206:
of 13.8 percent covering an area of 215,200 square kilometres (83,100 sq mi) spread over 60 protected areas. There are four categories of protected areas, and these are: strictly protected areas (prohibiting hunting, logging and development with no human habitation as the defined areas are very fragile); the national parks, with their historical and educational interest providing for ecotourism in identified areas and with limited access to the local nomads for fishing and grazing; natural and historic monuments with restricted developmental activities; and nature reserves of less important regions providing protection to endangered and rare species of flora and fauna and archeological value with limited access for development within prescribed guidelines. The strictly protected areas are
19:
113:
1007:
ecotourism to generate revenue to preserve the remaining biodiversity of the country. Other than official action to raise resources of the state, other major threats faced are illegal hunting (for musk deer, elk, boars, squirrels and marmot for illegal trade), grazing of pasture livestock and related needs of water resources (due to large increase in livestock population since 1990), climate change, fires in steppe and forests (resulting in death of many animal species) and severe cold and drought.
198:
782:
1887:
472:
242:
2833:
2843:
154:
continental climate with very cold conditions (anticyclones are formed here over
Siberia) and cool to hot summers in the deserts and semi deserts. Temperature records indicate a very wide variation between winter and summer, of the order of 80 °F (44 °C) on average in the northern part of the country, and even on a single day the variation can be as much as 55 °F (31 °C). In the
35:
791:
298:
105:
307:
905:
581:
550:(drought-tolerant) species which provides firewood. Elms and poplars are also found near springs and underground water resources. Saxaul shrubs dominate the deserts and they anchor the sand dunes and prevent erosion. It grows to height of 4 m, over a period of 100 years, with very dense wood that sinks in water.
67:
shrubland covers 55 percent of the country. In the steppe zone, forest covers only 6 percent while 36 percent is covered by desert vegetation, and only 1 percent is used for human habitation and agriculture. The vegetation in the eastern steppe region is grassland (the largest of its type in the world).
805:
The bird species in
Mongolia include several that are very large. Six species of cranes present in Mongolia account for half the numbers in the world. There are 22 endangered species of birds including hawks, falcons, buzzards, cranes and owls. Though cranes are not hunted for superstitious reasons,
489:
The flora in the wildlife area of
Mongolia is of pasture lands in three-fourths of the country, which is the main source of feed for the large quantity of livestock. Forests and barren deserts cover the remaining area in the country. There are four vegetation zones. Coniferous forest form the taiga
205:
Immediately after
Mongolia attained independence in 1990, there was enthusiasm to declare 100 percent of the country as a national park. However, the goal was set at an achievable 30 percent. But due to economic conditions dictating development of mines, the achievement so far has been of the order
167:
Rainfall and snow are also very uneven, dependent on elevation and latitude. Annual amounts range from low-lying desert areas of the south and west where it is less than 4 inches (100 mm) to northern mountainous areas, where it is reported as about 14 inches (360 mm), while at
Ulaanbaatar
1006:
was supporting the economy with grants until it became independent in 1990, the situation drastically changed after independence. The country's revenue then depended more from the wildlife resources and its landscape, which were subject to serious exploitation necessitating a policy change towards
96:. This has resulted in a faunal richness that combines the species from each of the border nations. Habitat distribution consists of grassland, shrubland and forest covering 55 percent of the country, while forest cover is 98 percent in the steppe zone, 36 percent is covered by desert vegetation.
128:
form another divide between areas that drain into the oceans and those that drain inland. In the western and southern zones, streams flow seasonally into salt water lakes without outlets. Rivers of the northern region are perennial, rising from the mountains. The two major river systems are the
66:
About 90% of the landlocked country is covered by deserts or pastures with extreme climatic conditions. Fauna in the wild includes 139 mammal species, 448 bird species (331 of which are migratory and 119 are resident), 76 fish species, 22 reptile species and 6 amphibian species. Grassland and
153:
The climatic conditions dictated by the oceans on one side and the snow-capped mountains (average peak elevation of 5,180 metres (16,990 ft) in high northern latitudes) on the other side, have a significant bearing on the wildlife distribution in the country. The climate patterns are:
168:
the reported annual rainfall is 10 inches (250 mm). The number of days the sky remains clear and sunny is between 220 and 260 annually. Fierce blizzards occur in the mountain regions and the steppes. During this period a thin layer of snow totally stops grazing in these pastures.
54:
consists of flora, fauna and funga found in the harsh habitats dictated by the diverse climatic conditions found throughout the country. In the north, there are salty marshes and fresh-water sources. The centre has desert steppes. In the south, there are
158:
area the typical variation reported is −7 °F (−22 °C) in
January and 63 °F (17 °C) in July while in the Gobi desert area, the average temperature reported for January is 5 °F (−15 °C) and 7 °F (−14 °C) in July.
641:, once a common species, has been reduced by pressures including hunting, livestock grazing, and high Chinese medicinal value, with the Mongolian subspecies reaching a critically endangered level, with fewer than 5,000 individuals left in the wild.
176:
Commercial exploitation increased between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries, necessitating increased legislation. Two laws were enacted in 1995, the
Mongolian Law on Environmental Protection and the Mongolian Law on Hunting. The
818:). Overall there are 469 species of birds, including domesticated species linked to wild ancestral species. Of these, 330 are migratory and 119 are seen throughout the year. Species identified include:
1014:
has established national parks and nature reserves supplemented with laws on hunting regulations and other conservation measures, and also on hunting and fishing for sport and for commercial purposes.
145:, a natural lake formed in a structural depression. It is the second oldest lake in the world and accounts for 65 percent of the fresh water of Mongolia (2 percent of that in the world).
645:, in particular, had almost become extinct (not seen for more than three decades) and was therefore reintroduced from captive sources. Other species of mammals reported include:
526:
are noted to dominate the area. The inter-montane basins, wide river valleys and the southern slopes of the mountains have steppe vegetation. Pastureland have a cover of
1922:
338:
189:), an area of 275,000 square kilometres (106,000 sq mi), is reported to be the "largest remaining example of a temperate grassland ecosystem".
1730:
1799:
2747:
542:. In the semi desert and Gobi desert areas, the vegetation is scanty but just adequate for the camels, sheep and goat populations to survive.
2150:
1692:
1326:
1288:
1136:
1099:
2722:
2472:
2099:
262:
211:
1966:
2430:
2010:
1743:
2798:
2143:
1624:
1594:
1408:
1066:
2092:
1934:
997:
326:
23:
1849:
807:
280:
227:
219:
207:
2808:
2373:
2204:
350:
1859:
2557:
2186:
2109:
1988:
1759:
1723:
355:
2872:
2803:
2767:
2228:
1907:
1871:
1854:
1834:
743:
406:
360:
223:
370:
2667:
2302:
2292:
2133:
1949:
575:
344:
1430:
1386:
1364:
806:
they are still threatened due to habitat degradation and only 5,000 breeding pairs are reported, mostly in Dornod's
2867:
2071:
2015:
1956:
1939:
1912:
1876:
1614:
1031:
642:
214:(established as a reserve in 1975 and as a biosphere reserve in 1990 covering 985,000 hectares (2,430,000 acres)),
2762:
2358:
2312:
2087:
1971:
1944:
771:
423:
112:
18:
2772:
2717:
2682:
2637:
2489:
2465:
2330:
2287:
2240:
2191:
2121:
2053:
1864:
1839:
1829:
1789:
1716:
1214:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2547:
2497:
2176:
2126:
482:
124:. This separates areas that drain to the Arctic Ocean from those that drain northeast into the Pacific. The
43:
2813:
1243:
2757:
2727:
2702:
2597:
2517:
2507:
2353:
2138:
2076:
1844:
1011:
256:
2196:
1652:
2692:
2687:
2567:
2272:
2214:
2114:
2104:
2066:
1895:
1814:
477:
400:
388:
2818:
627:
250:
494:
noted at higher zones. In the mountain forest-steppe zone vegetation is dense on the northern slopes;
210:(established in 1966 covering 67,300 hectares (166,000 acres) including buffer and transition areas),
2707:
2662:
2632:
2532:
2391:
2363:
2041:
1764:
447:
2787:
2732:
2647:
2627:
2512:
2502:
2458:
2423:
2322:
2209:
2181:
2164:
1929:
1751:
735:
607:
435:
412:
332:
2842:
1976:
365:
197:
142:
2777:
2712:
2677:
2612:
2592:
2582:
2542:
2527:
2522:
2343:
2297:
2282:
2277:
2058:
1886:
1189:
662:
453:
418:
121:
459:
441:
382:
2737:
2697:
2672:
2652:
2587:
2562:
2552:
2537:
2439:
2404:
2378:
2368:
2348:
2307:
2003:
1998:
1688:
1620:
1590:
1584:
1322:
1284:
1132:
1095:
947:
851:
843:
811:
747:
535:
226:(established in 2003 covering 50,600 hectares (125,000 acres)). They are all under the UNESCO
182:
125:
1682:
1278:
1126:
1089:
2657:
2622:
2577:
2572:
2481:
1784:
1474:
865:
781:
755:
678:
631:
316:
274:
138:
133:(Mongolia's longest inland river within the country, which joins the Selenge River) and the
85:
742:
sheep, saiga antelope and gazelle of eastern
Mongolia are receiving special attention. The
2250:
1993:
1824:
933:
929:
93:
1543:
670:
1521:
1452:
889:
654:
638:
499:
495:
215:
1164:
471:
241:
2861:
2836:
2020:
1804:
1769:
977:
957:
860:
599:
551:
527:
491:
134:
39:
914:
The rivers and lakes of
Mongolia are reported to have 76 species of fish, including
2025:
1809:
1794:
908:
819:
739:
687:
615:
268:
130:
34:
1312:
2846:
2396:
1961:
1917:
873:
827:
586:
531:
155:
60:
56:
27:
790:
558:
is also reported. More than 200 plant species are reported to be under threat.
141:). Lakes in the country are mostly saline. The largest by volume is freshwater
1819:
881:
835:
724:
547:
394:
297:
104:
919:
696:
623:
595:
555:
222:(designated in 2005 and covering 8,429,072 hectares (20,828,690 acres)) and
566:
There are 139 mammal species found in
Mongolia, and 448 species of birds.
306:
2335:
1981:
1739:
712:
704:
692:
988:
relative, growing up to 1.5 m in length and 50 kg in weight).
904:
580:
2265:
2255:
2245:
1779:
1774:
810:. In eastern Mongolia, a critically endangered species of crane is the
738:-Mongolia conservation programme (a four-year project), snow leopards,
720:
716:
523:
89:
218:(established 1997 and covering 810,233.5 hectares (2,002,131 acres)),
2383:
2260:
1032:"What's the largest desert in the world? (Hint: It's not the Sahara)"
1003:
985:
981:
646:
543:
539:
519:
503:
178:
1708:
1277:
Badarch, Dėndėviĭn; Zilinskas, Raymond A.; Balint, Peter J. (2003).
2450:
1409:"Uvs Nuur Basin, Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva and Mongolia"
1522:"Wildlife in Mongolia:Species Conservation work with WWF Mongolia"
967:
937:
915:
903:
728:
579:
515:
470:
240:
196:
111:
103:
81:
33:
17:
634:(the largest numbers in the world are found in the Gobi desert).
507:
2454:
1712:
1010:
For conservation of the rich biodiversity of the country, the
511:
1280:
Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development
653:) (in the rocky mountains of the Gobi desert), common wolf,
746:
has taken interest in conservation of the Bactrian camel,
245:
Otgon Tenger Mountain in the strictly protected reserve
201:
View from the monastery at Gorkhi-Terelj National Park
1563:
1561:
1497:
1495:
1347:
1345:
63:
in the south, the fifth-largest desert in the world.
1453:"The National Parks and Nature Reserves of Mongolia"
2786:
2746:
2488:
2321:
2227:
2163:
2040:
1894:
1750:
1069:. National Geographic Offroad Expeditions Wild life
514:along with deciduous vegetation of white and brown
1616:Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes : Asia
606:), as well as more endangered species such as the
594:Mongolia has a number of large mammals, including
630:(both wild and domestic types of horses) and the
626:, (rarest and unique to the desert region), the
319:or takhi in Hustai National Park; right: closeup
1314:Ecology and Conservation of Mongolian Gazelle (
971:
961:
951:
941:
923:
1159:
1157:
1155:
498:(grows up to 45 metres (148 ft) height),
2466:
1724:
799:Left: A spoonbill; right: a great white egret
554:bloom with red, yellow and white flowers and
8:
1608:
1606:
980:(endemic to the rivers of Mongolia) and the
1578:
1576:
120:The drainage pattern is dictated by Asia's
2473:
2459:
2451:
2233:
2169:
2046:
1900:
1731:
1717:
1709:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1120:
1118:
30:is the fifth largest desert in the world.
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1321:. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
1023:
731:in the forest and steppe margin areas.
42:, Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, in
1209:
1207:
1184:
1182:
329:(2,171,737 hectares (5,366,480 acres))
265:(1,227,000 hectares (3,030,000 acres))
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
38:Bactrian camels in the sand dunes of
7:
1639:
1567:
1501:
1351:
1264:
1094:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 58–.
335:(838,100 hectares (2,071,000 acres))
1546:. The Zoological Society of London
1411:. Encyclopaedia Earth Organization
1283:. Psychology Press. pp. 41–.
490:region of the northern areas with
403:(316,900 hectares (783,000 acres))
347:(286,400 hectares (708,000 acres))
283:(103,000 hectares (250,000 acres))
277:(311,200 hectares (769,000 acres))
14:
1431:"Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve"
1365:"Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve"
510:(Siberian and Scotch pines), and
409:(49,940 hectares (123,400 acres))
391:(58,800 hectares (145,000 acres))
385:(46,160 hectares (114,100 acres))
371:Southern Altai Gobi National Park
341:(77,267 hectares (190,930 acres))
271:(95,500 hectares (236,000 acres))
259:(65,900 hectares (163,000 acres))
233:Some of the other protected are:
2841:
2832:
2831:
1885:
1586:Mongolia: The Bradt Travel Guide
998:Environmental issues in Mongolia
789:
780:
462:(32,860 hectares (81,200 acres))
456:(11,500 hectares (28,000 acres))
438:(22,500 hectares (56,000 acres))
305:
296:
253:(27,400 hectares (68,000 acres))
24:Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park
1687:. Lonely Planet. pp. 51–.
1658:. WWF Mongolia Programme Office
1167:. Wildlife Conservation Society
1131:. Lonely Planet. pp. 49–.
808:Mongol Daguur Biosphere Reserve
397:(7,700 hectares (19,000 acres))
281:Mongol Daguur Biosphere Reserve
228:Man and the Biosphere Programme
220:Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve
208:Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve
116:Panoramic view of Lake Khövsgöl
2799:British Indian Ocean Territory
1653:"Wild Life Issues in Mongolia"
1455:. Nationalparks-worldwide.info
1387:"Great Gobi Biosphere Reserve"
1246:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1217:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1190:"Wild Life Issues in Mongolia"
450:(1,665 hectares (4,110 acres))
444:(1,800 hectares (4,400 acres))
415:(3,000 hectares (7,400 acres))
351:Altai Tavan Bogd National Park
1:
356:Tsambagarav Uul National Park
744:Zoological Society of London
361:Khustain Nuruu National Park
1923:Historical cities and towns
1860:Mongolian People's Republic
1589:(2 ed.). p. 208.
576:List of mammals of Mongolia
366:Lake Khövsgöl National Park
2889:
995:
769:
573:
80:The country is bounded by
2827:
2417:
2236:
2172:
2049:
1903:
1883:
772:List of birds of Mongolia
424:Gun-Galuut Nature Reserve
2548:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2100:Administrative divisions
1790:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1318:Pallas 1777) in Mongolia
1088:Guek Cheng Pang (2010).
992:Threats and conservation
932:, Mongolian grayling,),
866:great black-headed gulls
715:in the forest areas and
695:in the Altai ecoregion;
659:Saiga tatarica mongolica
339:Khorgo Terkh Zagaan Nuur
237:Strictly protected areas
2809:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1479:Encyclopædia Britannica
1311:Olson, Kirk A. (2008).
1215:"Mongolia: Animal life"
1128:Mongolia. Ediz. Inglese
643:Przewalski's wild horse
2354:Goyol Fashion Festival
2144:Chief of General Staff
1613:Petr, T., ed. (1999).
1583:Blunden, Jane (2008).
1012:government of Mongolia
972:
962:
952:
942:
924:
911:
762:) and saiga antelope.
591:
538:, and several species
486:
246:
224:Khustain Nuuru Reserve
216:Uvs Nuur Basin Reserve
202:
117:
109:
47:
31:
2115:Third neighbor policy
1815:Northern Yuan dynasty
1681:Michael Kohn (2008).
1524:. World Wildlife Fund
1125:Michael Kohn (2008).
996:Further information:
907:
894:Tetraogallus altaicus
760:Meriones unguiculatus
583:
478:Haloxylon ammodendron
474:
327:Gobiin Gurvan Saykhan
244:
200:
115:
107:
37:
21:
2723:United Arab Emirates
2374:Traditional medicine
2093:Constitutional Court
1935:Environmental issues
1765:Prehistoric Mongolia
1244:"Mongolia: Drainage"
683:Gazelle subgutturosa
679:black tailed gazelle
502:, interspersed with
269:Otgon Tenger Reserve
257:Khukh Serkhiin Nuruu
52:wildlife of Mongolia
2873:Wildlife by country
2750:limited recognition
2059:State Great Khural
1850:Soviet intervention
1192:. Iberia nature.com
1002:In a country where
840:Platalea leucorodia
736:World Wildlife Fund
667:Moschus moschiferus
608:wild Bactrian camel
59:as well as the hot
2298:List of Mongolians
2205:Telecommunications
1845:Chinese occupation
1316:Procapra gutturosa
912:
858:), whooper swans (
852:great white egrets
701:Sus scrofa nigipes
592:
487:
430:National monuments
401:Sharga and Mankhan
389:Lkhachinvandad Uul
247:
212:Great Gobi Reserve
203:
187:Procapra gutturosa
122:continental divide
118:
110:
48:
32:
2868:Biota of Mongolia
2855:
2854:
2792:other territories
2482:Wildlife of Asia
2448:
2447:
2413:
2412:
2223:
2222:
2159:
2158:
2151:Political parties
2110:Foreign relations
2036:
2035:
1694:978-1-74104-578-9
1328:978-0-549-78947-5
1290:978-0-7007-1598-5
1267:, pp. 50–51.
1138:978-1-74104-578-9
1101:978-0-7614-4849-5
984:(a huge Siberian
948:Siberian sturgeon
870:Larus ichthyaetus
848:Pelecanus crispus
844:Dalmatian pelican
832:Gypaetus barbatus
824:Aquila chrysaetos
812:white naped crane
748:long-eared jerboa
685:), stone martin (
483:Ömnögovi Province
377:National reserves
251:Khasagt Khayrkhan
183:Mongolian gazelle
126:Khangai Mountains
44:Ömnögovi Province
2880:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2804:Christmas Island
2490:Sovereign states
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2433:
2426:
2400:
2399:(New Year's Day)
2387:
2339:
2266:Southern Mongols
2234:
2200:
2170:
2080:
2062:
2047:
1901:
1889:
1785:Rouran Khaganate
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
975:
965:
955:
945:
927:
793:
784:
756:Mongolian gerbil
752:Euchoreutes naso
632:Asiatic wild ass
584:A snow leopard (
496:Siberian larches
317:Przewalski horse
309:
300:
263:Khan Khentii Uul
172:Legal protection
86:Afghan Turkestan
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2823:
2791:
2782:
2763:Northern Cyprus
2749:
2742:
2484:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2409:
2398:
2385:
2337:
2317:
2313:Writing systems
2303:Sex trafficking
2293:Public holidays
2219:
2198:
2155:
2134:Law enforcement
2078:
2060:
2032:
1890:
1881:
1877:Modern Mongolia
1872:1990 Revolution
1855:1921 Revolution
1835:1911 Revolution
1825:Dzungar Khanate
1800:Medieval tribes
1746:
1737:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
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655:Mongolian saiga
578:
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323:
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2072:Prime Minister
2069:
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2013:
2011:National parks
2008:
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1038:. 15 July 2020
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890:Altai snowcock
798:
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779:
778:
777:
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770:Main article:
767:
764:
709:Cervus elaphus
639:saiga antelope
604:Capra sibirica
574:Main article:
571:
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2359:Horse culture
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2088:Supreme Court
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2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
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1808:
1806:
1805:Mongol Empire
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Proto-Mongols
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
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1711:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 48.
1641:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1626:92-5-104309-4
1622:
1619:. Rome: FAO.
1618:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:9781841621784
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:, p. 50.
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:, p. 51.
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:, p. 52.
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1307:
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964:
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931:
926:
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917:
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906:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Ciconia nigra
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
861:Cygnus cygnus
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
792:
783:
773:
765:
763:
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749:
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718:
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664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Camelus ferus
609:
605:
601:
600:Siberian ibex
597:
589:
588:
582:
577:
569:
567:
561:
559:
557:
553:
552:Rhododendrons
549:
545:
541:
540:fodder plants
537:
533:
529:
528:feather grass
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
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493:
484:
480:
479:
473:
466:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:Eej Khairkhan
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
414:
413:Nagalkhan Uul
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
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387:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
346:
345:Gorkhi Terelj
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:Khovsgul Nuur
331:
328:
325:
324:
318:
308:
299:
287:
286:
282:
279:
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267:
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217:
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209:
199:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
171:
169:
163:Precipitation
162:
160:
157:
148:
146:
144:
143:Lake Khövsgöl
140:
136:
135:Selenge River
132:
127:
123:
114:
106:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
70:
68:
64:
62:
58:
53:
45:
41:
40:Khongoryn Els
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2788:Dependencies
2718:Turkmenistan
2683:Saudi Arabia
2642:
2397:Tsagaan Sar
2331:Architecture
2288:Prostitution
2241:Demographics
2122:Human rights
2061:(parliament)
2054:Constitution
1865:World War II
1840:Bogd Khanate
1810:Yuan dynasty
1795:Liao dynasty
1698:. Retrieved
1683:
1675:Bibliography
1660:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:
1615:
1585:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1332:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1279:
1272:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1219:. Retrieved
1194:. Retrieved
1169:. Retrieved
1142:. Retrieved
1127:
1105:. Retrieved
1090:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1009:
1001:
913:
909:Yellow perch
900:Aquatic life
893:
885:
877:
874:black storks
869:
859:
856:Egretta alba
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
820:golden eagle
815:
804:
759:
751:
740:Altai argali
733:
708:
700:
688:Martes foina
686:
682:
677:) or manul,
674:
671:Pallas's cat
666:
658:
650:
636:
619:
616:snow leopard
611:
603:
593:
585:
565:
488:
476:
232:
204:
186:
181:habitat for
175:
166:
152:
137:(Selenga in
131:Orkhon River
119:
108:Orkhon River
79:
65:
57:semi deserts
51:
49:
15:
2847:Asia portal
2748:States with
2668:Philippines
2608:South Korea
2603:North Korea
2498:Afghanistan
2177:Agriculture
2077:Government
1962:Gobi Desert
1918:Ulaanbaatar
1067:"Wild life"
1036:ZME Science
978:Altai osman
828:lammergeyer
816:Tsen togoru
675:Felis manul
620:Uncia uncia
596:gray wolves
587:Uncia uncia
532:couch grass
454:Naiman Nuur
419:Batkhan Uul
156:Ulaanbaatar
61:Gobi desert
28:Gobi desert
2862:Categories
2728:Uzbekistan
2703:Tajikistan
2618:Kyrgyzstan
2598:Kazakhstan
2518:Bangladesh
2508:Azerbaijan
2386:(festival)
2364:Literature
2199:(currency)
2084:Judiciary
1820:Four Oirat
1544:"Mongolia"
1475:"Mongolia"
1165:"Mongolia"
1018:References
882:swan goose
836:spoonbills
734:Under the
725:steppe fox
651:Ovis ammon
548:xerophytic
460:Ganga Nuur
442:Bulgan Uul
395:Bulgan Gol
76:Topography
2814:Hong Kong
2768:Palestine
2693:Sri Lanka
2688:Singapore
2568:Indonesia
2336:Biyelgee
2273:Education
2187:Companies
2105:Elections
2079:(cabinet)
2067:President
1989:Mountains
1967:Grassland
1896:Geography
1830:Qing rule
1640:Kohn 2008
1568:Kohn 2008
1502:Kohn 2008
1352:Kohn 2008
1265:Kohn 2008
697:wild boar
693:wild cats
663:musk deer
624:Gobi bear
556:edelweiss
383:Ugtam Uul
71:Geography
22:Dunes in
2837:Category
2758:Abkhazia
2708:Thailand
2663:Pakistan
2643:Mongolia
2638:Maldives
2633:Malaysia
2533:Cambodia
2440:Category
2392:Religion
2283:Language
2139:Military
2042:Politics
1977:Khövsgöl
1760:Timeline
1744:articles
1740:Mongolia
1684:Mongolia
1433:. UNESCO
1389:. UNESCO
1367:. UNESCO
1334:30 April
1296:30 April
1091:Mongolia
963:tsurkhai
920:grayling
713:roe deer
705:red deer
536:wormwood
475:Saxaul (
2733:Vietnam
2648:Myanmar
2628:Lebanon
2558:Georgia
2513:Bahrain
2503:Armenia
2424:Outline
2384:Naadam
2349:Cuisine
2338:(dance)
2323:Culture
2256:Buryats
2251:Khalkha
2246:Mongols
2229:Society
2210:Tourism
2197:Tögrög
2182:Banking
2165:Economy
2021:Selenga
2004:Khentii
1999:Khangai
1950:Mammals
1930:Climate
1908:Borders
1780:Xianbei
1775:Xiongnu
1752:History
1042:16 June
925:khadran
721:red fox
717:muskrat
691:), and
622:), the
614:), the
570:Mammals
524:poplars
516:birches
504:spruces
149:Climate
139:Russian
90:Siberia
2778:Taiwan
2713:Turkey
2678:Russia
2613:Kuwait
2593:Jordan
2583:Israel
2543:Cyprus
2528:Brunei
2523:Bhutan
2344:Cinema
2278:Health
2261:Oirats
2026:Orkhon
2016:Rivers
1913:Cities
1742:
1691:
1623:
1593:
1325:
1287:
1135:
1098:
1004:Russia
986:salmon
982:taimen
973:algana
953:khilem
888:) and
727:, and
647:argali
544:Saxaul
522:, and
520:aspens
492:alpine
275:Numrug
179:steppe
92:, and
26:; the
2819:Macau
2738:Yemen
2698:Syria
2673:Qatar
2653:Nepal
2588:Japan
2563:India
2553:Egypt
2538:China
2431:Index
2405:Sport
2379:Music
2369:Media
2308:Women
1994:Altai
1972:Lakes
1957:Flora
1945:Birds
1940:Fauna
1700:2 May
1662:2 May
1656:(PDF)
1550:2 May
1528:1 May
1484:2 May
1459:3 May
1437:3 May
1415:3 May
1393:3 May
1371:3 May
1250:2 May
1221:2 May
1196:1 May
1171:1 May
1144:1 May
1107:1 May
1073:1 May
968:perch
943:zebge
938:lenok
934:roach
916:trout
766:Birds
729:sable
628:takhi
562:Fauna
546:is a
508:pines
481:) in
467:Flora
82:Tibet
2658:Oman
2623:Laos
2578:Iraq
2573:Iran
2127:LGBT
1702:2013
1689:ISBN
1664:2013
1621:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1552:2013
1530:2013
1486:2013
1461:2013
1439:2013
1417:2013
1395:2013
1373:2013
1336:2013
1323:ISBN
1298:2013
1285:ISBN
1252:2013
1223:2013
1198:2013
1173:2013
1146:2013
1133:ISBN
1109:2013
1096:ISBN
1075:2013
1044:2022
958:pike
637:The
598:and
512:firs
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2790:and
1982:Uvs
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