187:
486:. According to this model a wheelchair user, for example, has an impairment such as paralysis that causes the inability to walk. This impairment is translated into disability only when the person encounters a situation that prevents them from doing something that most people can do, such as entering a building with steps but no ramp or other way to enter the building. The paralysis
87:
38:
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for the same reason Black people often capitalize that word. We capitalize it as a proper adjective or noun to represent our community and our identity." This distinction is mostly relevant in BLPs, wherein it is best to use that person's preference if known, and otherwise default to the non-capitalized version.
963:
A suggested alternative to functioning labels is to refer to an individual's level of support needs. However, even the terms "high support needs" and "low support needs" may not capture the full picture, as individuals often have high needs in some areas, but minimal support needs in others. It often
372:
should be avoided as they frame the disability and the assistive device in a negative light. They are also factually inaccurate in most cases: wheelchair users are neither physically bound to their chairs (except if falling out is a danger) nor need to remain in them, and many are in fact capable of
885:
with a capital A to refer to it as a community rather than an individual. From Lydia Brown's FAQ on
Autistic Hoya: "I capitalize the word "Autistic" as if it were a proper adjective, for the same reason the Deaf and Blind communities capitalize the respective adjectives "Deaf" and "Blind." We do it
783:
has hearing loss but is not profoundly incapable of hearing. Hard of hearing people are accepted in the Deaf community and tend to self-identify as culturally Deaf. People who become deaf later in life usually retain speech that is indistinguishable from a hearing person's, and do not generally
972:
When writing in a historical context, or describing the point of view of a specific individual or organization, it may be necessary to use outdated or inaccurate language in order to fully understand the subject. This is because opinions are expressed through syntax and word choice. Whenever
938:, or as "mild" or "severe". Some autistic people who consider themselves high-functioning take pride in the term as it represents their capabilities. However, the autistic community and an increasing number of researchers overall reject the concept of functioning labels for several reasons:
958:
Whether a person is considered high- or low-functioning is usually determined by only one factor: their ability to speak verbally. In this sense, it is not really a measurement of one's intellect or capabilities, but rather of how visible their disability is, or how well they can pass as
954:
Functioning labels are frequently used as a tool to exclude autistic people from discussions about themselves. A person is told they are either too low-functioning to be capable of having an informed opinion, or too high-functioning to relate to the challenges faced by low-functioning
242:(BLP), consider the weight given to a disability depending on where and how often it is mentioned. If the disability is well-known but not integral to the subject's identity, it may be best to add sectional details, but leave it out of the lead. For example, the article
279:, is widely deprecated, because it is perceived as implying that people with disabilities are "a homogenous group separate from the rest of society". Some disabilities have technical definitions that differ from common understanding. For example, people who are
174:
As members of a minority group, disabled people are subject to discrimination. This often takes the form of language, via general attitudes as well as specific word usage. This style guide explores respectful language, the use of which helps to maintain a
572:
is used as a metaphor in contexts unrelated to disability. It seems to be particularly used in business/economics and sports news writing: "Franklin's suspension is a crippling blow to the struggling team", and "Global platinum shortage may cripple motor
693:
refers to someone with no significant or relevant physical disabilities. The term is derided in the disability community because it implies that there is something wrong with a disabled person's body. The suggested alternative is the blanket term
376:
Assistive devices are often used temporarily (e.g., an athlete using crutches while recovering from an injury) or only near the end of life. The use of assistive devices in such cases is rarely worth mentioning in any
Knowledge article.
823:
is unique and difficult to compare to other disabilities. The exact meaning of autism remains poorly defined in the field of psychology because each autistic person presents vastly different traits and in different degrees. Autism is a
194:
When writing about a person who has a disability, first consider whether their impairment is actually relevant to their notability. If it is not, it may be best not to mention the disability at all, since mentioning it would give it
779:. Most Deaf people were either born deaf or lost their hearing in infancy, before the stage at which spoken language is typically developed. They form a linguistic and cultural minority within the general population. Someone who is
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suggests that disability is externally imposed. As
Knowledge is neutral, it does not have a stance supporting either model. Instead, due weight is to be given to both the characteristics of individuals and the social ramifications.
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In Deaf culture, person-first language has long been rejected. Instead, Deaf culture uses Deaf-first language since being culturally Deaf is a source of positive identity and pride. Appropriate terms to use for this group would be
878:. Care should also be taken on BLPs to refer to the subject by using the language the subject prefers and the language the subject personally uses to self-identify ("autistic man", "woman diagnosed with Asperger syndrome", etc.).
264:, terms that are understood within that community but not widely used elsewhere. In most cases, plain English should be substituted for such terminology. If it is not possible to convey a concept without the in-group language,
295:
level of impairment meets the medical definition. When describing a person with such a disability, it should be specified how exactly the disability manifests, if known, rather than using a term which may be misunderstood.
892:
as a noun is the most preferred term by some on the autism spectrum, and is commonly used to self-identify. However, its usage as a noun can be offensive to some people, and is recommended against by groups such as the
740:
Some groups of people who have or are involved with certain types of disabling conditions do not accept and adhere to the same ideas and language used for most disabilities and impairments. Notable among these are
828:, meaning it is a lifelong attribute. Many autistic people say that it doesn't make sense to say a person "has autism", because autism affects a person in their entirety, and cannot be separated from the person.
1378:
Kenny, Lorcan; Hattersley, Caroline; Molins, Bonnie; Buckley, Carole; Povey, Carol; Pellicano, Elizabeth (July 2015). "Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community".
199:. If the disability is significant and discussing it is necessary to fully understand the significance of the subject, or you are writing about a topic directly related to disability, please read on.
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The use of people-first language has come under criticism by some disability scholars as over-correcting. Some people experience the disability as an important component of their identity. By
404:). By "following the sources" Knowledge mostly favors people-first language with some specific exceptions. In particular, identity-first language is generally preferred with regards to
435:'s style guide calls for the use of identity-first language and the NCDJ (which favors people-first language) notes that identity-first language is strongly preferred with regards to
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the person. According to this model, impairments may be inevitable, but disability would cease to exist when society properly accommodates the needs of people who have impairments.
423:
a person from their disability, scholars may increase the stigma of people with disabilities. Some scholars and disability rights activists prefer identity-first language (i.e.
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disabilities tend to be invisible and allow passing, while physical disabilities are more difficult or even impossible to conceal. Able-passing people have the option to later
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possible, use quotation marks to indicate which literal words and phrases were used in a source but may not agree with current usage. Keep in mind that
Knowledge articles
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says that both people-first and identity-first language are acceptable, but stresses using the preferred style of the group or individuals involved (if they have one).
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walking, just not great distances or not consistently. Many long-term users tend to regard their wheelchairs as instruments of liberation, not places of confinement.
610:. While old terms still have medical definitions, in almost all cases it is inappropriate to equate an intellectual or learning disability with mental retardation.
562:, but outsiders and formal writing – including Knowledge articles – should not. The process of using an otherwise negative term as an in-group marker is known as
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is widely used in
American English but is generally deprecated in other English varieties. For further guidance on using language specific to one country, see
396:. The purpose is to prevent people from being defined entirely by their disabilities, by framing the person and the disability as separate entities (i.e.,
246:
mentions that he became deaf, but does not open with "he was a deaf German composer" because that would place an inappropriate emphasis on his deafness.
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helps to describe the specific aspect of the person’s support needs that are relevant to the situation at hand rather than making a blanket statement.
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Disability can be described as limitations caused by a person's physiology, as a social construct, as a personal identity, or all of the above. The
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is not acceptable to most deaf or hard of hearing people because it emphasizes what they cannot do. Other terms that should not be used at all are
227:, consider whether an opinion about disability or a disabled person is from a noteworthy source before including it in an article. The subject of
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and related topics. People with disabilities are a diverse set of people; there are therefore many different facets and perspectives to consider.
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For some disabilities, there are words for people who do not have that specific condition: In Deaf culture, someone who is not deaf is called a
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Referring to a person as high-functioning de-legitimizes their disability by implying that they are only partially or insignificantly disabled.
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Some disabilities are common, such as needing glasses to read fine print or to drive. If the disability isn't relevant, don't mention it.
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has an additional meaning as a synonym of stupid. Many Deaf people do not consider their deafness to be a disability or an impairment.
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are not typically regarded as assistive devices but are used as such by many disabled people. In most cases, constructs such as
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Autistic people are frequently denied proper accommodations on the grounds that they are too high-functioning to need them.
713:. These terms are often used in the autism community but should be used with caution as they may be unfamiliar to readers.
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of writing; edit-warring or enforcing one's personal style without discussion on the article's talk page may be seen as
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466:. A mix of identity- and people-first language is acceptable, provided that the text is not confusing for the reader.
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In disability articles, it is often useful to provide contrast by describing the experiences of non-disabled people.
626:) that prefer the non-euphemistic term "disability". The language still appears in the context of schools, such as
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is in-group slang used among (mostly) mobility impaired groups as a self-identification label. Insiders may use
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is used as a proper noun (with an upper case initial) it refers to the community of Deaf people in terms of
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223:. It is best to remain factual in describing the nature of a particular disability. In order to maintain a
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Gernsbacher, Morton Ann; Raimond, Adam R.; Balinghasay, M. Theresa; Boston, Jilana S. (19 December 2016).
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is not an official policy of
Knowledge, many forms of harmful language are also factually inaccurate.
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it. It may also be useful to include an explanation within the article, in addition to the wikilink.
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1109:"Editorial Perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma"
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This style guide is intended as advice for
Knowledge editors writing about subjects involving
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are generally thought of as completely paralyzed in some part of their body, but technically
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is sometimes used to avoid the person vs. identity debate. However, avoid using the phrase
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by disability rights advocates. It is deprecated by many style guides (including
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without their permission. Such outing should never be done on
Knowledge. See
1486:"Guidelines for Writing About People With Disabilities | ADA National Network"
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National Center on
Disability and Journalism: Disability Language Style Guide
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Disabilities of all kinds are frequently subjected to negative judgment and
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suggests that disabling conditions are inherent in an individual, while the
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or disclose their disability, a process that is analogous to coming out as
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The language of disability has gone through many iterations on the path to
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Wheelchair users are a particularly notable group who generally prefer the
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on how to format and present article content within their area of interest.
1511:"Inclusive language: words to use and avoid when writing about disability"
717:(meaning non-autistic) should be avoided completely in Knowledge's voice.
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A person's disability may not be notable, even if the person is notable.
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is also a matter of opinion and must be held to the same standard. See
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Autistic people are too diverse to be categorized under a dichotomy.
1013:(3rd. ed.). Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. p. 62.
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Use people-first language in most cases, but there are exceptions.
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Refer to disabilities using language that does not imply judgment.
1471:"The Dos and Don'ts of Writing About the Disabled | Literary Hub"
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Neurological and mental disabilities are collectively known as
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Functioning labels are the categorization of autism as either
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in the UK, who support its use as an adjective. Terms such as
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refers to this iterative selection of terminology. Currently,
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1336:"Deaf and Disability Studies: Interdisciplinary Perspectives"
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as non-disabled. One who is successful at this is considered
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Culturally
Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding
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Stanford, Fatima Cody; Kyle, Theodore K. (1 November 2018).
771:, a socio-linguistic group identity. These are people whose
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is generally avoided because it has so many other meanings.
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is recommended by many style guides, including those of the
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American Psychological Association: Style Guide: Disability
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List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
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should also be avoided, unless in direct quotes. Person
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are used by many people with a variety of impairments.
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1034:"Supporting Students with Disabilities | Introduction"
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Referring to a person as low-functioning is insulting.
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if the meaning is unclear or could be misinterpreted.
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There are many social reasons why a person who has an
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Make a distinction between disability and impairment.
1311:"Community and Culture – Frequently Asked Questions"
1162:"Making information and the words we use accessible"
1055:"Respectful Language and Care in Childhood Obesity"
55:It contains the advice or opinions of one or more
1447:"Ollibean: More Problems With Functioning Labels"
498:Political correctness and the euphemism treadmill
478:contends that a distinction must be made between
844:as diagnoses are all deprecated as parts of the
1270:. National Center on Disability and Journalism.
1217:Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
851:and should be referred to as such or simply as
858:Many autistic people, as well as those in the
808:; both imply an inability to communicate, and
653:, while one who is unsuccessful is considered
506:. Terms used to refer to people have included
1213:"'Special needs' is an ineffective euphemism"
540:is the term most favored by disabled people.
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1180:National Center on Disability and Journalism
1009:Henderson, George; Bryan, Willie V. (2004).
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643:may wish to conceal their disability and
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1200:. American Psychological Association.
968:Historical context and points of view
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784:become part of the Deaf community.
683:Terminology for non-disabled people
657:. Intellectual, sensory, mental or
458:Keep in mind Knowledge's policy of
1011:Psychosocial aspects of disability
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72:thoroughly vetted by the community
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1176:"Disability Language Style Guide"
606:have been deprecated in favor of
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1107:Gernsbacher, Morton Ann (2017).
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736:Exceptions to the general advice
669:. Sometimes disabled people are
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18:Knowledge:WikiProject Disability
1469:Griffith, Nicola (2016-08-23).
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724:. One who is not blind is a
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103:Give due weight to both the
1359:"Autistic Hoya: Autism FAQ"
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1421:"How to talk about autism"
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860:autism rights movement
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679:for further guidance.
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532:. The concept of the
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618:is widely seen as a
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132:invisible disability
1281:Lum, Doman (2010).
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1334:Rashid, Khadijat.
1268:"NCDJ style guide"
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