Knowledge (XXG) is so great 1234:– Knowledge (XXG) does not give medical advice 1228:– Knowledge (XXG) does not give legal opinions 774:Knowledge (XXG):How to read an article history 752:Because Knowledge (XXG) is licensed under the 397:Cornell University's online guide to APA style 1506: 1064:be found in the edit history of the article. 347: 8: 1266:Knowledge (XXG):Replies to common objections 1176:so others can gain from your research, too! 1484:Crash Course Navigating Digital Information 1271:Knowledge (XXG):Researching Knowledge (XXG) 1149:—to suggest or request articles for future. 60:Knowledge (XXG):The Knowledge (XXG) Library 42:Knowledge (XXG):Researching Knowledge (XXG) 2145: 1513: 1499: 1491: 951:Knowledge (XXG):Who writes Knowledge (XXG) 354: 340: 162: 2592:Knowledge (XXG) resources for researchers 1440:Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117–46. 1409:How to Evaluate a Knowledge (XXG) Article 1424:Critically Analyzing Information Sources 115:Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines 1319: 1283:– Use Knowledge (XXG) at your own risk. 165: 1124:Index of all Knowledge (XXG) FAQ pages 1035:Knowledge (XXG):Citing Knowledge (XXG) 844:fashion and is sometimes poorly done. 478: 407:However, because of Knowledge (XXG)'s 1275:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Wikidemia 926:, but a more easily readable style). 867:Take advantage of "printable version" 791:particularly merit further research. 619:Notable weaknesses of Knowledge (XXG) 7: 1522:Basic information on Knowledge (XXG) 1452:"What's Wrong with Knowledge (XXG)?" 1340:. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 1289:– Knowledge (XXG) as a teaching tool 1238:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 945:Use Knowledge (XXG)'s social process 720:request, watching current edits for 576:, unavailable in traditional media. 558:Notable strengths of Knowledge (XXG) 437:A slightly longer "nutshell" summary 117:, and may reflect varying levels of 38:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Research 1726:List of tutorials and introductions 1287:Knowledge (XXG):Student assignments 886:Understand Knowledge (XXG)'s biases 851:Take advantage of "what links here" 1565:(interactive help for new editors) 1419:University of California, Berkeley 1232:Knowledge (XXG):Medical disclaimer 1221:Knowledge (XXG):General disclaimer 1209:Knowledge (XXG):Content disclaimer 1191:Knowledge (XXG):Academic resources 1147:Knowledge (XXG):Requested articles 654:Article quality in Knowledge (XXG) 25: 2597:Knowledge (XXG) basic information 2176:Request access to major databases 1582:Readers' index to Knowledge (XXG) 327:Reader's guide to Knowledge (XXG) 1689:Researching with Knowledge (XXG) 1366:Andrew Orlowski (15 June 2006). 1226:Knowledge (XXG):Legal disclaimer 1110:Frequently asked questions (FAQ) 979:create a Knowledge (XXG) account 828:Knowledge (XXG) has had its own 748:Use multiple independent sources 685:19% of one-time feature articles 487: 300:Researching with Knowledge (XXG) 173: 96: 68: 1438:The Journal of American History 1351:Andrew Orlowski (28 May 2006). 1281:Knowledge (XXG):Risk disclaimer 1248:Knowledge (XXG):Patent nonsense 58:For the Open research hub, see 1456:Harvard guide to using sources 1381:Noam Cohen (29 January 2007). 1260:Knowledge (XXG):Reference desk 1153:Knowledge (XXG):Reference desk 944: 660:Reliability of Knowledge (XXG) 552:Reliability of Knowledge (XXG) 79:Reliability of Knowledge (XXG) 1: 2183:WikiProject Resource Exchange 1783:The Knowledge (XXG) Adventure 1254:Knowledge (XXG):Point of view 1242:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 1053:secondary or tertiary source. 985:Look for comprehensive review 918:, one should expect a rather 507:articles are never "finished" 459:Major additional weaknesses: 1966:Disputes resolution requests 1353:"New Age judge blasts Apple" 1336:Jeff Young (June 12, 2006). 1297:Criticism of Knowledge (XXG) 1203:Knowledge (XXG):Academic use 1005:English-language WikiReaders 993:—have had broad, systematic 897:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 830:user defined category system 768:Examine an article's history 585:2007 Wimbledon Championships 445:Major additional strengths: 1923:What Knowledge (XXG) is not 1607:Who writes Knowledge (XXG)? 900:, one expects to find some 815:Some articles are probably 593:kidnapping of Alan Johnston 535:While the overall trend is 475:Overview of Knowledge (XXG) 2613: 1445:Does Knowledge (XXG) Suck? 1301:Knowledge (XXG):Criticisms 1113: 1032: 1001:Knowledge (XXG):WikiReader 948: 771: 712: 706: 657: 622: 561: 126: 57: 50: 31: 1995:Knowledge (XXG) community 1533: 1159:Knowledge (XXG):Help desk 729:software assisted systems 486: 468:Biases are unpredictable. 203:Assessing article quality 1896:The rules are principles 1215:Knowledge (XXG):Edit war 1077:Internet Archive Scholar 941:typical reference work. 403:in some of its examples. 34:Knowledge (XXG):Research 18:Knowledge (XXG):RESEARCH 2329:User contribution pages 2161:Knowledge (XXG) Library 1908:Policies and guidelines 1480:"Using Knowledge (XXG)" 1131:Other help and feedback 767: 680:Knowledge (XXG) article 392:Encyclopædia Britannica 2587:Knowledge (XXG) how-to 2495:Image and video markup 1791:Why create an account? 1694:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 1086:and toolbox features " 1029:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 915:Collier's Encyclopedia 885: 784:history of the article 451:You can ask questions. 448:Keeps up to date well. 305:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 1903:Core content policies 1574:About Knowledge (XXG) 1385:. The New York Times. 1137:About Knowledge (XXG) 931:neutral point of view 737:arbitration committee 713:Further information: 664:Knowledge (XXG) is a 597:Benoit family tragedy 428:About Knowledge (XXG) 238:Images and multimedia 186:About Knowledge (XXG) 1761:The "Missing Manual" 1478:(February 5, 2019). 1309:– list of cited uses 399:uses citations from 105:This help page is a 1277:– a related project 1116:Knowledge (XXG):FAQ 697:independent sources 423:strongly encouraged 2458:Special Characters 2231:Citation templates 2080:Library Newsletter 1801:Email confirmation 1766:Your first article 1756:Simplified ruleset 1741:Learning the ropes 1629:General disclaimer 1428:Cornell University 733:automated programs 539:upward, it is not 83:general disclaimer 2574: 2573: 2381:Vandalism cleanup 2256: 2255: 2211:Combining sources 2166:Request Resources 1961:Requests for help 1842:Pillars, policies 1778:Young Wikipedians 1721:Main introduction 1199:– list of studies 1088:cite this article 991:featured articles 756:, its content is 601:television series 499: 498: 364: 363: 316:Readers' glossary 208:Authority control 161: 160: 91: 90: 16:(Redirected from 2604: 2285:Writing articles 2226:Citation Style 1 2188:Shared resources 2146: 2095:Community portal 1918:Appealing blocks 1891:Ignore all rules 1713:to contributing 1515: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1471: 1459: 1432:Roy Rosenzweig, 1387: 1386: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1069:Internet Archive 1049:original sources 758:often reproduced 589:Lal Masjid siege 491: 490: 479: 356: 349: 342: 177: 163: 153: 146: 139: 100: 99: 93: 87: 72: 71: 65: 53:WP:Research help 21: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2511: 2397: 2252: 2206:Finding sources 2194: 2130: 2091:Informational: 2085:GLAM Newsletter 1989: 1927: 1857:Manual of Style 1836: 1751:Newcomer primer 1746:Common mistakes 1705: 1684:Other languages 1679:Parental advice 1633: 1568: 1529: 1519: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1370:. The Register. 1365: 1364: 1360: 1355:. 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