180:
19:
483:
188:
99:
327:
91:. The mountains end abruptly on the west coast and there is little in the way of a coastal plain. Between the mountains are deep valleys, with lowland largely limited to the southeastern region of the country and the south coast. The far northeast of the country is less mountainous, with rolling hills and the
340:
Excluding bacteria and viruses but including marine organisms, the total number of animal and plant species in Norway is estimated at 60,000. This includes 16,000 species of insects (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 450 species of birds (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of
490:
Norway has a great variety of bird species utilising its many habitats, cliffs, wetlands, forests and tundra. In the summer, insects and other food sources are plentiful and the days are long, giving plenty of time for birds to forage and feed their young. This is not the case in winter when the
152:, and the coast normally remains free of ice. The predominant winds bring relatively warm, humid air in from the Atlantic. Much precipitation falls on the western side of the mountains, with the long inland valleys being rather drier and land to the east of the mountains experiencing a
230:
and birches above which are tundra, rock and ice. The tundra is too exposed and the climate too severe to support trees and large plants, and here grow mountain grasses and low-growing alpine plants such as
491:
ground is covered in snow, the wetlands in ice and the days are short, so many of the birds are migratory, usually breeding in Norway and overwintering in southern Europe or Africa.
118:; the land surface on the three large and many smaller islands is 60% glacier ice, 30% rock and scree, and only 10% is vegetated. The island has its own distinctive flora and fauna.
304:. 165 species of plants have been found on the archipelago. Only those areas which defrost in the summer have vegetation cover and this accounts for about 10% of the island group.
167:
The climate of
Svalbard is dominated by its high latitude, with the average summer temperature at 5 °C (41 °F) and January averages at −14 °C (7 °F). The
703:
49:
include high mountains, tundras, rivers, lakes, wetlands, sea coast and some lower cultivated land in the south. Mainland Norway has a long coastline, protected by
609:
also nest on
Svalbard as do the nearly thirty species of seabird that migrate here each year. Most freshwater lakes in the Svalbard archipelago are inhabited by
836:
334:
79:
Mainland Norway is a mountainous, elongated country with a very long coastline. It extends from a latitude of 58°N to more than 71°N, which is north of the
871:
681:
747:
156:
effect, with less precipitation, more sunshine and usually warmer summers. The far north and northeast of the country are drier but experience much
202:
species are adapted to the long, cold winters but need a growing season of sufficient length and warmth. Thus typical boreal species include the
1040:
281:, at around 1,200 m (4,000 ft) in central southeastern Norway, descending to 750 m (2,500 ft) at the Arctic Circle and to
815:
788:
731:
87:
extend along the length of the country; the average elevation is 460 m (1,510 ft) and 32% of the mainland is located above the
179:
1096:
751:
664:
639:
975:"Characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation in a changing climate: The most northerly freshwater fish as a model"
1303:
1116:
1141:
948:
1166:
1410:
867:
1379:
1228:
755:
18:
1364:
1033:
840:
1331:
1223:
313:
1415:
1336:
1188:
168:
1341:
1288:
1258:
1198:
321:
317:
61:
lies further north. The flora is very varied and a large range of mammals, birds (many migratory), fish and
1389:
1374:
1321:
1218:
1178:
1081:
922:
523:
149:
84:
1156:
1091:
1076:
1066:
1384:
1369:
1213:
1193:
1026:
535:
527:
115:
1359:
1203:
1173:
1273:
1268:
1243:
1101:
460:
1298:
1248:
1208:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1106:
1086:
1071:
1061:
137:
74:
341:
mammals, 45 fresh-water species of fish, 150 marine species of fish, 1,000 species of fresh-water
1326:
1293:
1283:
1263:
1253:
1238:
1183:
1151:
1136:
1111:
482:
1278:
1004:
811:
784:
727:
697:
660:
635:
562:
499:
349:
301:
199:
127:
805:
778:
994:
986:
721:
476:
456:
274:
236:
187:
23:
507:
440:
373:
361:
141:
999:
974:
598:
444:
255:
232:
92:
83:, and there are some 50,000 smaller islands off the extremely indented coastline. The
1404:
578:
570:
436:
424:
369:
365:
203:
80:
602:
519:
511:
452:
377:
342:
62:
242:
Estimates of the total number of species in the country include 20,000 species of
239:. At even higher altitudes mosses and lichens provide the chief vegetation cover.
273:
are dominant and grow at higher elevations than other trees, but in other areas,
610:
543:
539:
531:
515:
503:
405:
397:
211:
192:
153:
98:
566:
558:
432:
420:
293:
215:
875:
551:
547:
464:
389:
381:
282:
278:
133:
88:
1008:
723:
Plant
Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests
777:
Fouberg, Erin Hogan; Hogan, Edward
Patrick; Gritzner, Charles F. (2009).
606:
590:
472:
413:
409:
401:
145:
111:
103:
58:
900:
65:
species live here, as well as a few species of reptiles and amphibians.
586:
574:
495:
428:
198:
Vegetation zones in Norway include forests, bogs, wetlands and heaths.
161:
46:
990:
1018:
594:
468:
393:
385:
330:
297:
286:
266:
259:
247:
227:
50:
42:
582:
481:
448:
353:
326:
325:
243:
223:
219:
186:
178:
97:
54:
38:
34:
17:
270:
251:
207:
1022:
171:
moderates
Svalbard's temperatures, particularly during winter.
557:
There are four terrestrial mammalian species on
Svalbard, the
357:
157:
973:
O'Malley, Kathleen G.; Vaux, Felix; Black, Andrew N. (2019).
949:"Amphibians and reptiles in Norway - monitoring and research"
659:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Forlaget Det Beste. pp. 102–104l.
530:
occasionally visit the coast. Amphibians are limited to the
748:"Temperaturnormaler for Spitsbergen i perioden 1961–1990"
265:
In parts of the country with a more continental climate,
726:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–7.
144:
around the coast. Compared to other places at similar
1350:
1312:
1054:
348:Terrestrial mammals on mainland Norway include the
285:further north. At higher altitudes, the terrain is
226:predominate. Higher still, these give way to dwarf
475:, and around thirty species of whale, dolphin and
210:, while at higher altitudes deciduous trees like
191:Arctic downy birch forms the treeline in most of
148:, the temperature is higher because of the warm
862:
860:
858:
839:(in Norwegian). Regjeringen.no. Archived from
1034:
715:
713:
680:Amundsen, Bård; Lie, Else (2 December 2011).
601:is the only resident species of bird but the
345:, and 3,500 species of marine invertebrates.
8:
702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
384:as well as about fifteen species of smaller
183:Bogs and lakes are common in the boreal zone
872:Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management
1041:
1027:
1019:
998:
895:
893:
57:, and the mostly-icebound archipelago of
486:Rock ptarmigan, partly in winter plumage
110:Further north still, the archipelago of
783:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 24–25.
682:"The chaotic current that warms Norway"
622:
577:. There are around eighteen species of
132:The climate of much of the mainland is
695:
634:. Reed International. pp. 12–13.
831:
829:
827:
810:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43.
7:
419:Terrestrial carnivores include the
752:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
498:have been recorded in Norway: the
14:
300:, with both low, middle and high
684:. The Research Council of Norway
569:and the accidentally introduced
406:elk (N. American usage: 'moose')
657:Svalbard: vårt nordligste Norge
479:are found in Norwegian waters.
720:Wielgolaski, Frans E. (2006).
467:. The coast is visited by the
1:
868:"Protected Areas in Svalbard"
655:Torkildsen, Torbjørn (1984).
573:, which is found only around
258:, and up to 7,000 species of
333:in the low alpine tundra at
494:Six terrestrial species of
1432:
901:"Norsk Zoologisk Forening"
807:Lapland: A Natural History
416:are found in the country.
311:
140:in the southeast and some
125:
72:
804:Ratcliffe, Derek (2010).
314:List of mammals of Norway
923:"Norway: Bird migration"
388:. Of the ungulates, the
372:all live here as do the
335:Dovrefjell National Park
169:West Spitsbergen Current
322:Environment of Svalbard
318:List of birds of Norway
1097:Bosnia and Herzegovina
903:(in Norwegian). Sabima
528:loggerhead sea turtles
487:
337:
195:
184:
150:North Atlantic Current
107:
85:Scandinavian Mountains
53:and much dissected by
26:
979:Ecology and Evolution
485:
329:
190:
182:
101:
33:includes the diverse
21:
878:on 27 September 2011
461:European pine marten
1411:Wildlife by country
1313:States with limited
471:and six species of
254:, 2,800 species of
250:, 1,050 species of
246:, 1,800 species of
138:continental climate
75:Geography of Norway
1049:Wildlife of Europe
632:Atlas of the World
536:great crested newt
488:
338:
196:
185:
108:
31:wildlife of Norway
27:
1398:
1397:
991:10.1002/ece3.4891
953:Council of Europe
817:978-1-4081-3402-3
790:978-1-4381-0527-7
733:978-3-540-26595-5
630:Philip's (1994).
563:Svalbard reindeer
500:viviparous lizard
435:, as well as the
352:, six species of
350:European hedgehog
302:Arctic vegetation
128:Climate of Norway
24:Jostedal Glacier
1423:
1351:Dependencies and
1055:Sovereign states
1043:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1002:
985:(4): 2004–2017.
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
927:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
897:
888:
887:
885:
883:
874:. Archived from
870:(in Norwegian).
864:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
822:
821:
801:
795:
794:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
754:. Archived from
750:(in Norwegian).
744:
738:
737:
717:
708:
707:
701:
693:
691:
689:
677:
671:
670:
652:
646:
645:
627:
457:European polecat
237:purple saxifrage
22:Valley near the
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1416:Biota of Norway
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1352:
1346:
1332:Northern Cyprus
1314:
1308:
1229:North Macedonia
1050:
1047:
1017:
1016:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
899:
898:
891:
881:
879:
866:
865:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
825:
818:
803:
802:
798:
791:
776:
775:
771:
761:
759:
758:on 17 July 2012
746:
745:
741:
734:
719:
718:
711:
694:
687:
685:
679:
678:
674:
667:
654:
653:
649:
642:
629:
628:
624:
619:
441:European badger
374:Eurasian beaver
362:European rabbit
324:
312:Main articles:
310:
256:vascular plants
177:
142:oceanic climate
130:
124:
77:
71:
12:
11:
5:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:other entities
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1304:United Kingdom
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Czech Republic
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1014:
965:
939:
928:. Fugletrekket
914:
889:
854:
843:on 11 May 2008
823:
816:
796:
789:
769:
739:
732:
709:
672:
665:
647:
640:
621:
620:
618:
615:
599:rock ptarmigan
512:European adder
445:Eurasian otter
309:
306:
275:mountain birch
233:mountain avens
176:
173:
126:Main article:
123:
120:
116:arctic climate
93:Finnmarksvidda
73:Main article:
70:
67:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Faroe Islands
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:South Ossetia
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Liechtenstein
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
966:
954:
950:
943:
940:
924:
918:
915:
902:
896:
894:
890:
877:
873:
869:
863:
861:
859:
855:
842:
838:
832:
830:
828:
824:
819:
813:
809:
808:
800:
797:
792:
786:
782:
781:
773:
770:
757:
753:
749:
743:
740:
735:
729:
725:
724:
716:
714:
710:
705:
699:
683:
676:
673:
668:
666:82-7010-167-2
662:
658:
651:
648:
643:
641:0-540-05831-9
637:
633:
626:
623:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:marine mammal
576:
572:
571:southern vole
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Eurasian lynx
434:
430:
426:
425:Eurasian wolf
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:mountain hare
367:
366:European hare
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
343:invertebrates
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
292:Svalbard has
290:
288:
287:arctic tundra
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:Norway spruce
201:
194:
189:
181:
174:
172:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
129:
121:
119:
117:
113:
106:during August
105:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:Arctic Circle
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
16:
1342:Transnistria
1233:
982:
978:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
942:
930:. Retrieved
917:
905:. Retrieved
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
806:
799:
779:
772:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
742:
722:
686:. Retrieved
675:
656:
650:
631:
625:
603:snow bunting
556:
520:smooth snake
493:
489:
453:least weasel
418:
378:red squirrel
347:
339:
291:
264:
241:
197:
166:
136:, with some
131:
109:
102:Ice-covered
78:
63:invertebrate
30:
28:
15:
1380:Isle of Man
1315:recognition
1289:Switzerland
1224:Netherlands
958:16 February
947:Skei, Jon.
932:16 February
907:16 February
882:13 February
847:13 February
762:13 February
688:13 February
611:Arctic char
544:common frog
540:common toad
532:smooth newt
524:leatherback
516:grass snake
504:sand lizard
398:fallow deer
356:and ten of
212:downy birch
193:Scandinavia
154:rain shadow
1405:Categories
1259:San Marino
1219:Montenegro
1199:Luxembourg
1179:Kazakhstan
1082:Azerbaijan
837:"NOU 2004"
617:References
581:including
567:polar bear
559:Arctic fox
433:Arctic fox
421:brown bear
294:permafrost
277:forms the
216:grey alder
1370:Gibraltar
1194:Lithuania
552:pool frog
548:moor frog
508:slow worm
465:wolverine
390:wild boar
382:brown rat
283:sea level
279:tree line
146:latitudes
134:subarctic
95:plateau.
89:tree line
69:Geography
1390:Svalbard
1375:Guernsey
1322:Abkhazia
1274:Slovenia
1269:Slovakia
1244:Portugal
1102:Bulgaria
1009:30847088
698:cite web
607:wheatear
595:walruses
587:dolphins
550:and the
518:and the
496:reptiles
477:porpoise
463:and the
431:and the
414:reindeer
412:and the
410:roe deer
402:red deer
380:and the
368:and the
360:. The
112:Svalbard
104:Svalbard
59:Svalbard
51:skerries
47:habitats
1299:Ukraine
1249:Romania
1209:Moldova
1167:Ireland
1162:Iceland
1157:Hungary
1147:Germany
1142:Georgia
1132:Finland
1127:Estonia
1122:Denmark
1107:Croatia
1092:Belgium
1087:Belarus
1077:Austria
1072:Armenia
1067:Andorra
1062:Albania
1000:6392408
575:Grumant
429:red fox
228:willows
162:drizzle
122:Climate
114:has an
1385:Jersey
1327:Kosovo
1294:Turkey
1284:Sweden
1264:Serbia
1254:Russia
1239:Poland
1234:Norway
1214:Monaco
1184:Latvia
1152:Greece
1137:France
1112:Cyprus
1007:
997:
814:
787:
780:Norway
730:
663:
638:
597:. The
583:whales
565:, the
561:, the
546:, the
542:, the
538:, the
534:, the
522:, and
514:, the
510:, the
506:, the
502:, the
469:walrus
459:, the
455:, the
451:, the
447:, the
443:, the
439:, the
427:, the
423:, the
408:, the
404:, the
400:, the
396:, the
394:muskox
392:, the
386:rodent
376:, the
364:, the
354:shrews
331:Muskox
320:, and
298:tundra
267:spruce
252:mosses
248:lichen
200:Boreal
55:fjords
45:. The
43:Norway
1360:Åland
1279:Spain
1204:Malta
1174:Italy
926:(PDF)
591:seals
449:stoat
308:Fauna
260:fungi
244:algae
224:rowan
220:aspen
175:Flora
39:fauna
35:flora
1005:PMID
960:2019
934:2019
909:2019
884:2019
849:2019
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
764:2019
728:ISBN
704:link
690:2019
661:ISBN
636:ISBN
605:and
593:and
526:and
473:seal
358:bats
296:and
271:pine
269:and
235:and
222:and
208:pine
206:and
160:and
37:and
29:The
995:PMC
987:doi
262:.
158:fog
41:of
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316:,
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