1004:
838:
1065:
720:. During a period of increased humidity during the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the daytime, the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again; however, fine silica hairs on the awns act as hooks in the soil and prevent the spikelets from backing out. During the course of alternating stages of daytime drying and nighttime humidity, the awns' pumping movements, which resemble a swimming
2088:
Ben-David, Roi; Budak, Hikmet; Fahima, Tzion; Korol, Abraham; Faris, Justin; Hernandez, Alvaro; Mikel, Mark; Levy, Avraham; Steffenson, Brian; Maccaferri, Marco; Tuberosa, Roberto; Cattivelli, Luigi; Faccioli, Primetta; Ceriotti, Aldo; Kashkush, Khalil; Pourkheirandish, Mohammad; Komatsuda, Takao; Eilam, Tamar; Sela, Hanan; Sharon, Amir; Ohad, Nir; Chamovitz, Daniel; Mayer, Klaus; Stein, Nils; Ronen, Gil; Peleg, Zvi; Pozniak, Curtis; Akhunov, Eduard; Distelfeld, Assaf (2017).
98:
2867:
73:
690:
1022:), the Carpathian mountains on the border of Czechia and Slovakia, Albania, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, Greece and Italy. It is also grown in the U.S. as a specialty product. A traditional food plant in Ethiopia, this relatively little-known grain has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.
2378:
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49:
680:
and the beards releasing the grains easily, by their ear rhachis that are brittle when ripe and their firmly fitting beards. The wild emmer grows to a height of 50–70 cm (20–28 in), and bears an elongated spike measuring 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in), with long, protruding awns extending
894:
and common wheat. In the absence of any obvious functional explanation, the greater prevalence of emmer wheat in the diet of ancient Egypt may simply reflect a marked culinary or cultural preference, or may reflect growing conditions having changed after the Third
Dynasty. Emmer and barley were the
1097:
In
Armenian cuisine, emmer pilaf is cooked in sunflower oil. The pre-cooked emmer is fried in oil and then sautéed onions are added. In the second version, boiled water and emmer are added to the sautéed onion and then cooked until tender. In Armenia, emmer porridge with lamb called "kashovi" is
2087:
Avni, Raz; Nave, Moran; Barad, Omer; Baruch, Kobi; Twardziok, Sven; Gundlach, Heidrun; Hale, Iago; Mascher, Martin; Spannagl, Manuel; Wiebe, Krystalee; Jordan, Katherine; Golan, Guy; Deek, Jasline; Ben-Zvi, Batsheva; Ben-Zvi, Gil; Himmelbach, Axel; MacLachlan, Ron; Sharpe, Andrew; Fritz, Allan;
1089:
Emmer's main use is as a human food, though it is also used for animal feed. Ethnographic evidence from Turkey and other emmer-growing areas suggests that emmer makes good bread (judged by the taste and texture standards of traditional bread), and this is supported by evidence of its widespread
1670:
Jean-Phillipe Lauer, Laurent
Taeckholm and E. Aberg, 'Les Plantes Decouvertes dans les Souterrains de l'Enceinte du Roi Zoser a Saqqarah' in Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte, Vol. XXXII, 1949–50, pp. 121–157, and see Plate IV for photo of ears of both wheats recovered from beneath the
465:. The principal difference between the wild and the domestic forms is that the ripened seed head of the wild plant shatters and scatters the seed onto the ground, while in the domesticated emmer, the seed head remains intact, thus making it easier for people to harvest the grain.
756:(Israel) created a stir in the botanical world. Emmer wheat has been found in archaeological excavations and ancient tombs. Emmer was collected from the wild and eaten by hunter gatherers for thousands of years before its domestication. Grains of wild emmer discovered at
668:
Although cultivated in ancient Egypt, wild emmer has not been cultivated for human consumption in recent history, perhaps owing to the difficulty with which the chaff is separated from the seed kernels, formerly requiring the spikes to be pounded with mortar and pestle.
1116:
called खपली गहू, transcription "khapalī gahū", meaning "crusty wheat") is grown as a drought- and stress-resistant wheat variety with some work ongoing to improve yields, as a result of increased interest in this variety due to possible value for diabetics.
1750:
Hulled wheats. Proceedings of the First
International Workshop on Hulled Wheats. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 4. Edited by S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, and J. Heller, 1996. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources
849:
Emmer is found in a large number of
Neolithic sites scattered around the fertile crescent. From its earliest days of cultivation, emmer was a more prominent crop than its cereal contemporaries and competitors, einkorn wheat and
873:
became the standard cereal crop. This has been related to increased salinization of irrigated alluvial soils, of which barley is more tolerant, although this study has been challenged. Emmer had a special place in
2243:
Luo, M.-C.; Yang, Z.-L.; You, F. M.; Kawahara, T.; Waines, J. G.; Dvorak, J. (2007). "The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication".
1049:
across Europe, and even in some
British supermarkets. The demand for Italian farro has led to competition from non-certified farro, grown in lowland areas and often consisting of a different wheat species, spelt
2192:
Hulled Wheats. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 4. Proceedings of the First
International Workshop on Hulled Wheats 21–22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany,
1045:) product, with its geographic identity protected by law. Production is certified by a co-operative body, the Consorzio Produttori Farro della Garfagnana. IGP-certified farro is widely available in
1102:, while lean kashovi is known in all regions of Armenia. Chopped lamb is added to cold water then boiled for 10 minutes, emmer and sautéed onion are added and cooked over a low heat until tender.
1661:
Powell, M. A. (1985) Salt, seed, and yields in
Sumerian agriculture. A critique of the theory of progressive salinization. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 75, 7–38.
779:
The location of the earliest site of emmer domestication is still unclear and under debate. Some of the earliest sites with possible indirect evidence for emmer domestication during the Early
950:(emmer and spelt are easily confused with each other). However, it is fairly certain that spelt did not grow in ancient Israel, and emmer was probably a significant crop until the end of the
558:
of domesticated emmer. Because wild and domesticated emmer are interfertile with other tetraploid wheats, some taxonomists consider all tetraploid wheats to belong to one species,
2294:
2103:
1608:
Weide, Alexander (2015). "On the
Identification of Domesticated Emmer Wheat, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Poaceae), in the Aceramic Neolithic of the Fertile Crescent".
1014:
Today emmer is primarily a relict crop in mountainous areas. Its value lies in its ability to give good yields on poor soils, and its resistance to fungal diseases such as
1109:) can be found in bakeries in some areas, while in Tuscany emmer has traditionally been consumed as whole grains in soup. Emmer has also been used in beer production.
1303:
3459:
1512:
3485:
1811:
3539:
814:. Definitive evidence for the full domestication of emmer wheat is not found until the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (10,200 to 9,500 BP), at sites such as
1090:
consumption as bread in ancient Egypt. Emmer bread is available in
Switzerland and the Netherlands. The largest Dutch supermarket chain in the Netherlands,
969:, emmer (in addition to einkorn and barley) was one of the most important cereal species and this importance can be seen to increase from 3400 BC onward.
2382:
2572:
3420:
3472:
3433:
1438:
1261:
1252:
2232:
1728:
1410:
2191:
882:, and large quantities of it were found preserved, along with cultivated emmer wheat and barleys, in the subterranean chambers beneath the
1003:
878:, where it was the main wheat cultivated in Pharaonic times, although cultivated einkorn wheat was grown in great abundance during the
2557:
2901:
2222:
2182:
837:
2246:
1929:
962:
are traditionally translated as "spelt", even though spelt was not common in the Classical world until very late in its history.
3446:
2410:
3477:
2781:
1800:
Samuel, Delwen. 1996. Archeology of Ancient Egyptian Beer. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 54(1): 3–12
1526:
Elbaum, Rivka; Zaltzman, Liron; Burgert, Ingo; Fratzl, Peter (2007). "The Role of Wheat Awns in the Seed Dispersal Unit".
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Wild emmer wheat spikelets effectively self-cultivate by propelling themselves mechanically into soils with their
2333:
97:
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240:
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1716:
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662:
31:
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1008:
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224:
1068:
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1643:. "The Indus Civilization: An Introduction to Environmental, Subsistence, and Cultural History: (2003)
1193:
744:. The origin of wild emmer has been suggested, without universal agreement among scholars, to be the
632:
3285:
2547:
2342:
2331:
Jacomet, Stefanie (2006). "Plant economy of the northern Alpine lake dwellings — 3500–2400 cal. BC".
2298:
2107:
1975:
1537:
1405:. Vol. 2 (Agriculture). Translated by Robert Schick. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. pp. 288–289.
1791:
G. Khanbekyan. A book about the national Armenian food. For housewives, Yerevan, Armgiz, 1950, p. 82
1782:
G. Khanbekyan. A book about the national Armenian food. For housewives. Yerevan, Armgiz, 1950. p. 80
3325:
3150:
3143:
3115:
2750:
2403:
805:
638:
62:
2283:
Jacobsen, Thorkild; Adams, Robert M. (1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture".
1308:
1105:
In Italy, whole emmer grains can be easily found in most supermarkets and groceries, emmer bread (
3335:
3330:
2358:
2271:
2237:
2141:
2068:
2009:
1882:
1561:
1506:
761:
658:
555:
252:
92:
1706:
665:
had collected specimens of the same wild emmer, without signifying where he had collected them.
582:. Either naming system is equally valid; the latter lays more emphasis on genetic similarities.
244:
3464:
3407:
2427:
2314:
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2263:
2218:
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2133:
2125:
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2001:
1993:
1911:
1858:
1724:
1553:
1528:
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1442:
1406:
1374:
1326:
Weiss, Ehud and Zohary, Daniel (October 2011), "The Neolithic Southwest Asian Founder Crops",
1046:
883:
792:
858:
on the Indian subcontinent, showing that emmer was already cultivated there by 7000–5000 BC.
3320:
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3300:
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1983:
1901:
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959:
955:
866:
819:
733:
481:
1073:
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2684:
2669:
2577:
2090:"Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication"
2029:
1962:
1640:
1426:
1052:
970:
939:
811:
749:
650:
612:
135:
1029:, uniquely, emmer cultivation is well established and even expanding. In the mountainous
788:
2346:
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1979:
1541:
1170:
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3028:
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2198:
1933:
1906:
1877:
1366:
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1125:
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713:
into spikelets that require milling or pounding to release the grains from the glumes.
591:
122:
736:
of the Middle East, growing in the grass and woodland of hill country from modern-day
3533:
3315:
3280:
3125:
3061:
2786:
2674:
2552:
2467:
2440:
2362:
2238:
Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale
2072:
2013:
1398:
1179:
1133:
875:
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745:
533:
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148:
82:
77:
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1690:
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3043:
3018:
2914:
2519:
2455:
2435:
2203:
1710:
1091:
985:(or 'glory'), providing an etymology explaining that emmer had been held in glory (
773:
717:
427:
3386:
2310:
2325:
1853:
1836:
1583:: Genome-Wide Coverage, Massive Negative Interference, and Putative Quasi-Linkage
1340:
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2660:
2618:
2542:
2534:
2524:
2462:
1956:
Steensels, Jan; Gallone, Brigida; Voordeckers, Karin; Verstrepen, Kevin (2019).
1120:
As with all varieties and hybrids of wheat, emmer is unsuitable for people with
1113:
1099:
862:
831:
827:
161:
2047:
2024:
1876:
Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L (Mar 16, 2015).
3310:
3252:
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1988:
1971:
1957:
1578:
1486:
1030:
992:
784:
753:
603:
563:
3375:
2129:
2056:
2025:"De Novo Domestication: An Alternative Route toward New Crops for the Future"
1997:
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2879:
2814:
2730:
2629:
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2210:
2120:
2089:
1896:
1549:
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that are prevalent in wet areas. Emmer is grown in Armenia, Morocco, Spain (
1015:
904:
900:
721:
477:
2318:
2267:
2137:
2064:
2005:
1915:
1862:
1557:
2377:
17:
3511:
3369:
3134:
2720:
2689:
1019:
951:
855:
757:
724:, will drill the spikelet 25 millimetres (1 inch) or more into the soil.
626:
502:
191:
518:
3425:
3164:
2974:
2492:
1079:
1034:
929:
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908:
887:
689:
617:
607:
181:
48:
3170:
2954:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2796:
2699:
2664:
2634:
2170:
1212:
1149:
966:
870:
851:
737:
706:
677:
547:
Strong similarities in morphology and genetics show that wild emmer (
171:
3346:
923:
653:
in the late 19th-century were the first to describe the wild emmer (
2233:
Wheat evolution: integrating archaeological and biological evidence
3451:
3232:
3071:
3053:
3003:
2949:
2939:
2735:
2715:
2623:
2603:
2482:
2419:
1083:
1063:
1038:
1026:
1002:
947:
891:
865:
in particular, cultivation of emmer wheat began to decline in the
836:
702:
698:
688:
587:
524:
489:
430:
201:
109:
2979:
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2608:
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661:
and adjacent countries. Earlier, in 1864, the Austrian botanist
3350:
2883:
2392:
2969:
2959:
480:. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a
1878:"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders"
911:) has been dated to the middle of the first millennium BC.
1373:(in Hebrew) (2 ed.). Tel Aviv: Am Oved. p. 562.
2388:
1094:, sells emmer bread as part of their luxury bread line.
1835:
Fasano A, Sapone A, Zevallos V, Schuppan D (May 2015).
701:
wheats, emmer is a hulled wheat, meaning it has strong
2229:
Up-to-date reference to cereals in the Biblical world.
1283:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
562:. Under this scheme, the two forms are recognized at
3359:
3220:
3198:
3133:
3124:
3101:
3092:
3052:
3002:
2921:
2807:
2759:
2708:
2650:
2591:
2533:
2500:
2426:
2295:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2104:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
991:18.3), and later in the same book he describes its
705:(husks) that enclose the grains, and a semibrittle
2202:
1763:"Renaissance alter Brotgetreidesorten – swissinfo"
895:primary ingredients in ancient Egyptian bread and
890:. Neighbouring countries also cultivated einkorn,
1465:MAPA's Dictionary of Plants and Flowers in Israel
1431:Agricultural and botanical explorations in Israel
1194:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T71786841A71786853.en
748:mountain region of southeastern Turkey. In 1906,
1930:"Grains in Relation to Celiac (Coeliac) Disease"
602:Wild emmer grows wild in the Near East. It is a
501:Emmer is first attested in 1908 in English as a
484:crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia.
2326:Oldest domesticated wheat found at Abu Hureyra.
854:. Small quantities of emmer are present during
441:= 28 chromosomes). The domesticated types are
2895:
2404:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1458:
1456:
8:
1579:Molecular Genetic Maps in Wild Emmer Wheat,
1393:
1391:
1389:
933:
752:'s discovery of wild emmer wheat growing in
512:
506:
2023:Fernie, Alisdair R.; Yan, Jianbing (2019).
980:
974:
527:
3347:
3130:
3098:
3011:
2999:
2927:
2902:
2888:
2880:
2411:
2397:
2389:
1812:"Medicinal traits found in 'Khapli' wheat"
1511:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1467:(in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: MAPA. p. 393.
71:
47:
38:
2119:
2046:
1987:
1905:
1895:
1852:
1694:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
1493:(in Hebrew). Kfar Darom. pp. 96–97.
1192:
606:wheat formed by the hybridization of two
2167:Domestication of plants in the Old World
1705:National Research Council (1996-02-14).
1692:Volubilis: Ancient settlement in Morocco
1491:Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings
1401:(2020). Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian (ed.).
56:Spikes (ears) of cultivated emmer wheat
1439:United States Department of Agriculture
1262:United States Department of Agriculture
1253:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1169:Zair, W. & Magos Brehm, J. (2017).
1161:
922:. One of these species, referred to as
1958:"Domestication of Industrial Microbes"
1712:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
1504:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1403:Work and Customs in Israel, volume II
973:notes that although emmer was called
709:. On threshing, a hulled wheat spike
672:The wild emmer is distinguished from
7:
1304:"Complex Bread Wheat Genome Cracked"
843:Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides
3540:IUCN Red List least concern species
1932:. Wheat.pw.usda.gov. Archived from
1180:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1112:In parts of India, emmer wheat (in
1007:Emmer in NRW, Germany, affected by
979:in his time formerly it was called
943:
3504:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60443332-2
2165:Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf (2000).
588:Wheat § Genetics and breeding
25:
2383:Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum
2081:These reviews cite this research.
1041:) is grown by farmers as an IGP (
2866:
2865:
2491:
2376:
2247:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
1371:A New Analytical Flora of Israel
96:
1680:Zohary & Hopf 2000, pp. 50f
1631:Weiss and Zohary, pp. S240-S242
1043:Indicazione Geografica Protetta
918:which have a special status in
834:, Tell Aswad and Cafer Höyük.
1837:"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity"
1810:Urs, Anil (23 February 2011).
1330:, Vo 52, Supplement 4, p. S240
1312:. 17 July 2017. Archived from
914:Emmer wheat may be one of the
861:In the Near East, in southern
624:), and an as yet unidentified
487:Emmer is considered a type of
1:
2782:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
2311:10.1126/science.128.3334.1251
1593:Zohary & Hopf 2000, p. 46
1258:Agricultural Research Service
1130:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
554:) is the wild ancestor and a
1854:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.049
1611:Archäologische Informationen
1369:(1998). David Heller (ed.).
924:
776:are 10,000–9,400 years old.
732:Wild emmer is native to the
586:For a wider discussion, see
2563:International Wheat Council
1346:Online Etymology Dictionary
934:
899:. Emmer recovered from the
493:food, especially in Italy.
457:. The wild plant is called
433:. Emmer is a tetraploid (4
3571:
2592:Plant parts and their uses
2215:Cambridge University Press
2048:10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.016
1441:. pp. 42-ff., 46-ff.
946:), may be either emmer or
869:, from about 3000 BC, and
29:
3268:
3014:
2998:
2930:
2863:
2760:Associated human diseases
2489:
2334:Environmental Archaeology
2260:10.1007/s00122-006-0474-0
1989:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.025
1765:(in German). Swissinfo.ch
1707:"Other Cultivated Grains"
1652:Jacobsen & Adams 1958
954:. References to emmer in
374:Triticum palaecocolchicum
258:
251:
230:
223:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
2792:dermatitis herpetiformis
2772:Gluten-related disorders
1721:National Academies Press
1689:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
1187:: e.T71786841A71786853.
1122:gluten-related disorders
824:Tell es-Sultan (Jericho)
532:, itself borrowing from
523:, 'starch', likely from
474:first crops domesticated
382:Triticum palaeocolchicum
3243:Intermediate wheatgrass
2355:10.1179/174963106x97061
2175:Oxford University Press
2121:10.1126/science.aan0032
1897:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
1550:10.1126/science.1140097
781:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
770:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
676:, with its tougher ear
519:
472:, emmer was one of the
3291:History of agriculture
2543:Australian Wheat Board
1086:
1011:
981:
975:
846:
694:
528:
513:
507:
390:Triticum subspontaneum
357:Triticum karamyschevii
332:Triticum gaertnerianum
32:Emmer (disambiguation)
2583:Wheat pools in Canada
2573:Production statistics
1078:is a typical dish in
1067:
1006:
916:five species of grain
856:Period 1 at Mehrgharh
840:
801:Kissonerga-Mylouthkia
692:
616:, closely related to
3286:Neolithic Revolution
3221:Emerging grain crops
2548:Canadian Wheat Board
2385:at Wikimedia Commons
1717:Lost Crops of Africa
1581:Triticum dicoccoides
1463:Shmida, Avi (2005).
1383:(first edition 1976)
1328:Current Anthropology
655:Triticum dicoccoides
349:Triticum ispahanicum
340:Triticum immaturatum
319:Triticum dicoccoides
30:For other uses, see
3326:Genetic engineering
2347:2006EnvAr..11...65J
2303:1958Sci...128.1251J
2205:Plants of the Bible
2112:2017Sci...357...93A
1980:2019CBio...29.R381S
1542:2007Sci...316..884E
845:) growing in Israel
630:species related to
303:Triticum cienfuegos
279:Triticum armeniacum
63:Conservation status
3555:Grasses of Lebanon
3336:Crop wild relative
3331:Selective breeding
3158:A. hypochondriacus
1883:World J Clin Cases
1148:, 2017 provides a
1098:widespread in the
1087:
1012:
847:
762:radiocarbon dating
695:
556:crop wild relative
398:Triticum tricoccum
377:(Menabde) L.B. Cai
365:Triticum maturatum
3527:
3526:
3361:Triticum dicoccum
3353:Taxon identifiers
3344:
3343:
3216:
3215:
3194:
3193:
3176:Pitseed goosefoot
3116:Tartary buckwheat
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
2877:
2876:
2651:Basic preparation
2381:Media related to
1730:978-0-309-04990-0
1536:(5826): 884–886.
1412:978-9950-385-84-9
1316:on July 17, 2014.
1242:Triticum turgidum
1173:Triticum turgidum
1069:Minestra di farro
1047:health food shops
697:Like einkorn and
553:
443:Triticum turgidum
417:
416:
410:
406:Triticum volgense
402:
394:
393:(Tzvelev) Czerep.
386:
378:
369:
361:
353:
344:
336:
328:
315:
311:Triticum dicoccum
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
234:Triticum dicoccum
86:
16:(Redirected from
3562:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3348:
3321:Green Revolution
3306:Tell Abu Hureyra
3301:Fertile Crescent
3296:Natufian culture
3238:Indian ricegrass
3131:
3099:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2928:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2850:Tell Abu Hureyra
2808:Related concepts
2709:As an ingredient
2495:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2380:
2366:
2322:
2279:
2228:
2208:
2188:
2152:
2149:
2123:
2076:
2050:
2017:
1991:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1841:Gastroenterology
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:Possehl, Gregory
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1435:Washington, D.C.
1423:
1417:
1416:
1395:
1384:
1382:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1166:
1136:, among others.
1132:and people with
1077:
1037:emmer (known as
984:
978:
965:In northeastern
945:
937:
927:
907:(in present-day
867:Early Bronze Age
809:
734:Fertile Crescent
551:
531:
522:
516:
510:
409:(Flaksb.) Nevski
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
367:
359:
351:
342:
334:
326:
313:
305:
297:
295:Triticum atratum
289:
282:(Stolet.) Nevski
281:
273:
271:Triticum amyleum
265:
236:
216:T. dicoccum
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
21:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3545:Wheat cultivars
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3264:
3259:Oryza coarctata
3212:
3190:
3120:
3076:
3048:
3005:
2994:
2917:
2908:
2878:
2873:
2859:
2803:
2777:coeliac disease
2755:
2704:
2646:
2587:
2578:Protein premium
2529:
2496:
2487:
2422:
2417:
2373:
2330:
2282:
2242:
2225:
2199:Zohary, Michael
2197:
2185:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2086:
2030:Molecular Plant
2022:
1963:Current Biology
1955:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1847:(6): 1195–204.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1719:. Vol. 1.
1704:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1503:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1215:on 3 March 2016
1207:
1206:
1202:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1134:wheat allergies
1071:
1062:
1001:
995:in sacrifices.
971:Pliny the Elder
812:Shillourokambos
803:
772:(PPNA) site of
750:Aaron Aaronsohn
730:
693:Cultivated type
687:
613:Triticum urartu
600:
545:
499:
413:
324:Triticum farrum
247:
238:
232:
219:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3381:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3248:Kangaroo grass
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3009:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Refined grains
2822:
2820:Plant breeding
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2746:Wheat germ oil
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2508:Wheat diseases
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2372:
2371:External links
2369:
2368:
2367:
2328:
2323:
2280:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2020:
2018:
1946:
1921:
1868:
1827:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1754:
1742:
1729:
1697:
1682:
1673:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1624:
1595:
1586:
1571:
1518:
1478:
1452:
1418:
1411:
1399:Dalman, Gustaf
1385:
1358:
1332:
1319:
1295:
1274:
1226:
1209:"Tropicos.org"
1200:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1141:
1138:
1126:celiac disease
1061:
1058:
1000:
997:
903:settlement at
729:
726:
686:
683:
610:wild grasses,
599:
596:
592:Wheat taxonomy
549:T. dicoccoides
544:
541:
498:
495:
415:
414:
412:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
362:
354:
346:
337:
329:
321:
316:
308:
300:
292:
287:Triticum arras
284:
276:
268:
259:
256:
255:
249:
248:
239:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
211:
207:
206:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3567:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Founder crops
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Domestication
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Founder crops
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Amaranthaceae
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Pseudocereals
3091:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:pseudocereals
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:wheat allergy
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Corn exchange
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:(6): 947–59.
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2224:0-521-24926-0
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:0-19-850356-3
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:: R381–R393.
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1936:on 2010-10-18
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1890:(3): 275–84.
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1817:
1816:@businessline
1813:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Aaronsohn, A.
1422:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1348:
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1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
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1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:pane di farro
1103:
1101:
1100:Shirak region
1095:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
989:
983:
977:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Third Dynasty
877:
876:ancient Egypt
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
844:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Tell Ghoraifé
817:
813:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
691:
684:
682:
679:
675:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
640:
639:A. speltoides
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
605:
597:
595:
594:
593:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
542:
540:
538:
535:
534:Ancient Greek
530:
526:
521:
515:
511:, variant of
509:
504:
496:
494:
492:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:einkorn wheat
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
426:is a type of
425:
421:
407:
404:
399:
396:
391:
388:
383:
380:
375:
372:
366:
363:
358:
355:
350:
347:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
301:
296:
293:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
263:Spelta amylea
261:
260:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
229:
226:
225:Binomial name
222:
218:
217:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
27:Type of wheat
19:
3360:
3257:
3228:Canary grass
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3103:Polygonaceae
3066:
2950:Maize (Corn)
2751:Wheat gluten
2520:Wheat mildew
2472:
2456:Winter wheat
2341:(1): 65–85.
2338:
2332:
2290:
2284:
2251:
2245:
2204:
2166:
2099:
2093:
2034:
2028:
1967:
1961:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1757:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1711:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1636:
1627:
1609:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1490:
1481:
1464:
1430:
1421:
1402:
1370:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:the original
1309:Nat Geo Food
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1251:
1245:
1241:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1203:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1145:
1143:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1092:Albert Heijn
1088:
1051:
1024:
1013:
986:
964:
913:
884:Step Pyramid
860:
848:
842:
841:Wild wheat (
797:Aşıklı Höyük
778:
774:Netiv Hagdud
731:
715:
696:
673:
671:
667:
657:) native to
654:
644:
637:
631:
625:
622:T. boeoticum
621:
618:wild einkorn
611:
601:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:level, thus
559:
548:
546:
536:
505:from German
500:
488:
486:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:hulled wheat
423:
419:
418:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
364:
356:
348:
339:
331:
323:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
233:
231:
215:
214:
202:
155:
142:
129:
116:
42:Emmer wheat
36:
3151:A. cruentus
3144:A. caudatus
2945:Job's tears
2840:Whole grain
2830:Staple food
2767:Anaphylaxis
2525:Hessian fly
2041:: 615–631.
1614: [
1487:Amar, Zohar
1267:11 December
1175:Wild Emmer"
1114:Maharashtra
1072: [
999:Cultivation
960:Latin texts
863:Mesopotamia
832:Tell Halula
828:Abu Hureyra
804: [
793:Cafer Höyük
768:and at the
572:dicoccoides
560:T. turgidum
468:Along with
463:dicoccoides
420:Emmer wheat
370:nom. inval.
345:nom. inval.
266:(Ser.) Ser.
188:Subfamily:
162:Commelinids
136:Angiosperms
3534:Categories
3311:Tell Aswad
3253:Nipa grass
3006:(Triticum)
2855:Tell Aswad
2845:Shattering
2835:Wheatpaste
2815:Bread riot
2741:Wheat beer
2695:Parboiling
2568:Peak wheat
2297:: 1251–8.
2159:References
2039:Cell Press
1972:Cell Press
1940:2010-11-13
1821:2019-08-16
1769:2010-11-13
1751:Institute.
1736:2008-07-18
1367:Zohary, M.
1352:2011-08-10
1124:, such as
1031:Garfagnana
901:Phoenician
785:Tell Aswad
764:of 17,000
754:Rosh Pinna
746:Karaca Dağ
685:Morphology
674:T. vulgare
645:Botanists
633:A. searsii
604:tetraploid
598:Wild emmer
564:subspecies
327:Bayle-Bar.
18:Wild emmer
3517:100431293
3276:Triticeae
3200:Lamiaceae
3111:Buckwheat
2990:Wild rice
2985:Triticale
2731:Flatbread
2685:Middlings
2630:Endosperm
2363:130845585
2211:Cambridge
2130:0036-8075
2106:: 93–97.
2073:121615993
2057:1674-2052
2014:159040577
1998:0960-9822
1507:cite book
1499:783455868
1473:716569354
1447:631059153
1379:916628298
1060:Food uses
1053:T. spelta
1016:stem rust
905:Volubilis
722:frog kick
711:breaks up
681:upwards.
659:Palestine
651:Aaronsohn
497:Etymology
478:Near East
210:Species:
106:Kingdom:
3512:Tropicos
3465:11429286
3452:425654-1
3370:Wikidata
3272:See also
3135:Amaranth
3039:Norin 10
3034:Red Fife
3029:Khorasan
2871:Category
2721:Couscous
2690:Semolina
2501:Agronomy
2478:Khorasan
2451:Red Fife
2446:Norin 10
2319:17793690
2293:(3334).
2276:36096777
2268:17318496
2201:(1982).
2146:19943904
2138:28684525
2102:(6346).
2065:30999078
2006:31112692
1916:25789300
1863:25583468
1671:pyramid.
1566:42898148
1558:17495170
1489:(2015).
1429:(1910).
1288:June 30,
1246:dicoccon
1033:area of
1020:Asturias
952:Iron Age
783:include
758:Ohalo II
647:Körnicke
627:Aegilops
580:dicoccum
543:Taxonomy
514:Amelkorn
503:loanword
447:dicoccum
314:Schrank.
253:Synonyms
203:Triticum
192:Pooideae
178:Family:
149:Monocots
83:IUCN 3.1
3426:6430794
3400:1115043
3376:Q167339
3181:Cañihua
3165:Celosia
3062:Einkorn
2975:Sorghum
2955:Millets
2923:Cereals
2911:Cereals
2726:Cracker
2670:Milling
2661:Berries
2642:Sprouts
2558:Exports
2468:Einkorn
2441:Marquis
2343:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2286:Science
2108:Bibcode
2095:Science
1976:Bibcode
1907:4360499
1538:Bibcode
1529:Science
1341:"emmer"
1244:subsp.
1219:30 June
1080:Tuscany
1035:Tuscany
1009:lodging
982:adoreum
930:Aramaic
920:Judaism
909:Morocco
888:Saqqara
728:History
678:rhachis
663:Kotschy
608:diploid
578:subsp.
570:subsp.
517:, from
476:in the
461:subsp.
445:subsp.
401:Schübl.
385:Menabde
368:Flaksb.
343:Flaksb.
290:Hochst.
245:Schübl.
241:Schrank
198:Genus:
182:Poaceae
168:Order:
110:Plantae
81: (
3439:467577
3387:160048
3384:APDB:
3186:Djulis
3171:Quinoa
3044:Winter
3004:Wheat
2935:Barley
2797:ataxia
2700:Bulgur
2675:Farina
2665:groats
2635:Gluten
2626:(husk)
2436:Common
2361:
2317:
2274:
2266:
2221:
2181:
2171:Oxford
2144:
2136:
2128:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1970:(10).
1914:
1904:
1861:
1727:
1564:
1556:
1497:
1471:
1445:
1409:
1377:
1150:genome
1146:et al.
1140:Genome
967:Europe
944:כוסמין
940:Hebrew
935:kūsmīn
925:kusmin
871:barley
852:barley
816:Beidha
789:Çayönü
760:had a
738:Israel
707:rachis
703:glumes
552:Koern.
537:amylon
529:amylum
482:relict
451:T. t.
360:Nevski
352:Heslot
172:Poales
3491:49225
3478:42239
3460:IRMNG
3413:59488
3233:Drinn
3072:Spelt
3067:Emmer
3054:Farro
3024:Durum
3019:Bread
2940:Fonio
2736:Pasta
2716:Bread
2680:Flour
2624:Chaff
2604:Straw
2599:Stalk
2535:Trade
2483:Spelt
2473:Emmer
2463:Durum
2428:Types
2420:Wheat
2359:S2CID
2272:S2CID
2193:Italy
2142:S2CID
2069:S2CID
2037:(5).
2010:S2CID
1618:]
1562:S2CID
1156:Notes
1144:Avni
1084:Italy
1076:]
1039:farro
1027:Italy
956:Greek
948:spelt
932:) or
892:durum
808:]
699:spelt
576:T. t.
568:T. t.
525:Latin
508:Emmer
490:farro
459:T. t.
455:durum
453:conv.
431:wheat
428:awned
156:Clade
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
3499:POWO
3486:NCBI
3473:ITIS
3447:IPNI
3434:GRIN
3421:GBIF
3395:BOLD
3208:Chia
2980:Teff
2965:Rice
2960:Oats
2913:and
2657:None
2619:Germ
2614:Bran
2609:Seed
2513:list
2315:PMID
2264:PMID
2219:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2134:PMID
2126:ISSN
2061:PMID
2053:ISSN
2002:PMID
1994:ISSN
1912:PMID
1859:PMID
1725:ISBN
1554:PMID
1513:link
1495:OCLC
1469:OCLC
1443:OCLC
1407:ISBN
1375:OCLC
1290:2014
1269:2017
1221:2014
1185:2017
993:role
988:N.H.
958:and
897:beer
810:and
742:Iran
718:awns
649:and
590:and
574:and
520:amel
449:and
335:Lag.
306:Lag.
298:Host
274:Ser.
3408:CoL
2970:Rye
2663:or
2351:doi
2307:doi
2291:128
2256:doi
2252:114
2116:doi
2100:357
2043:doi
1984:doi
1902:PMC
1892:doi
1849:doi
1845:148
1546:doi
1534:316
1189:doi
1056:).
1025:In
976:far
886:at
740:to
636:or
437:= 4
422:or
243:ex
3536::
3514::
3501::
3488::
3475::
3462::
3449::
3436::
3423::
3410::
3397::
3372::
2357:.
2349:.
2339:11
2337:.
2313:.
2305:.
2289:.
2270:.
2262:.
2250:.
2217:.
2213::
2209:.
2177:.
2173::
2169:.
2140:.
2132:.
2124:.
2114:.
2098:.
2092:.
2067:.
2059:.
2051:.
2035:12
2033:.
2027:.
2008:.
2000:.
1992:.
1982:.
1968:29
1966:.
1960:.
1910:.
1900:.
1886:.
1880:.
1857:.
1843:.
1839:.
1814:.
1723:.
1715:.
1709:.
1616:de
1598:^
1560:.
1552:.
1544:.
1532:.
1509:}}
1505:{{
1455:^
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1433:.
1388:^
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1256:.
1250:.
1229:^
1183:.
1177:.
1152:.
1128:,
1082:,
1074:it
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830:,
826:,
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818:,
806:de
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
766:BC
642:.
539:.
158::
145::
132::
119::
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2412:e
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2321:.
2309::
2301::
2278:.
2258::
2227:.
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2110::
2075:.
2045::
2016:.
1986::
1978::
1943:.
1918:.
1894::
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1824:.
1772:.
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