711:, both eighty-three years old, and the best-known Native America orators at the St. Louis World's Fair, spoke to audiences. A model Indian School was placed on top on a hill so Indians below could see their future as portrayed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. On one side of the school, "blanket Indians", men or women who refused to relinquish their native dress and customs, demonstrated their artistry inside the school on one side of the hall. On the other side, Indian boarding school students displayed their achievements in reading, writing, music, dancing, trades and arts. The Carlisle Indian Band performed at the Pennsylvania state pavilion, and the Haskell Indian Band performed a mixture of classical, popular music and Wheelock's "Aboriginal Suite" which included Native dances and war whoops by band members.
775:, march down Pennsylvania Avenue. When the contingent of Wild Westers and the Carlisle Cadets and Band came into view, President Roosevelt waved his hat and all in the President's box rose to their feet to see the six famous Native American chiefs adorned with face paint and elaborate feather headdresses, riding on horseback, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian School Band and a brigade of 350 Carlisle Cadets at arms. Leading the group was Geronimo, in full Apache regalia, riding a horse also in war paint. It was reported that: "The Chiefs created a sensation, eclipsing the intended symbolism of a formation of 350 uniformed Carlisle students led by a marching band," and "all eyes were on the six chiefs, the cadets received passing mention in the newspapers and nobody bothered to photograph them."
520:, who became international celebrities. Chief Iron Tail was the most famous Native American of his day; a popular subject for professional photographers, he had his image circulated across the continents. Chief Red Shirt was popular with journalists and newspapers and was the most quoted Wild Wester celebrity. Early dime novels, Wild West shows and Golden Age photographers, portraitists and movie-makers created the theatrical image and portrayal of the Lakota people as the iconic American Indian mounted warrior. This popular perception in the United States and Europe was created by Lakota performers in their historic reenactments of the Sioux Wars; demonstrations of Lakota horse culture and equestrian skills; and ceremonial dancing, cooking and music.
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Congress of Rough Riders of the World" where he erected stands around an arena large enough to seat eighteen thousand spectators. Seventy-four Wild
Westers from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, who had recently returned from a tour of Europe, were contracted to perform in the show. Cody also brought in an additional one hundred Wild Westers directly from Pine Ridge, Standing Rock and Rosebud reservations, who visited the Exposition at his expense and participated in the opening ceremonies. Over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West outside the Columbian Exposition, often mistaking the show as an integral part to the World's Fair.
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unlike that of circus communities. Frank C. Goings, the recruiting agent for
Buffalo Bill and other Wild West shows at Pine Ridge, was a Carlisle alumnus and Wild Wester with experience as a performer, interpreter and chaperone. Goings carefully chose the famous chiefs, the best dancers, the best singers, and the best riders; screened for performers willing to be away from home for extended periods of time; and coordinated travel, room and board. Travelling with his wife and children, and for many years toured Europe and the United States with Buffalo Bill's Wild West,
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prices," according to Nate
Salsbury. Cody and Salsbury often purchased goods at wholesale prices and sold the goods to Indians at cost, allowing them to create souvenirs for tourists. Show Indians created and sold goods to museums, collectors, and customers across Europe and the United States. Heppler, "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians". Performers' newborn babies became part of the villages set up outside show areas. Oskate Wicasa, p.164.
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for a fine day weather-wise. Fortunately, the travelers had lunch on the train because it was late in arriving in
Washington. They were hurried into the last division of the Military Grand Division. Originally, they were to have been in the Civic Grand Division, but Gen. Chaffee transferred all cadets under arms to the military division, putting them in a separate brigade. Tom Benjey, "Carlisle Indian School", 1905 Inaugural Parade, (2009).
277:. American and European anthropologists, who represented a new field, historians, linguists, journalists, photographers, portraitists and early movie-makers believed they had to study western Native American peoples. Many researchers and artists lived on government reservations for extended periods to study Native Americans before they "vanished." Their inspired effort heralded the "Golden Age of the Wild West." Photographers included
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Carlisle Indian
Industrial School from its beginning in 1879 until its closure in 1918. In 1879, Oglala Lakota leaders Chief Blue Horse, Chief American Horse and Chief Red Shirt enrolled their children in the first class at Carlisle. They wanted their children to learn English, trade skills and white customs. "Those first Sioux children who came to Carlisle could not have been happy there. But it was their only chance for a future."
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674:, from the late 19th century until the onset of World War I, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers. Millions of visitors at world fairs, exhibitions and parades throughout the United States and Europe observed Native Americans portrayed as the vanishing race, exotic peoples and objects of modern comparative anthropology. Reformists Progressives and the
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abundant food, and gifts of cash and clothing from
Buffalo Bill at the end of each season. Wild Westers were employed as performers, interpreters and recruiters. Men had money in their pockets and for their families on the reservation. Female performers were paid extra for infants and children, and supplemented wages by making and selling Lakota crafts.
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frequently in Bureau of Indian
Affairs correspondence. Some believe that the term is derogatory, describing the "phenomenon of Native exploitation and romanticization in the U.S." Arguments of a similar nature were made by the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the popularity of Wild West shows in the U.S. and Europe. "Indians on the Midway", p. 219
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credit Cody and the Wild
Westers for preserving dances that were otherwise suppressed. The Lakota easily adapted to historical reenactments of the traditional practice of continually reenacting their history in dance and rituals. By this means, the exploits of the warriors were indelibly inscribed upon the collective consciousness of the
695:, and The Pan-American Exposition of 1901 in Buffalo, New York. Exposition organizers assembled Wild Westers representing different tribes who portrayed Native Americans as a "vanishing race" at "The Last Great Congress of the Red Man", brought together for the first and last time, apparently to commiserate before they all vanished.
371:; demonstrations of Lakota horse culture and equestrian skills; archery, ceremonial dancing, cooking and music. Visitors could stroll through model Indian tipi "villages" and meet performers; available for purchase were crafts from women artisans, and autographed postcards, photographs and memorabilia from famous Wild Westers.
473:" was one of the most popular entertainers in America and Europe during the Progressive era. He believed Indians to be equals to whites, and allowed Indians to be Indians. He believed Native Americans would observe modern life and different cultures, acquire new skills and customs, and change at their own pace and terms.
898:"It was one thing to portray docile natives who had not progressed much since the late fifteenth century, but quite another matter to portray some of them as armed and dangerous." L.G. Moses, "Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933, (hereinafter "Wild West Shows and Images") (1996), p.133.
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A week or so before the inauguration, six famous chiefs from formerly hostile tribes, arrived in
Carlisle to head the school's contingent in the parade. But, before they left for Washington, there was much to do. First, they spoke to an assembly of students through interpreters. A dress rehearsal was
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Financial difficulties, however, led the Bureau of Indian
Affairs to withdraw its sponsorship and left the ethnological Indian Villages exhibit under the directorship of Frederick W. Putnam of Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Robert A. Trennert, Jr., "Selling Indian Education at
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However, travel was occasionally hazardous and there were accidents and misadventures. Oskate Wicasa, p.6. Was injured the next year in a train accident and almost died. Luther Standing Bear was severely injured in a train accident and almost died. Luther Standing Bear, "My People the Sioux", (1928),
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was an entrepreneur, cutting off his suit buttons as he walked the fairgrounds and selling them as celebrity souvenirs. He also made souvenir bows, arrows and canes; and signed photographs for twenty-five cents. Parezo, Nancy J. and Fowler, Don D, "The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Anthropology
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Wild Westing allowed individuals to draw their own conclusions and make decisions about their own lives. It improved self-esteem and provided pleasure from performing for appreciative audiences. It offered adventure; performers traveled to the great cities of the world and freely associated with new
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predicted that the group would be one of the big parade's star attractions. Those marching in the parade were woken at 3:45 a.m., had breakfast at 4:30, and were the special train to Washington at 5:30. As the train rolled out of Carlisle, a heavy snow fell, but later the sun burned through, making
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Oskate Wicasa, p.6, 54. The number of police chosen depended on the number of Indians traveling with the show each season, a usual number being one policeman for every dozen Indians. Indian policemen, selected from the ranks of the performers, were given badges and paid $ 10 more in wages per month.
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culture, traditional Native Americans skills; horse culture, ceremonial dancing and cooking; and buying Native American art, music and crafts. First begun in Wild West shows, Pow-wow culture is popular with Native Americans throughout the United States and a source of tribal enterprise. Wild Westers
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Jason A. Heppler, "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians", 2011. Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians is a collaborative project of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of History with
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Commissioner John H. Oberly explained in 1889: "The effect of traveling all over the country among, and associated with, the class of people usually accompanying shows, circuses and exhibitions, attended by all the immoral and unchristianizing surroundings incident to such a life, is not only most
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Wild Westing and the Carlisle Indian School were portals to education, opportunity and hope, and came at a time when the Lakota people were impoverished, harassed and confined. Most Wild Westers were Oglala Lakota from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, the first Lakota people to go Wild Westing. Known as
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Wild Westing was a means for the Lakota to preserve their culture and religion. Shows generally toured from late spring to late autumn, paralleling the traditional buffalo hunt season. In performance, the Lakota performed dances banned at the time on reservations. Lakota dancers in the present day
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Wild Westing was very popular with the Lakota people and beneficial to their families and communities. It offered a path of opportunity during a time when people believed Native Americans were a vanishing race, whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. It offered a safe haven
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Sobriety and good conduct was required. Performers agreed to refrain from all drinking, gambling and fighting, and to return to his or her reservation at the end of each seasonal tour. Shows hired venerable elder male Indians to appear in the parades to ensure that young men acted with appropriate
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culture is popular with Native American throughout the United States and a source of tribal enterprise. Americans and Europeans continue to enjoy traditional Native Americans skills; horse culture, ceremonial dancing and cooking; and buying Native American art, music and crafts. There are several
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Wild Westers still perform in movies, pow-wows, pageants and rodeos. Some Oglala Lakota people carry on family show business traditions from Carlisle alumni who worked for Buffalo Bill and other Wild West shows. Americans and Europeans continue to have a great interest in Native peoples and enjoy
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Many Oglala Lakota Wild Westers from Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota attended Carlisle. Carlisle Wild Westers were attracted by the adventure, pay and opportunity and were hired as performers, chaperons, interpreters and recruiters. Wild Westers from Pine Ridge enrolled their children at the
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in Chicago, Illinois. Instead, a feature of the Exposition was a model Indian school and an ethnological Indian village supported by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In style, Buffalo Bill established a fourteen-acre swath of land near the main entrance of the fair for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and
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for Lakota leadership after the Sioux Wars and for famous Native American prisoners of war. The touring also offered freedom six months each year from the degrading confines of government reservations. Wild Westing was an act of passive resistance to oppressive Bureau of Indian Affairs policies.
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was intent on promoting Native assimilation, Col. Cody used his influence with U.S. government officials to secure Native American performers for his Wild West. Buffalo Bill treated Native American employees as equals with white cowboys. Wild Westers received good wages, transportation, housing,
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Wild Westers received good wages, transportation, housing, abundant food, and gifts of cash and clothing at the end of each season. Wild Westing was very popular with the Lakota people and benefited their families and communities. Wild Westing offered opportunity and hope during time when people
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of 1904, known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was the last of the great fairs in the United States before World War I. Organizers wanted their exotic people to be interpreted by anthropologists in a modern scientific manner portraying contrasting images of Native Americans. A Congress of Indian
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was taught to be brave and unafraid to die, and left the reservation to attend Carlisle and do some brave deed to bring honor to his family. Standing Bear's father celebrated his son's brave act by inviting his friends to a gathering and gave away seven horses and all the goods in his dry goods
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Since 1887, Wild Westing has been a family tradition with several hundred Pine Ridge families. Between 1906 and 1915, 570 individuals from Pine Ridge went Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill and other shows. Often entire families worked together, and the tradition of the Wild Wester community is not
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Chief Iron Tail was an international personality and appeared as the lead with Buffalo Bill at the Champs- Élysées in Paris, France, and the Colosseum in Rome, Italy. In France, as in England, Buffalo Bill and Iron Tail were feted by the aristocracy. Early in the twentieth century, Iron Tail's
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Calls the Name and other women supplemented wages by making and selling Lakota crafts. Women served important community roles in camps backstage. Augmenting their show wages was common among Show Indians, especially "'bead work' made into moccasins, purses, etc.," which earned them "very large
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Reformist progressives believed Wild West shows exploited Native Americans and vigorously opposed theatrical portrayals of Native Americans as savages and vulgar stereotypes. From 1886 to the onset of World War I, reformist progressives fought a war of images with Wild West shows before public
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Wild West shows were exceptionally popular in the United States and Europe. The American and European public could see and hear some of the first Americans, not as curiosities, but a people with vibrant culture. In 1893, over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West perform during the
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During the Progressive Era, U.S. government policy focused upon acquiring Indian lands, restricting cultural and religious practices and sending Native American children to boarding schools. Progressives agreed that the situation was serious and that something needed to be done to educate and
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Oskate Wicasa is a colloquialism meaning "one who performs." Its usage began in the early days of the Buffalo Bill Cody Wild West shows. Oskate Wicasa, p.1. The phrase "Show Indians" likely originated among newspaper reporters and editorial writers as early as 1891. By 1893 the term appears
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fought a war of words and images against popular Wild West shows at world fairs, expositions and parades and opposed theatrical portrayals of Wild Westers as vulgar heathen stereotypes. In contrast, Carlisle students were portrayed as a new generation of Native American leadership embracing
767:(Sicangu Lakota) and Little Plume (Blackfeet), met in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to rehearse the parade with the Carlisle Cadets and Band. Theodore Roosevelt sat in the presidential box with his wife, daughter and other guests, and watched West Point cadets and the famed 7th Cavalry, General
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of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was an explosion of public interest in Native American culture and imagery. Newspapers, dime-store novels, Wild West shows, and public exhibitions portrayed Native Americans as a "vanishing race." Their numbers had decreased since the
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Robert M. Utely, "Geronimo" p.257, 2012; The Carlisle Band were led by Claude M. Stauffer and cadets led by Captain William M. Mercer, superintendent of the school and member of the 7th Cavalry. Tom Benjey, "Carlisle Indian School", 1905 Inaugural Parade, (2009). Witmer, p.
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cultures. Inter-marriage was not uncommon and many performers settled in Europe, some traveling with other shows and circuses. Between daily performances, Wild Westers played games such as ping pong and dominoes, which they had adopted during European tours.
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The Society of American Indians was opposed to Wild West shows, theatrical troupes, circuses and most motion picture firms. The Society believed that theatrical shows were demoralizing and degrading to Indians, and discouraged Indians from "Wild Westing."
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Wild westers educated the American and European public about Native American history and culture. The Wild Wester community was a diverse group, including U.S. Army Indian Scouts from the Great Sioux War; famous prisoners of war such as Lakota Chief
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The National Museum of American History's Photographic History Collection at the Smithsonian Institution preserves and displays Gertrude Käsebier's photographs, as well as many others by photographers who captured the displays of Wild Westing.
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distinctive profile became well known across the United States as one of three models for the five-cent coin Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel. The popular coin was introduced in 1913 and showcases the native beauty of the American West.
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demoralizing to the present and future welfare of the Indian, but it creates a roaming and unsettled disposition and educates him in a manner entirely foreign and antagonistic to that which has been and now is the policy of the Government.
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Traveling and performing was hard work, and rest and relaxation was important. Performers were permitted to freely travel by automobile or by train, for shopping, sightseeing, visiting friends, attending parties and gala events.
363:. "Buffalo Bill" Cody launched his Wild West traveling show in 1883, and was so successful there were fifty copies in two years. Buffalo Bill toured the United States and Europe until his death in 1917. Wild West shows were "
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Michele Delaney, "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Warriors: A Photographic History by Gertrude Kasebier, Smithsonian National Museum of American History", (hereinafter "Delaney") (2007), p.21. "Wild West Shows and Images",
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Parezo and Fowler, p. 135-136. 354, 459. J. McGee portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans and was critical of BIA programs destroying Native cultures and turning Indians into "counterfeit Caucasians."
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Indians performing included Oglala Lakotas from Pine Ridge Reservation with Cummins's Wild West Show and Brule Lakotas from Rosebud Reservation with the Department of Anthropology. Parezo and Fowler, p.131.
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believed Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Americans and Europeans continue to have a great interest in Native peoples and enjoy modern
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acculturate Native Americans to white society, but they differed as to education models and speed of assimilation. Reformist progressives, a coalition led by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the
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still perform in movies, pow-wows, pageants and rodeos. Some Oglala Lakota people carry on family show business traditions from ancestors who first worked for Cody and other Wild West shows.
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On March 4, 1905, Wild Westers and Carlisle students portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans at the first inaugural parade of Theodore Roosevelt. Six famous Native American chiefs,
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L.G. Moses, "Indians on the Midway: Wild West Shows and the Indian Bureau at World's Fairs, 1893-1904", (hereinafter "Indians on the Midway"), South Dakota State Historical Society, p. 207.
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was taught to be brave and unafraid to die; he left the reservation to attend Carlisle and bring honor to his family. In 1902, with his wife Nellie and their children, Standing Bear joined
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Most performers spent one or two seasons on the road; some Wild Westers became cowboys, stuntmen for films, artisans, musicians, educators, authors, movie actors and entrepreneurs. Chief
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and in Birmingham, Salford and London over a five–month period. The entourage consisted of 97 Indians, 18 buffaloes, 2 deer, 10 elk, 10 mules, 5 Texas steers, 4 donkeys, and 108 horses.
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Heppler, "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians". Other major shows included Pawnee Bill, Cummins Wild West, Miller's 101 Ranch and Sells-Floto Circus.
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and traveled through England for eleven months. Luther was hired as an interpreter and chaperon for seventy-five Indians. He also performed as a skilled horseback rider and dancer.
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wrote that "Indians should be protected from the curse of the Wild West show schemes, wherein the Indians have been led to the white man's poison cup and have become drunkards."
239:") used his influence with U.S. government officials to secure Native American performers for his Wild West. Cody treated Native American employees as equals with white cowboys.
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David R.M. Beck, "The Myth of the Vanishing Race", Associate Professor, Native American Studies, University of Montana, February, 200. "Wild West Shows and Images", p.131, 140.
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civilization, education and industry. The fight for the image of the Native American began when Reformist Progressives pressured organizers to deny Buffalo Bill a place at the
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was one of the most famous Native American celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Professional photographers circulated his image across the continents.
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449:, or nation. Wild Westers at times performed programs that dramatized the very battles, raids and massacres in which the men had participated as warriors.
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culture. First began in Wild West shows, Pow-wow culture is popular with Native Americans throughout the United States and a source of tribal enterprise.
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in New York City, led a journey for the Lakota people when they crossed the sea to England on Buffalo Bill's first international tour to perform at the
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and Christian organizations, promoted rapid assimilation of children through off-reservation Indian boarding schools and immersion in white culture.
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Ann Rinaldi, "My Heart is on the Ground: the Diary of Nannie Little Rose, a Sioux Girl, Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania, 1880," (1999), p. 177.
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In the late 19th and early 20th century, public expositions portrayed Native Americans as a "vanishing race." Photo of Navajos by Edward Curtis.
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Samuel American Horse was a Carlisle Wild Wester. Since 1887, Wild Westing has been family tradition with several hundred Pine Ridge families.
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behavior when visiting host communities, and rules were self-policed by traditional Oglala Lakota chiefs and former U.S. Army Indian Scouts.
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in New York City, and began a new journey for the Lakota people when they crossed the sea to England with Buffalo Bill to perform at the
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Between 1887 and World War I, over 1,000 Native Americans went "Wild Westing" with Buffalo Bill's Wild West. Most Wild Westers were
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Alida S. Boorn, "Oskate Wicasa (One Who Performs)" (hereinafter "Oskate Wicasa"), Central Missouri State University, (2005), p. 47
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847:“Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Warriors: A Photographic History by Gertrude Kasebier, Smithsonian National Museum of American History”
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Frank C. Goings, the recruiting agent for Buffalo Bill and other Wild West shows at Pine Ridge, was a Carlisle Wild Wester.
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come alive." Millions of Americans and Europeans enjoyed the imagery and adventure of historic reenactments of the
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Joseph Agonito, "Lakota Portraits: Lives of the Legendary Plains People" (hereinafter "Agonito")(2011), p.237.
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and similar shows. Between 1887 and World War I, over 1,000 Native Americans went "Wild Westing." Most were
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the assistance from the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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was popular with journalists and newspapers and was the most quoted Wild Wester celebrity.
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Left to right: Col. Frederick T. Cummins, General Manager of the Exposition; High Hawk,
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as a new generation of Native Americans embracing civilization, education and industry.
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Heppler, "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians".
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In 1893, over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West perform during the
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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Six tribal leaders (l to r) Little Plume (Piegan), Buckskin Charley (Ute),
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on-going national projects that celebrate Wild Westers and Wild Westing.
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was a veteran of Wild West shows over 30 years, from about 1898 to 1930.
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exhibitions at world fairs, expositions and parades portraying the model
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or "Show Man", a title of great honor and respect. On March 31, 1887,
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was intent on promoting Native assimilation, William Frederick Cody ("
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held on the main street of Carlisle to practice for the parade. The
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in 1898, Chief Iron Tail managed the Indian Police. Delaney, p. 32.
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Parezo and Fowler, p.6. "Wild West Shows and Images", p.137-138.
273:, and survivors were struggling with poverty and constraints on
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was the term used by Native Americans for their performing with
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See, E.H. Gohl, (Tyagohwens), "The Effect of Wild Westing",
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See, E.H. Gohl, (Tyagohwens), "The Effect of Wild Westing",
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First inaugural parade of Theodore Roosevelt, March 4, 1905
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The Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians
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The Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians
825:, Washington, D.C., Volume 2, 1914, p.226-228. Heppler,
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The Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians
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modern Pow-wow culture. First began in Wild West shows,
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Public interest in Native American culture and imagery
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and John Nicholas Choate, while portraitists included
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Delaney, p.21. "Wild West Shows and Images", p.xiii.
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Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
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747:(Oglala Lakota) on horseback in ceremonial attire.
687:The "vanishing race" theme was dramatized at the
576:", Oglala Wild Westers referred to themselves as
703:Educators was convened and Oglala Lakota Chief
872:, Washington, D.C., Volume 2, 1914, p.226-228.
516:and Frank C. Goings; and Chiefs Iron Tail and
406:, the first Lakota people to go Wild Westing.
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8:
421:Wild Westers with Buffalo Bill's Wild West,
715:1905 inaugural parade of Theodore Roosevelt
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1343:
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204:"The Last Great Congress of the Red Man",
148:. Please do not remove this message until
1194:"Wild West Shows and Images", p.131, 140.
928:"Wild West Shows and Images", pp.137-138.
889:, Washington, D.C., Volume 2, p.224-225.
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
782:
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484:was one of the most famous Wild Westers.
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1131:Witmer, p.xv. Oskate Wicasa, p.101-103.
998:
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2922:Bibliography of the American frontier
7:
2978:Cuisine of the Western United States
1213:"Indians on the Midway", p. 210-215.
759:(Comanche), Buckskin Charlie (Ute),
4011:Native Americans in popular culture
918:Wild West Shows and Images", p. 275
602:Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Real West
309:Progressive Era fight for the image
2714:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
883:"The Menace of the Wild West Show"
771:'s former unit that fought at the
14:
4016:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
2962:Timeline of the American Old West
951:Goes to the Fair", (2007), p.113.
584:, Chief American Horse and Chief
344:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
34:This article has multiple issues.
4021:Native American boarding schools
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3969:
594:Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
550:Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
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64:
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2618:First transcontinental railroad
664:Pan-American Exposition of 1901
588:and their families boarded the
544:and their families boarded the
42:or discuss these issues on the
1:
700:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
2793:Battle of the Little Bighorn
689:Trans-Mississippi Exposition
681:Columbian Exposition of 1893
227:) from their reservation in
89:Knowledge's inclusion policy
16:Native American performances
2818:First Battle of Adobe Walls
2762:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
2757:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
676:Society of American Indians
642:World fairs and expositions
328:Society of American Indians
150:conditions to do so are met
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2573:Great Western Cattle Trail
524:Oglala Lakota Wild Westers
423:Cliff House, San Francisco
208:, Buffalo, New York, 1901.
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2661:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
2483:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
2205:Frederick Russell Burnham
1358:
1317:, Smithsonian Institution
1267:Parezo and Fowler, p.156.
1249:Parezo and Fowler, p.134.
1149:Oskate Wicasa, p.101-103.
779:21st century Wild Westing
369:Battle of Little Big Horn
2002:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
773:Battle of Little Bighorn
565:Buffalo Bill's Wild West
411:Bureau of Indian Affairs
404:Pine Ridge, South Dakota
233:Bureau of Indian Affairs
229:Pine Ridge, South Dakota
217:Buffalo Bill's Wild West
2803:Battle of Washita River
2788:Battle of Glorieta Pass
2666:Lost Ship of the Desert
2608:Southern Emigrant Trail
2568:Great Platte River Road
2235:George Armstrong Custer
2027:William "Bill" Tilghman
1540:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
1231:Parezo and Fowler, p.6.
409:During a time when the
206:Pan-American Exposition
3013:Rocky Mountain oysters
881:Chauncey Yellow Robe,
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743:(Sicangu Lakota), and
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660:William Jennings Bryan
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590:S.S. State of Nebraska
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546:S.S. State of Nebraska
510:Carlisle Indian School
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2848:Wounded Knee Massacre
2798:Battle of San Jacinto
2767:Variety Hall shootout
2742:Battle of Coffeyville
2724:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
2704:Black Hills Gold Rush
2381:Thomas William Sweeny
2245:Samuel P. Heintzelman
2022:John Horton Slaughter
1916:Richens Lacey Wootton
1450:Five Civilized Tribes
1301:Oskate Wicasa, p.121.
1158:Oskate Wicasa, p.131.
1113:Oskate Wicasa, p.164.
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321:in Chicago, Illinois.
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295:Elbridge Ayer Burbank
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3903:Washington Territory
3643:New Mexico Territory
3008:Pacific Northwestern
2927:Cowboys and cowgirls
2709:California Gold Rush
2686:Seven Cities of Gold
2671:Montezuma's treasure
2478:One-room schoolhouse
2326:George E. Goodfellow
2220:Texas Jack Omohundro
2063:"Curly Bill" Brocius
1861:Liver-Eating Johnson
1836:Tomás VĂ©lez CachupĂn
1390:Assiniboine (Nakota)
1067:Oskate Wicasa, p.67.
1038:Oskate Wicasa, p.60.
1020:Oskate Wicasa, p.47.
635:Luther Standing Bear
561:Luther Standing Bear
538:Chief American Horse
514:Luther Standing Bear
357:Columbian Exposition
336:Chauncey Yellow Robe
319:Columbian Exposition
2891:Pleasant Valley War
2833:Sand Creek massacre
2783:Battle of the Alamo
2656:Long Tom's treasure
2351:Octaviano Larrazolo
2265:Ranald S. Mackenzie
2215:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
1926:"Old Bill" Williams
1876:William John Murphy
1140:Oskate Wicasa, p.8.
1122:Oskate Wicasa, p.6.
1029:Oskate Wicasa, p.5.
1011:Oskate Wicasa, p.2.
1002:Oskate Wicasa, p.3.
658:, Little Wound and
532:On March 31, 1887,
275:Indian reservations
137:of this article is
3716:Oklahoma Territory
2901:Sutton–Taylor feud
2881:Lincoln County War
2876:Johnson County War
2776:Military conflicts
2719:Klondike Gold Rush
2520:Westward expansion
2341:Zephaniah Kingsley
2115:John Wesley Hardin
2012:George Scarborough
1992:"Wild Bill" Hickok
1881:John Wesley Powell
832:2011-04-19 at the
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3936:Wyoming Territory
3504:Montana Territory
3340:Florida Territory
3153:Arizona Territory
3040:Western lifestyle
2871:Earp-Clanton feud
2813:ChimayĂł Rebellion
2747:Battle of Lincoln
2553:Butterfield Trail
2503:Vigilante justice
2394:
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2321:John Joel Glanton
2306:Jonathan R. Davis
2301:William H. Boring
1906:Trinidad Swilling
1495:Lenape (Delaware)
1420:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
1352:American frontier
845:Michele Delaney,
763:(Oglala Lakota),
361:Chicago, Illinois
283:Frank A. Rinehart
279:Gertrude Käsebier
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3003:New Mexico chile
2886:Mason County War
2843:Texas Revolution
2808:Bear Flag Revolt
2558:California Trail
2468:Manifest destiny
2400:Frontier culture
2296:John Jacob Astor
2270:Charley Reynolds
2170:Younger Brothers
2150:Joaquin Murrieta
2037:Harry C. Wheeler
2032:James Timberlake
1921:Henry Wickenburg
1866:Meriwether Lewis
1785:Touch the Clouds
1647:Native Americans
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656:Chief Blue Horse
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534:Chief Blue Horse
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2433:Cattle rustling
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2376:Sedona Schnebly
2361:Sylvester Mowry
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2225:James C. Cooney
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2083:Dalton Brothers
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1952:Charlie Bassett
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1856:John C. Frémont
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1770:Snapping Turtle
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1585:Southern Paiute
1550:Pend d'Oreilles
1535:Northern Paiute
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2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2508:Western saloon
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:American bison
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Emperor Norton
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:Andrew Jackson
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Jedediah Smith
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:Notable people
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1630:Yuma (Quechan)
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Tohono OĘĽodham
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:Native Nations
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
992:
982:
972:
962:
953:
939:
930:
921:
910:
900:
891:
874:
861:
851:
838:
813:
812:
810:
807:
780:
777:
761:American Horse
745:American Horse
716:
713:
652:Jack Red Cloud
643:
640:
613:
610:
525:
522:
462:
459:
351:
348:
310:
307:
253:
252:Vanishing race
250:
194:
193:
176:
175:
131:
129:
122:
115:
114:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4038:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Port Townsend
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Oklahoma City
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Virginia City
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Nebraska City
3583:
3581:
3580:Fort Robinson
3578:
3576:
3575:Fort Atkinson
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3552:Virginia City
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3419:Fort Dearborn
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:St. Augustine
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Standing Rock
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3244:San Francisco
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Canyon Diablo
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3092:Snap fastener
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:Texas country
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:Western music
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Western genre
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Seminole Wars
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Bozeman Trail
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Train robbery
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Cowboy poetry
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:George Flavel
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Calamity Jane
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Frank McLaury
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Billy Clanton
2071:
2069:
2068:Butch Cassidy
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Billy the Kid
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Bat Masterson
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Henry Garfias
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1931:Brigham Young
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Ora Rush Weed
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Jack Swilling
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Davy Crockett
1844:
1842:
1841:William Clark
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Standing Bear
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Quanah Parker
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1204:World's Fairs
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
986:
983:
976:
973:
966:
963:
957:
954:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
919:
914:
911:
904:
901:
895:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
865:
862:
855:
852:
848:
842:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
818:
815:
808:
806:
802:
799:
790:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Quanah Parker
754:
746:
742:
738:
737:Quanah Parker
734:
729:
721:
714:
712:
710:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
685:
682:
677:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
641:
639:
636:
626:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Oskate Wicasa
575:
566:
562:
558:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:Ghost Dancers
492:
483:
479:
472:
467:
460:
458:
454:
450:
448:
442:
438:
436:
431:
424:
419:
415:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:Oglala Lakota
393:
388:
381:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
347:
345:
339:
337:
331:
329:
320:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
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73:This article
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4006:Buffalo Bill
3949:Fort Laramie
3944:Fort Bridger
3729:Broken Arrow
3480:Independence
3077:Cowboy boots
3072:Western wear
2952:Mountain men
2613:Tanner Trail
2598:Pony Express
2593:Oregon Trail
2588:Mormon Trail
2458:Homesteading
2423:Cattle drive
2386:Peter Lebeck
2371:Annie Oakley
2331:Doc Holliday
2260:Luther Kelly
2240:Alexis Godey
2230:George Crook
2165:Sundance Kid
2120:Johnny Ringo
2110:Bill Downing
1891:Levi Ruggles
1851:Donner Party
1826:John Bozeman
1821:Daniel Boone
1760:Sitting Bull
1735:Plenty Coups
1670:Chief Joseph
1665:Bloody Knife
1660:Black Kettle
1360:1776 to 1912
1297:
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739:(Comanche),
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669:
631:
598:
589:
577:
574:Show Indians
570:
545:
498:Kicking Bear
491:Sitting Bull
487:
471:Buffalo Bill
461:Wild Westers
455:
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446:
443:
439:
432:
428:
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324:
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241:
237:Buffalo Bill
224:
213:Wild Westing
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133:
103:
94:
81:spinning off
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3875:San Antonio
3812:Oregon City
3807:McMinnville
3734:Fort Gibson
3666:Fort Sumner
3656:Albuquerque
3623:Carson City
3527:Fort Benton
3485:Kansas City
3457:Leavenworth
3378:Tallahassee
3229:Los Angeles
3214:Bakersfield
3191:Window Rock
2998:New Mexican
2988:Californian
2937:Ghost towns
2828:Mexican War
2823:Indian Wars
2696:Gold rushes
2676:Paul Bunyan
2583:Meek Cutoff
2543:Barlow Road
2413:Barbed wire
2346:Seth Kinman
2160:Soapy Smith
2155:Belle Starr
2145:Tom McLaury
2135:Tom Ketchum
2130:Frank James
2125:Jesse James
2105:Bill Doolin
2078:Ike Clanton
2017:John Selman
2007:Bass Reeves
1982:Pat Garrett
1967:Virgil Earp
1962:Morgan Earp
1947:Elfego Baca
1886:Juan Rivera
1831:Jim Bridger
1710:Ganundalegi
1695:Crazy Snake
1690:Crazy Horse
691:of 1898 at
670:During the
435:Flying Hawk
365:dime novels
303:John Hauser
271:Indian Wars
264:During the
158:August 2024
97:August 2024
3990:Categories
3860:Fort Worth
3797:The Dalles
3764:Tishomingo
3651:Alamogordo
3542:Livingston
3522:Deer Lodge
3442:Dodge City
3396:Fort Boise
3353:Negro Fort
3320:Rapid City
3315:Pine Ridge
3310:Fort Yates
3234:Sacramento
3206:California
3166:Fort Grant
3082:Cowboy hat
3050:New Mexico
3030:Weird West
2983:Chuckwagon
2896:Sheep Wars
2858:Range wars
2681:Pecos Bill
2651:Johnny Kaw
2646:John Henry
2641:Dime novel
2536:and trails
2513:Tack piano
2493:Stagecoach
2448:Ghost town
2210:Kit Carson
2198:and scouts
2058:Black Bart
1972:Wyatt Earp
1700:Dasoda-hae
1685:Crazy Bear
1655:Black Hawk
809:References
755:(Apache),
709:Blue Horse
707:and Chief
540:and Chief
502:Short Bull
135:neutrality
85:relocating
39:improve it
3926:Vancouver
3802:La Grande
3769:Tuskahoma
3759:Tahlequah
3739:Fort Sill
3706:Tucumcari
3676:Las Vegas
3605:Whiteclay
3600:Valentine
3532:Fort Peck
3490:St. Louis
3447:Ellsworth
3401:Fort Hall
3373:St. Marks
3358:Pensacola
3272:Telluride
3239:San Diego
3224:Jamestown
3181:Tombstone
3123:Anchorage
2971:Influence
2942:Gunfights
2734:Gunfights
2578:Lolo Pass
2534:Transport
2473:Moonshine
2463:Land rush
2453:Gunfights
2443:Fast draw
2418:Boot Hill
2316:C. S. Fly
2280:Al Sieber
1987:Jack Helm
1871:Joe Mayer
1809:Explorers
1780:Ten Bears
1765:Smallwood
1750:Sacagawea
1745:Red Cloud
1725:Manuelito
1720:Kiliahote
1570:Seminoles
1530:Nez Perce
1395:Blackfoot
705:Red Cloud
586:Red Shirt
542:Red Shirt
518:Red Shirt
512:students
392:Iron Tail
380:Red Shirt
146:talk page
45:talk page
3975:Category
3865:Gonzales
3817:Portland
3754:Pawhuska
3749:Okmulgee
3701:Santa Fe
3691:Mogollon
3661:Cimarron
3590:Ogallala
3562:Nebraska
3547:Missoula
3512:Billings
3472:Missouri
3411:Illinois
3300:Deadwood
3295:Bismarck
3277:Trinidad
3254:Colorado
3171:Prescott
3128:Iditarod
3055:Red Dirt
2628:Folklore
2438:Cow town
2356:Nat Love
2250:Tom Horn
2196:Soldiers
1957:Roy Bean
1813:pioneers
1800:Washakie
1795:Victorio
1705:Geronimo
1680:Degataga
1575:Shoshone
1520:Muscogee
1505:Maricopa
1480:Kumeyaay
1470:Kickapoo
1465:Hualapai
1435:Comanche
1410:Cheyenne
1400:Cahuilla
948:Geronimo
830:Archived
753:Geronimo
733:Geronimo
604:and the
506:Geronimo
482:Geronimo
139:disputed
3921:Seattle
3911:Everett
3870:Lubbock
3855:El Paso
3850:Abilene
3792:Astoria
3696:Roswell
3686:Mesilla
3681:Lincoln
3570:Chadron
3517:Bozeman
3462:Wichita
3437:Abilene
3330:Yankton
3176:Phoenix
3143:Skagway
3018:Tex-Mex
2957:Outlaws
2046:Outlaws
1755:Seattle
1715:Irataba
1675:Cochise
1625:Yavapai
1595:Tonkawa
1555:Pequots
1485:Kutenai
1455:Hidatsa
1430:Cocopah
1415:Chinook
1385:Arikara
1380:Arapaho
1048:p. 256.
970:p.xiii.
798:Pow-wow
789:Pow-wow
638:store.
291:Jo Mora
245:Pow-wow
3845:Austin
3774:Wewoka
3671:Gallup
3615:Nevada
3537:Helena
3429:Kansas
3348:Angola
3267:Denver
3262:Creede
3219:Fresno
3186:Tucson
3138:Seward
3115:Alaska
3107:Places
3060:Tejano
2947:Lawmen
2289:Others
2099:Emmett
1940:Lawmen
1730:Massai
1615:Yakama
1610:Washoe
1600:Umpqua
1565:Pueblo
1545:Pawnee
1525:Navajo
1515:Mohave
1500:Mandan
1490:Lakota
1445:Dakota
1405:Cayuse
1375:Apache
946:Chief
390:Chief
378:Chief
3837:Texas
3822:Salem
3595:Omaha
3305:Fargo
3087:Jeans
2932:Gangs
2910:Lists
2863:feuds
2488:Rodeo
1620:Yaqui
1580:Sioux
1510:Modoc
1475:Kiowa
1425:Caddo
447:oyate
402:from
3827:Vale
3719:and
3633:Reno
3452:Hays
3196:Yuma
3133:Nome
2861:and
2186:John
2174:Cole
2091:Bill
2087:Grat
1811:and
1790:Tuvi
1560:Pima
1460:Hopi
1440:Crow
698:The
500:and
301:and
132:The
2182:Jim
2178:Bob
2095:Bob
1605:Ute
1292:26.
359:in
83:or
3992::
2184:,
2180:,
2176:,
2097:,
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995:^
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