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represent every time they encounter a notation and there would be no consistency, again rendering the IPA useless. So it is only reasonable that we pre-define a simplified and unified set of symbols for each language based on its phonological system and use it exclusively. This is why the language-specific IPA templates link the notations to the respective keys, not to mention why the keys are made in the first place. Frankly, I suspect virtually every IPA notation on
Knowledge is gibberish to "non-specialist" readers. Japanese has a relatively straightforward phonological system so IPA notations for Japanese tend not to be über-complicated, but just take a look at
2945:, for example (a totally random selection). Are these accessible to non-specialists? Certainly not. But we don't dumb them down by replacing them with whatever symbols the editor thought were "more accessible", because that would not only be unscientific and unencyclopedic, but also create inconsistency among notations in various articles and in turn render the IPA on Knowledge as a whole useless. So what we do instead is link the notations to language-specific keys so readers will be able to figure out what phoneme/allophone each symbol represents and what kind of sound it is.
2976:. So the pronunciation of Japanese /u/ as anything other than will most likely sound strikingly off to native ears, the same way pronouncing English /f/ as would to English-speaking ears. Now I realize this may not always be the case in other parts of Japan, but like it or not, it is still the case that even the most descriptive dialectological account of a language has to establish a standard variety as a reference point, be it Received Pronunciation, General American, Parisian French, or Tokyo Japanese―describing the fact that there
3006:: we're talking at cross purposes again. You're citing phonology texts, which is not the context we're aiming at. As to how "strikingly off" it sounds to native Japanese speakers for a non-native to pronounce as or as /f/—we'd need a native speaker to confirm, but my twenty years experience in Japan tells me those are some of the least likely L2 mispronunciations to cause communication problems, and many J-speakers have told me they can't even hear the difference between and /f/. But again,
2949:
every language exploits a different set of sounds and phonetic features (stress, tone, length, voicing, aspiration, phonation...) to create differences in meaning. Rather, such differences are also important things to illustrate in notations so long as they do not compromise the intelligibility of them. So we want the IPA for foreign languages to be both reasonably abstracted and reasonably detailed. Or would you say, for example, we should use instead of for
Japanese
2972:). Tokyo Japanese /u/ is described by Vance as compressed in careful speech and slightly compressed or simply unrounded in "connected speech at normal conversational tempos", and by Labrune as flat-out unrounded. So to use would be definitely inaccurate as far as phonetic representation of Tokyo Japanese /u/ goes. It can also be very fronted, yielding
3134:"... a reader who've learned what represents by clicking the link will be confused when seeing in another article ...": Will they really? And is that even the point? I've already brought this up—any reader familiar with Japanese phonology will correctly map to without thinking about it, and readers who are
2948:
We use diaphonemic representation for
English because readers of English Knowledge are expected to have a certain amount of proficiency in English and thus an ability to "map" the representation to their own accent. But an IPA notation for a foreign language cannot possibly serve such a purpose since
2248:
s from Kyushu was really silly. Ukiyo-e is a little more of a grey area, since the standard
Japanese pronunciation is the one most widely used in contemporary Japan, but it's really not the one that will be most helpful to our readers: only well-learned linguists (who would probably mostly agree that
2341:
key is too "hair-splitting"―it's already about as simple as the IPA key for any other foreign language. Rather, it is that, since the sound system of
Japanese is fairly straightforward and its writing system is highly representative of the sound, IPA may not be so useful for Japanese words as it may
2239:
We should of course remember that the IPA being used is generally based on modern standard
Japanese (Tokyo dialect). Giving overly specific IPA renditions like this is not only unhelpful to readers who almost certainly couldn't make head or tail of several of the more obscure symbols, but it is not
2932:
The thing is, if we used excessively precise phonetic transcriptions like everywhere, they would be completely unintelligible for most people, and thus rendered useless. On the other hand, if we allowed editors to use whatever symbols they saw fit, readers would have to decipher what sounds they
2445:
To be clear, when I wrote the above quote I was looking for a reason for the pronunciation key to be included at all. In an ideal world, though, I honestly would prefer not to write articles while thinking of the people who pronounce it like "Yukio". So my first choice would be for no key at all,
3088:
Again, most IPA notations are indeed gibberish to the layreader. But giving editors a room to improvise jeopardizes the consistency among IPA notations and hence the IPA as a whole―a reader who've learned what represents by clicking the link will be confused when seeing in another article and
2881:
is that it is sufficiently abstracted that one will naturally map those sounds to their
English equivalents, regardless of dialect, and those familiar with Japanese phonology will naturally map them to their Japanese (dailect) equivalents. The representation isn't even "inaccurate"—it's merely
2570:
Right, I wouldn't go so far as to say it's incorrect just to be not prescriptive, but it does indeed strike me as a pronunciation by someone who's not so familiar with how
Japanese works. And this is why I said it was not "the perfect source" (along with the fact that the book is known for some
2862:—this discussion seems to have petered out without reaching a conclusion. I want to clarify my position: it's already widespread within and without Wikpedia to use characters in IPA pronunciation keys that are not as precise as a scientist would prefer. The prime example of that is using
2464:
In answer to Mr KEBAB's question: While I am not familiar with that particular source, it clearly is not a specialist work on
Japanese art history, and the problem with using such sources is that oftentimes they use terms in a completely different sense than specialist ones would. Our
2953:
because it's more easily recognized by
English speakers? But the substitution of English /f/ with is one of the first differences such people are likely to notice when they hear Japanese pronunciation of English loans. The use of rather than helps signal such a cross-linguistic
3046:(A further problem with "English" pronunciations is that they all seem to do it differently: we have two conflicting sources above, and both conflict with the pronunciation I'm used to—every flesh-and-blood English speaker I know stresses the penultimate syllable.)
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which you should've done in the first place. The level of your stubbornness is astonishing, and the fact that you continually dismiss me as a troll or a disruption is beyond pathetic. Keep thinking that you're capable of an adult conversation as you said on
1276:
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But I don't see why any of these would be preferable to the IPA I gave—what I gave is easily mentally mapped to a reader's dialect. That's why it's good to keep these things maximally abstract—no pointless fighting over whether an
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2776:
I gotta say, I agree. Yes, there are people who, when they see a pronunciation key that begins with /u/ they will still pronounce it as though there was a "y" sound, but they are definitely in the minority. I actually don't know
3283:
The above links are to the latest archives, from 2013–2015. After that the links become 404s. Also I'm not sure if we can go so far as to say that these schools were approved by MEXT. It might be more in the nature of a survey.
1355:
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if you like, but I for one think the notation is well established and it's a cross-linguistic difference worth recording, so I would be opposed to it. And until it gains a consensus, in existing IPA-ja notations must stay.
3347:
Hoshukos cannot be certified or designated, because overseas educational institutions are "certified" ("designated") if they can provide the "equivalent" ("comparable") curriculums to that of full-time domestic schools. See
2755:: Japanese is coming to recognize to recognize the difference between /si/ and /ɕi/, though it hasn't yet become as universal as recognizing the difference between /ti/ and /tɕi/. You'll sometimes see /si/ written as スィ.
2579:'s question. It is also why I said "at least it's non-OR", so I never intended to imply that a Japanese notation would be OR, but I totally see why it could have been construed that way. Sorry for the misleading language.
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You've been ignoring me all along, so that's not a change. At this point I'm writing a report to the admins, I don't give a damn if they ban me too. You're an abusive hypocrite that needs to be taught a lesson.
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There are contexts in which is most appropriate, others in which is—and others in which they both miss the point. We don't disallow in all contexts simply because that's not the representation provided at
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an unrhymed (sic) verse form of Japanese origin having three lines (sic) containing usually five, seven, and five syllables (sic) respectively; also (sic) : a poem in this form usually (sic) having a seasonal
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3350:「私立在外教育施設は、文部科学大臣から、国内の小学校、中学校、若しくは高等学校と同等の課程(equivalent curriculums)を有する旨の認定(certified)又は、相当の課程(comparable curriculums)を有する旨の指定(designated)を受けており、私立在外教育施設の中学部の卒業者は国内の高等学校の入学資格を、高等部卒業者は国内の大学の入学資格をそれぞれ有しています。
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just to be able to read the word. It appears there are IPA-pedants going around systematically making such changes to a large number of articles, making them less accessible to readers. What can we do?
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Interesting! I am aware that hoshukos do receive money and teachers from MEXT, so I'm unsure how they list/vet the schools... Does MEXT still keep a list? Also Penang Japanese Saturday School stated
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it states "○指定（未認定）私立在外教育施設" = gtranslate: "○ Designated (uncertified) Private foreign education facilities" - Seems "designated" is a better usage even though only that one school is uncertified.
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is not a correct English or Japanese pronunciation. In the context, following the kanji, the anglicized pronunciation is not appropriate. I'd like to see an explanation for why we should prefer
3014:
article is not trying to teach Japanese phonology, but give a rough guide to pronunciation to that majority of readers who will likely never think to learn Hepburn, because their interest is not
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2692:"If we made our IPA for Japanese phonemic ... it would convey even less information than the romanization."—I'm not following (and I'm pretty sure you're misinterpreting me). Please elaborate?
2892:—which best serves the non-specialist reader (Knowledge's target audience)? Anyone looking for the precision of the latter is unlikely to come looking for it at Knowledge in the first place.
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3370:: "In July 2013, we were successfully registered with the Registry of Society (ROS) in Malaysia. Our ultimate goal is to get an approval and funds from the Japanese Ministry of Education."
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for English to represent what's usually a postalveolar approximant—this usage is near universal in dictionaries and other reference works. This is the same situation as presenting
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so many people can't make a correct guess at how to read Hepburn romanization": of course you can—most people have zero familiarity with Japanese. Why would they guess? As for
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3106:: "Again, most IPA notations are indeed gibberish to the layreader."—Again, I've brought this up already, but IPA is in wide use in many parts of the world. My children's
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2822:), but that early scholars based their transcriptions on works by the Dutch or Portuguese from the late Sengoku period. The same thing lead to the funny spelling of
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issuing constant personal remarks at me (as here), while refusing to engage in discussion (as here). Let's try to keep on topic in this discussion at the vey least.
34:
2828:, which again was no longer a current pronunciation at the time of publication (nor were these pronunciations even taught in school, if I'm remembering correctly).
2211:
I can see that now. Sorry to have misrepresented you. I've stricken that now. We're still left with the basic issue of accessibility that needs to be dealt with.
3331:
Sadly these 4 and 5 lists only have the full-time schools, not part-time ones. I'm interested in seeing if MEXT has designated or certified any additional hoshukos.
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1551:
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2469:
article discusses the classical Japanese poetic form that by definition must always include a season-word, rather than the word that is defined by Webster as
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familiar with Japanese will not lose anything the lack of precision, which would regardless not result in any communication difficulty. These same readers
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phonemic, but I just brought it up trying to illustrate the impracticality of transcribing Japanese in IPA in an accessible yet reasonably precise manner.
2456:
But not the one Nardog gives above, which is clearly outdated; the only word that is still commonly written and pronounced that way that I can think of is
1523:
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a standard variety is also part of being descriptive, again like it or not. This is why we use for French /r/ even though the realizations vary, and why
2781:
so many people can't make a correct guess at how to read Hepburn romanization, but the mere fact of their being unable does not appear to be in dispute.
2249:
prescribing the Tokyo dialect pronunciation is not helpful) and Japanese-speakers (who don't need an IPA pronunciation key to begin with) could read it.
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3196:, regarding a page related to this WikiProject. Your opinion and rationale are needed so a decision can be made. Thank you and Happy New Year to All
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be put out if they have to click through to the Help page to find out what the symbol represents, just to get through the lead—it's a lightweight
1893:. The article is not a linguistics treatise and the pronunciation guide is meant ot do no more than prevent people from accidentally pronouncing
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in the context—why this would best serve the general reader. I've asked this before, and nobody seems to want to engage with the question.
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3127:-related templates—as jargon inappropriate to the lead of any Knowledge article, whose target audience is layreaders. Which would render
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a couple months back, but prescribing to our readers the specifically Tokyo pronunciation of the name of the British-raised son of two
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opt for (but not , for example) even in relatively broad phonetic transcription (phonetic transcriptions can be narrow or broad, see
2808:, that comes from 絵 being represented by ゑ until the post-WWII spelling reforms. My understanding is it had ceased being pronounced
2731:
because , , etc. are now possible articulations thanks to the influx of Western loans, but and remain impossible for most speakers.
2957:
As for the use of over for Japanese /u/, there may be an argument for it, but it is nonetheless the case that authorities such as
2284:
is accurate for the Tokyo dialect but not for one or more other dialects? I have read on Knowledge about differences in historical
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with "Japanese woodblock print images" (which definition would include a lot of other images but ironically exclude, for example,
17:
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Nobody is arguing against the use of over because it's phonetically less accurate. We are against it because it's not in the
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If you really think that only experts should be familiar with IPA, then you should be advocating their removal—as well as the
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some (preferably sourced) English one included in a footnote, and either one included in-line in the lead as a distant third.
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Thanks for finding these! Gtranslate states "認定した在外教育施設の一覧" means "List of certified overseas education facilities". For
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d. That page tells us that is pronounced similar , while you're telling us the page's purpose is to dispell that.
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Shit, CT's right. Regardless of how sourced Nardog's above English IPA spelling is, it is obviously not acceptable.
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et al. useless as well. If this is not your position, then I'm having the hardest time figuring out just what is.
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One of them also claims the "correct" pronunciation is , with a couple of glottal stops thrown in ("`ukkyiyoe"?).
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I'm curious (because I don't know that much about Japanese dialects): are there ways in which the transcription
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be for other languages, as Hijiri88 points out. If we made our IPA for Japanese phonemic, as Curly Turkey has
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even "correct" except in a very narrow and often anachronistic sense. We had a brief discussion about this on
2040:, which is the weapon this pair is using to justify this (and which has a footnote that explains the Japanese
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The Help page provides the strangest help, while we're at it—the "English approximation" of is given as "f
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just so they can figure out how to pronounce the title of the article is a disservice to the reader—the
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long before the West "discovered" ukiyo-e (possibly even before the Edo period, in which case it was
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I have a book of old Japanese woodblock prints. Would photos of it / them be good for Knowledge?
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What's wrong with it? It's a pronunciation dictionary like others. We can use it as a source.
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This page has been created, though it's still a few hours until they announce the numbers. ···
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I'm trying to find the latest lists of overseas Japanese schools (在外教育施設) approved by MEXT.
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We don't disallow in all contexts simply because that's not the representation provided at
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2350:. So there is certainly an argument to be made against the use of IPA for Japanese words.
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transcription, which the former is. I never claimed it was "correct" in any capacity.
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to the reader, interfering with the reading experience where it was supposed to help.
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I think Hijiri's generalizing from the Ishiguro case rather than this specific one;
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Neither seems to care what representation most benefits the reader in the context.
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based on my own interpretation. So I strongly recommend revisiting the guide too.)
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3401:, was formed by merger of a town and a village. In the article for one of them,
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3243:(私立在外教育施設) (foreign branches of Japanese private schools), but each link 404s.
3239:(補習授業校) (supplementary/weekend schools operated by Japanese associations), and
2478:
relatively speaking, but I'm pretty sure western popular confuses the genre of
3110:
are chock full of it (would you like me to email you some scans?). There are
3030:, who is Knowledge's target audience. The pronunciation guide then becomes a
2942:
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1902:—the reader shouldn't be forced to click through to find out how to pronounce
2597:
Are there no reliable pronunciation guides? I checked Google Books and got
2289:
3082:
2982:
we don't record certain phonemic splits found in some varieties of English
2832:
is not a 19th-century work, though, so I don't know what their excuse is.
3409:! I know enough to spot that but not enough to find the correct kanji. —
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2460:. I've literally never seen or heard the name of that topic as "Ukiyo-ye"
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is accurate for the dialects I'm most familiar with, but I live in the
1876:
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1708:
This page has been created. Feel free to add to it and expand it. ···
2719:
would be /hu/ and /si/. Some linguists consider the consonants in ち
2512:"but at least it's non-OR"—the IPA given was not in any way OR, and
2184:
Just to set the record straight, was an example to illustrate that
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The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English
33:
2926:(The rest of this paragraph is essentially a paraphrase of
3194:
Talk:Akaike Station (Nagoya)#Requested move 5 January 2018
2118:: I'm ignoring Mr KEBAB, as he's been trolling me, making
3235:(日本人学校) (day schools operated by Japanese associations),
2734:
I know you didn't mean on my talk that we should make it
2410:. It's not the perfect source, but at least it's non-OR.
3229:
http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/002.htm
2359:
to tell people that it's not pronounced the same way as
1867:
How hair-splitting should an IPA pronunciation guide be?
3221:
Latest lists of international schools approved by MEXT?
3089:
mistakenly think it might represent a different sound.
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essentially the same effect as unrounding in acoustics
2874:. You seem to have ceded the point on palatalization.
2650:
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3405:, the kanji shown for the name belong to the other,
3261:
Those pages have been saved at the Wayback Machine:
1884:
to the hairsplittingly pedantic and less accessible
3114:
of layreaders who are familiar with subsets of IPA.
2665:
2396:
2318:where the dialects are fairly similiar to Tokyo's.
2984:. So you may propose that we use in place of at
2568:is not a correct English or Japanese pronunciation
2092:You're continually refusing to raise the issue on
1753:List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2018 (Japan)
3231:is supposed to link to lists of the three types,
2346:, it would convey even less information than the
2337:As I see it, the problem is not that the current
1792:List of 2018 box office number-one films in Japan
1879:to turn the straightforward pronunciation guide
1836:, and you're invited to participate. Thanks! ···
2727:to belong to different phonemes than that of た
2368:how about we add an English IPA transcription?
1832:There's a Good article discussion happening at
2656:
2647:
2381:
8:
1944:as き and きょ are not pronounced the same. ···
2668:
2662:
2402:
2393:
2711:In a completely phonemic transcription, ふ
2474:. I actually don't know a whole lot about
2068:
1999:, and pointing out how they are wrong. ···
2876:The advantage of presenting "ukiyo-e" as
2659:
2399:
2390:
2387:
1748:List of Oricon number-one singles of 2018
2506:(modified 03:14, 14 December 2017 (UTC))
1743:List of Oricon number-one albums of 2018
3022:. Forcing readers to click through to
2606:should be represented with an American
2071:
3188:Greetings! I have recently relisted a
3064:
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3071:Yes we do, at least ones enclosed in
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2357:, if the purpose of the notation was
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1940:
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2189:is already an abstraction based on
2296:), but those do not apply here. —
28:
3081:. I've removed the diacritics at
1670:It may be better for Commons. ···
2643:
2374:
1995:No. I was using the examples at
18:Knowledge talk:WikiProject Japan
3241:shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu
3368:https://www.pjss.info/pjssa-en
1871:There are a couple of editors
1:
2845:05:12, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
2796:03:14, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
2748:17:57, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
2705:23:07, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2686:17:57, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
2629:13:26, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2589:17:57, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
2559:03:14, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
2540:13:15, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2503:11:20, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2441:10:39, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2420:09:44, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
2331:22:58, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
2305:22:39, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
2264:13:12, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2224:11:35, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2207:11:08, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2161:10:25, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2139:10:20, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2111:09:56, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2061:08:14, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
2025:17:32, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
1990:11:37, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
1970:07:14, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
1931:The correct pronunciation is
1926:05:58, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
1658:05:23, 31 December 2017 (UTC)
3444:19:12, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
3419:19:03, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
3380:14:49, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
3362:06:58, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
3343:05:10, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
3320:00:40, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
3294:00:08, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
3256:17:24, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
3215:10:47, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
3170:04:28, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
3108:junior high school textbooks
3099:02:19, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
3060:22:28, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
2999:14:09, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
2101:, that's only your problem.
1862:00:55, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
1273:Districts and municipalities
2905:00:00, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
2768:00:06, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
2676:in our diaphonemic system.
1823:23:20, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
1785:22:50, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
1734:22:20, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
1696:20:03, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
3460:
2124:edits to a hidden comment,
1361:Science & technology (
3190:requested move discussion
2882:(deliberately) imprecise.
3394:bad kanji for Kitamimaki
3326:Keio Academy of New York
2193:analysis rather than an
1977:Did you mean きよ and きょ?
1354:Royalty & nobility (
1217:Task force talk/archives
3184:Please come and help...
2800:"I actually don't know
1889:, citing the guideline
2641:also has and would be
2094:Help talk:IPA/Japanese
1703:2018 in Japanese music
38:
3308:（5）過去に指定・認定していた在外教育施設
2294:Japanese pitch accent
2073:Irrelevant discussion
1834:Talk:Hachijō-jima/GA1
1477:Related talk/archives
37:
2292:) and pitch accent (
2044:is neither nor ).
1609:Search the archives:
3298:There is a link to
3144:pronunciation guide
2639:Oxford Dictionaries
2633:I suppose you mean
2242:Talk:Kazuo Ishiguro
2036:: Not according to
1464:Jun 2007 – Sep 2008
47:& archives for
3159:Curly "JFC" Turkey
3049:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2894:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2834:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2757:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2694:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2618:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2529:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2450:CT's original one
2320:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2213:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2128:Curly "JFC" Turkey
2050:Curly "JFC" Turkey
1979:Curly "JFC" Turkey
1936:. It is certainly
1915:Curly "JFC" Turkey
1739:Also these pages:
1402:= joint task force
1292:Military history (
39:
3217:
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3129:Help:IPA/Japanese
3067:Help:IPA/Japanese
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2599:/u:,ki:jau'ei/.
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2195:impressionistic
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2635:/uːˌkiːjəʊˈeɪ/
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2446:second choice
2372:(p. 1426) has
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3301:
3300:（4）認定した在外教育施設
3297:
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3112:many millions
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2611:or a British
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2363:'s given name
2362:
2361:Yukio Mishima
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2019:Join WP Japan
2015:
2011:
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1998:
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1964:Join WP Japan
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1856:Join WP Japan
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1817:Join WP Japan
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1779:Join WP Japan
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1728:Join WP Japan
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1690:Join WP Japan
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1666:Benjaminikuta
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1462:
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1393:
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1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:Prefectures (
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
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1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
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1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
50:
46:
43:
42:
36:
32:
31:
23:
19:
3399:Tōmi, Nagano
3397:
3245:
3227:
3224:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3187:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3111:
3107:
3055:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
2977:
2968:IPA Handbook
2967:
2959:Vance (2008)
2950:
2925:
2916:Curly Turkey
2900:
2884:Now compare
2840:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2778:
2763:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2624:
2603:
2535:
2479:
2475:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2369:
2348:romanization
2326:
2316:Tōkai region
2245:
2236:
2219:
2191:phonological
2146:Curly Turkey
2134:
2115:
2088:Curly Turkey
2056:
2045:
2041:
1985:
1937:
1921:
1894:
1872:
1870:
1831:
1796:
1707:
1647:
1608:
1459:Jan–Jun 2007
1454:Jun–Dec 2006
1449:Feb–May 2006
1444:Jan–Feb 2006
1439:Nov–Dec 2005
1434:Jul–Oct 2005
1429:Apr–Jun 2005
1424:Jan–Mar 2005
1399:
1388:
1375:
1289:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1223:
1158:
1093:
1028:
963:
898:
838:
833:
768:
703:
638:
573:
508:
443:
378:
313:
248:
183:
118:
63:
57:Project talk
3372:WhisperToMe
3354:Phoenix7777
3335:WhisperToMe
3312:Phoenix7777
3306:. See also
3276:私立在外教育施設の概要
3248:WhisperToMe
3020:visual arts
2954:difference.
2817:pronounced
1548:Square Enix
1419:All of 2004
1314:Mythology (
3403:Kitamimaki
3286:Margin1522
2943:Copenhagen
2939:Montenegro
2736:completely
2344:insinuated
1340:Politics (
3436:Alex Shih
3304:that page
3028:layreader
2830:Routledge
2783:Hijiri 88
2546:Hijiri 88
2490:Hijiri 88
2472:reference
2290:yotsugana
2251:Hijiri 88
1558:Tokusatsu
1392:Transwiki
3271:補習授業校の概要
3265:日本人学校の概要
3246:Thanks,
3166:¡gobble!
3146:, not a
3069:, do we?
3056:¡gobble!
3042:, do we?
3018:but the
3016:language
2935:Chechnya
2901:¡gobble!
2841:¡gobble!
2806:ukiyo-ye
2764:¡gobble!
2701:¡gobble!
2637:, which
2625:¡gobble!
2577:Mr KEBAB
2536:¡gobble!
2433:Mr KEBAB
2327:¡gobble!
2275:Hijiri88
2220:¡gobble!
2153:Mr KEBAB
2135:¡gobble!
2120:WP:POINT
2103:Mr KEBAB
2057:¡gobble!
2034:Nihonjoe
1986:¡gobble!
1922:¡gobble!
1875:editing
1650:Benjamin
1368:Shinto (
1333:Owarai (
1227:Baseball
49:WP Japan
20: |
3427:Tamfang
3411:Tamfang
3012:ukiyo-e
3008:context
2970:, p. 29
2928:WP:PRON
2870:with a
2825:Kwaidan
2480:ukiyo-e
2476:ukiyo-e
2355:Ukiyo-e
2353:As for
2237:Comment
1895:ukiyo-e
1891:WP:PRON
1877:ukiyo-e
1504:Pokémon
1307:Music (
22:Archive
3122:IPA-ja
3104:Nardog
3091:Nardog
3083:Shōgun
3076:IPA-ja
3032:burden
3010:: the
3004:Nardog
2991:Nardog
2860:Nardog
2753:Nardog
2740:Nardog
2723:and つ
2715:and し
2678:Nardog
2581:Nardog
2573:quirks
2448:either
2427:Nardog
2412:Nardog
2246:émigré
2199:Nardog
1644:Prints
1568:Trains
1247:Cinema
3432:Fixed
2941:, or
2924:key.
2815:never
2467:haiku
1562:index
1552:index
1524:PAC 2
1508:index
1488:index
1379:Tokyo
16:<
3440:talk
3415:talk
3407:Tōbu
3376:talk
3358:talk
3339:talk
3316:talk
3310:.――
3290:talk
3252:talk
3140:will
3095:talk
2995:talk
2961:and
2890:this
2886:this
2868:/ɯᵝ/
2744:talk
2682:talk
2585:talk
2484:this
2437:talk
2416:talk
2302:tuon
2203:talk
2157:talk
2116:Note
2107:talk
1907:and
1654:talk
1530:Sumo
1260:CJKV
1159:2023
1094:2022
1029:2021
964:2020
899:2019
834:2018
769:2017
704:2016
639:2015
574:2014
509:2013
444:2012
379:2011
314:2010
249:2009
184:2008
119:2007
64:2006
45:Talk
3352:――
3302:in
3192:at
3136:not
2888:to
2872:⟨u⟩
2864:⟨r⟩
2802:why
2779:why
2725:tsu
2721:chi
2717:shi
2522:to
2458:yen
2298:Eru
2122:-y
2002:日本穣
1947:日本穣
1938:not
1897:as
1839:日本穣
1800:日本穣
1762:日本穣
1759:···
1711:日本穣
1673:日本穣
1522:),
1512:PAC
3442:)
3417:)
3378:)
3360:)
3341:)
3318:)
3292:)
3284:–
3254:)
3162:🍁
3155:oo
3125:}}
3119:{{
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3073:{{
3052:🍁
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2648:uː
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2498:やや
2486:).
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2403:eɪ
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2259:やや
2216:🍁
2205:)
2159:)
2131:🍁
2109:)
2053:🍁
2016:·
2012:·
2009:投稿
2005:·
1982:🍁
1961:·
1957:·
1954:投稿
1950:·
1918:🍁
1853:·
1849:·
1846:投稿
1842:·
1814:·
1810:·
1807:投稿
1803:·
1776:·
1772:·
1769:投稿
1765:·
1725:·
1721:·
1718:投稿
1714:·
1687:·
1683:·
1680:投稿
1676:·
1656:)
1594:,
1590:,
1586:,
1582:,
1578:,
1574:,
1540:,
1536:,
1518:,
1510:,
1326:,
1322:,
1318:,
1300:,
1296:,
1154:12
1149:11
1144:10
1089:12
1084:11
1079:10
1024:12
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699:12
694:11
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634:12
629:11
624:10
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504:12
499:11
494:10
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434:11
429:10
374:12
369:11
364:10
309:12
304:11
299:10
244:12
239:11
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174:11
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114:12
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3425:@
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3267:,
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3198:!
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