Wildlife conservation - Knowledge (XXG)

225: 424:, directly lead to habitat destruction. For example, longer dry seasons, warmer springs, and dry soil has been observed to increase the length of wildfire season in forests, shrublands and grasslands. Increased severity and longevity of wildfires can completely wipe out entire ecosystems, causing them to take decades to fully recover. Wildfires are a prime example of the direct negative effect climate change has on wildlife and ecosystems. Meanwhile, a warming climate, fluctuating precipitation, and changing weather patterns will impact species ranges. Overall, the effects of climate change increase stress on ecosystems, and species unable to cope with the rapidly changing conditions will go extinct. While modern climate change is caused by humans, 139:. Habitat destruction and fragmentation can increase the vulnerability of wildlife populations by reducing the space and resources available to them and by increasing the likelihood of conflict with humans. Moreover, destruction and fragmentation create smaller habitats. Smaller habitats support smaller populations, and smaller populations are more likely to go extinct. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant shift in human behavior, resulting in mandatory and voluntary limitations on movement. As a result, people have started utilizing green spaces more frequently, which were previously habitats for wildlife. Unfortunately, this increased human activity has caused destruction to the natural habitat of various species. 524: 485:. Of these, 25% are mammals, 14% are birds, and 40% are amphibians. However, because not all species have been assessed, these numbers could be even higher. A 2019 UN report assessing global biodiversity extrapolated IUCN data to all species and estimated that 1 million species worldwide could face extinction. Conservation of a select species are often prioritized on several factors which include significant economic and ecological value, as well as desirability or attractiveness. Yet, because resources are limited, sometimes it is not possible to give all species that need conservation due consideration. 625:

from several genetic issues including kinked tails, cardiac defects, and low fertility. In 1995, eight female Texas cougars were introduced to the Florida population. The goal was to increase genetic diversity by introducing genes from a different, unrelated puma population. By 2007, the Florida panther population had tripled and offspring between Florida and Texas individuals had higher fertility and less genetic problems. In 2015, the US Fish and Wildlife Service estimated there were 230 adult Florida panthers and in 2017, there were signs that the population's range was expanding within Florida.

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military bases, where pine forests are kept for military training purposes and occasional bombings (also for training) set fires that maintain pine savannas. Woodpeckers live in tree cavities they excavate in the trunk. In an effort to increase woodpecker numbers, artificial cavities (essentially birdhouses planted within tree trunks) were installed to give woodpeckers a place to live. An active effort is made by the US military and workers to maintain this rare habitat used by red-cockaded woodpeckers.

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encouraging illegal wildlife trade. On March 30, 2021, TikTik joined the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online. They, along with other big social media companies work to protect species from illegal, harmful trade online. Research has shown that machine learning can filter through social media posts to identify indications of illegal wildlife trade. This filtration system is able to search for keywords, pictures, and phrases that indicate illegal wildlife trade, and report it.

20: 6050: 543:, which are areas of the world with an exceptionally high concentration of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world). Many of these hotspots are in the tropics, mainly tropical forests like the Amazon. Habitat conservation is usually carried out by setting aside protected areas like national parks or nature reserves. Even when an area isn't made into a park or reserve, it can still be monitored and maintained. 6072: 6061: 5665: 4302: 155:, which is the obtainment of timber and wood for use in construction or fuel. Deforestation causes many threats to wildlife as it not only causes habitat destruction for the many animals that survive in forests, as more than 80% of the world's species live in forests but also leads to further climate change. Deforestation is a main concern in the tropical forests of the world. Tropical forests, like the 104: 178:, overexploitation can apply to many groups including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and plants. The danger of overexploitation is that if too many of a species offspring are taken, then the species may not recover. For example, overfishing of top marine predatory fish like tuna and salmon over the past century has led to a decline in fish sizes as well as fish numbers. 769:. To counter this, oral vaccinations are administered to these wolves within favorable bait that is widely distributed around their territories. The wolves consume the bait and with it ingest the vaccine, developing an immunity to rabies as antibodies are produced at significant levels. Wolves within these packs who did not ingest the vaccine will be protected by 159:, are home to the most biodiversity out of any other biome, making deforestation there an even more prevalent issue, especially in populated areas, as in these areas deforestation leads to habitat destruction and the endangerment of many species in one area. Some policies have been enacted to attempt to stop deforestation in different parts of the world, like the 210:, skins, and horns respectively). Less well-known targets of poaching include the harvest of protected plants and animals for souvenirs, food, skins, pets, and more. Poaching causes already small populations to decline even further as hunters tend to target threatened and endangered species because of their rarity and large profits. 602:, often decrease species survival by reducing the species' capacity to adapt or by increasing the frequency of genetic problems. Though not always the case, certain species are under threat because they have very low genetic diversity. As such, the best conservation action would be to restore their genetic diversity. 503:) is the largest turtle in the world, is the only turtle without a hard shell, and is endangered. It is found throughout the central Pacific and Atlantic Oceans but several of its populations are in decline across the globe (though not all). The leatherback sea turtle faces numerous threats including being caught as 849:

in 1979 and 1986 “earmarking U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funds for ”. From 1990 till now, environmental conservation NGOs have become increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID funds dispersed for preserving the environment and its natural resources.

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The Endangered Species Act is a continuously updated list that remains up-to-date on species that are endangered or threatened. Along with the update of the list, the Endangered Species Act also seeks to implement actions to protect the species within its list. Furthermore, the Endangered Species Act

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that resides in the state of Florida and is currently endangered. Historically, the Florida panther's range covered the entire southeastern US. In the early 1990s, only a single population with 20-25 individuals were left. The population had very low genetic diversity, was highly inbred, and suffered

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is an endangered bird in the southeastern US. It only lives in longleaf pine savannas which are maintained by wildfires in mature pine forests. Today, it is a rare habitat (as fires have become rare and many pine forests have been cut down for agriculture) and is commonly found on land occupied by US

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Due to the fittest animals in the species being hunted or poached, the less fit organisms will mate, causing less fitness in the generations to come. In addition to species fitness being lowered and therefore endangering species, the illegal wildlife trade has ecological costs. Sex-ratio balances may

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The illegal wildlife trade is the illegal trading of plants and wildlife. This illegal trading is worth an estimate of 7-23 billion and an annual trade of around 100 million plants and animals. In 2021 it was found that this trade has caused a 60% decline in species abundance, and 80% for endangered

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negatively impact wildlife health. For some pollutants, simple exposure is enough to do damage (e.g. pesticides). For others, its through inhaling (e.g. air pollutants) or ingesting it (e.g. toxic metals). Pollutants affect different species in different ways so a pollutant that is bad for one might

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is the practice of protecting a habitat in order to protect the species within it. This is sometimes preferable to focusing on a single species especially if the species in question has very specific habitat requirements or lives in a habitat with many other endangered species. The latter is often

515:, measures to protect it include reducing bycatch captures through fishing gear modifications, monitoring and protecting its habitat (both nesting beaches and in the ocean), and reducing damage from marine pollution. There is currently an international effort to protect the leatherback sea turtle. 370:

naturally occur at low levels in the environment, but when ingested in high doses, can cause organ damage and cancer. How toxic they are depends on the exact metal, how much was ingested, and the animal that ingested it. Human activities such as mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels, and various

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is the clearing and cutting down forests on purpose. Deforestation is a cause of human-induced habitat action destruction, by cutting down habitats of different species in the process of removing trees. Deforestation is often done for several reasons, often for either agricultural purposes or for

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Monitoring of wildlife populations is an important part of conservation because it allows managers to gather information about the status of threatened species and to measure the effectiveness of management strategies. Monitoring can be local, regional, or range-wide, and can include one or many

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This trade can be devastating to both humans and animals. It has the capacity to spread zoonotic diseases to humans, as well as contribute to local extinction. The pathogens to humans may be spread through small animal vectors like ticks, or through ingestion of food and water. Extinction can be

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studies genetic phenomena that impact the conservation of a species. Most conservation efforts focus on managing population size, but conserving genetic diversity is typically a high priority as well. High genetic diversity increases survival because it means greater capacity to adapt to future

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Illegal wildlife trade has also become normalized through various social media outlets. There are TikTok accounts that have gone viral for their depiction of exotic pets, such as various monkey and bird species. These accounts show a cute and fun side of owning exotic pets, therefore indirectly

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put this estimate even higher at a million species. It is also being acknowledged that an increasing number of ecosystems on Earth containing endangered species are disappearing. To address these issues, there have been both national and international governmental efforts to preserve Earth's

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Monitoring methods can be categorized as either "direct" or "indirect". Direct methods rely on directly seeing or hearing the animals, whereas indirect methods rely on "signs" that indicate the animals are present. For terrestrial vertebrates, common direct monitoring methods include direct

377:: There are many sources of toxic chemical pollution including industrial wastewater, oil spills, and pesticides. There's a wide range of toxic chemicals so there's also a wide range of negative health effects. For example, synthetic pesticides and certain industrial chemicals are 705:

stressors, such as climate change or habitat loss, that ultimately lead a population to extinction without human intervention. Methods of vaccination varies depending on both the extent and efficiency of limiting the transmission of disease, and can be applied

858:, maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and its natural resources became a “priority” to “prevent international tensions” according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002 and section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act. 726:(IM). Conservation efforts regarding vaccinations often only serve the purpose of preventing disease related extinction. Rather than completely cleansing the population of the pathogen, infection rates are limited to a smaller percentage of the population. 679:

calculations. Mark-recapture methods are also used with genetic data from non-invasive hair or fecal samples. Such information can be analyzed independently or in conjunction with photographic methods to get a more complete picture of population viability.

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caused due to non-native species being introduced that become invasive. An example of how this may happen is through by-catch.These new species will outcompete the native species and take over, therefore causing the local or global extinction of a species.

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As carbon dioxide levels increase concentration in the atmosphere, they increase in the ocean as well. Typically, the ocean will absorb carbon from the atmosphere, where it can be sequestered in the deep ocean and sea floor; this is a process called the

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According to the National Wildlife Federation, wildlife conservation in the US gets a majority of its funding through appropriations from the federal budget, annual federal and state grants, and financial efforts from programs such as the

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such as coral are especially susceptible to decreased pH, resulting in mass bleaching events, inevitably destroying a habitat for many of coral's diverse inhabitants. Research (conducted through methods such as coral fossils and ancient

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The wildlife trade also causes issues for natural resources that people use in their everyday lives. Ecotourism is how some people bring in money to their homes, and with depleting the wildlife, this may be a factor in taking away jobs.

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Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (2014-05-30). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection".

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For large, terrestrial vertebrates, a popular method is to use camera traps for population estimation along with mark-recapture techniques. This method has been used successfully with tigers, black bears and numerous other species.

296:, and other marine life. The Queensland "shark control" program alone has killed about 50,000 sharks — it has also killed more than 84,000 marine animals. There are also examples of population culling in the United States, such as 663:, and variable plot surveys. Indirect methods include track stations, fecal counts, food removal, open or closed burrow-opening counts, burrow counts, runaway counts, knockdown cards, snow tracks, or responses to audio calls. 205:

is a major threat to certain species, particularly endangered ones whose status makes them economically valuable. Such species include many large mammals like African elephants, tigers, and rhinoceros (traded for their

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spillover to humans. A pathogen that has never once been exposed to a specific species' evolutionary pathway can have detrimental impacts on the population. In most cases, these risks escalate in conjunction to other

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was passed to protect US species deemed in danger of extinction. The concern at the time was that the country was losing species that were scientifically, culturally, and educationally important. In the same year,

687:(Replacement, Reduction, Refinement). In wildlife research, this can be done through the use of non-invasive methods, sharing samples and data with other research groups, or optimizing traps to prevent injuries. 695:

Distributing vaccinations to wildlife who are particularly vulnerable is useful in conservation to prevent or decelerate extreme population declination in a species from disease and also decrease the risk of a

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as fewer wolves are exposed to the virus. With continued periodic vaccinations, conservationists will be able to spend more resources on further proactive efforts to help prevent their extinction.

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In the late 1980s, as the public became dissatisfied with government environmental conservation efforts, people began supporting private sector conservation efforts which included several

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be tipped or reproduction rates are slowed, which can be detrimental to vulnerable species. The recovery of these populations may take longer due to the reproduction rates being slower.

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distinct populations. Metrics commonly gathered during monitoring include population numbers, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity, although many other metrics may be used.

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Schneider, Stefan; Taylor, Graham W.; Kremer, Stefan C. (2020). "Similarity Learning Networks for Animal Individual Re-Identification - Beyond the Capabilities of a Human Observer".

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Molina, Santiago; Fuller, Angela K.; Morin, Dana J.; Royle, J. Andrew (May 2017). "Use of spatial capture–recapture to estimate density of Andean bears in northern Ecuador".

821:. A substantial amount of funding comes from the sale of hunting/fishing licenses, game tags, stamps, and excise taxes from the purchase of hunting equipment and ammunition. 332:

come from burning fossil fuels and industrial emissions. These have direct and indirect effects on the health of wildlife and their ecosystems. For example, high levels of

790:(CITES) was passed as part of an international agreement to prevent the global trade of endangered wildlife. In 1980, the World Conservation Strategy was developed by the 3477: 2357:

Kent, Jennifer; Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Myers, Norman (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".

3725: 1438: 3720: 2915: 340:) can damage plants and stunt their growth. Sulfur oxides also contribute to acid rain, harming both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Other air pollutants like 1296: 791: 59: 3052:

Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Marino, Jorgelina; Gordon, Christopher H.; Bedin, Eric; Hussein, Alo; Regassa, Fekede; Banyard, Ashley; Fooks, Anthony R. (2016-09-14).

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Frankham, Richard; Ballou, Jonathan D.; Ralls, Katherine; Eldridge, Mark D. B.; Dudash, Michele R.; Fenstar, Charles B.; Lacy, Robert C.; Sunnucks, Paul (2017).

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Dawson, T. P.; Jackson, S. T.; House, J. I.; Prentice, I. C.; Mace, G. M. (2011-04-01). "Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate".

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Tchounwou, Paul B.; Yedjou, Clement G.; Patlolla, Anita K.; Sutton, Dwayne J. (2012), Luch, Andreas (ed.), "Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment",

4290: 4224: 1885: 4440: 4152: 2019: 413: 237:. Increased carbon dioxide emissions and increased stratification (which slows the biological pump) decrease the ocean pH, making it more acidic. 1553: 5951: 4636: 2205:

Fischer, Anke; Bednar-Friedl, Birgit; Langers, Fransje; Dobrovodská, Marta; Geamana, Nicoleta; Skogen, Ketil; Dumortier, Myriam (2011-03-01).

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and fragmentation are primary drivers of species declines and extinctions. Key examples of human-induced habitat loss include deforestation,

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also lists the species that the act has recovered. It is estimated that the act has prevented the extinction of about 291 species, like

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Bezerra-Santos, Marcos A.; Mendoza-Roldan, Jairo A.; Thompson, R. C. Andrew; Dantas-Torres, Filipe; Otranto, Domenico (2021-03-01).

1668: 1124: 1086: 381:. These pollutants are long-lived and can cause cancer, reproductive disorders, immune system problems, and nervous system problems. 1456: 833:, since its implementation through its different recovery plans and the protection that it provides for these threatened species. 416:, and rising sea levels are some of the effects of climate change. Phenomena like droughts, wildfires, heatwaves, intense storms, 174:

is the harvesting of animals and plants at a rate that's faster than the species' ability to recover. While often associated with

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breaks up a continuous tract of habitat, often dividing large wildlife populations into several smaller ones. Human-caused

6019: 4659: 4305: 4044: 3879: 3703: 3683: 900: 890: 842: 805:(often called the Rio Earth Summit) as an international accord to protect the Earth's biological resources and diversity. 473:

It is estimated that, because of human activities, current species extinction rates are about 1000 times greater than the

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currently changing Earth's environmental conditions. It is related to some of the aforementioned threats to wildlife like

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Culling is the deliberate and selective killing of wildlife by governments for various purposes. An example of this is

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with help from the UN Environmental Programme, World Wildlife Fund, UN Food and Agricultural Organization, and UNESCO.

761:, is an endangered species with less than 440 wolves remaining in the wild. These wolves are primarily exposed to the 719: 3341: 925: 303: 5916: 5904: 5668: 5552: 5496: 4588: 4460: 4415: 4365: 4127: 3735: 3527: 885: 879: 684: 474: 92: 88: 734: 5083: 4470: 4435: 4360: 4331: 4167: 4147: 4132: 4102: 3998: 1328: 2891: 683:

When designing a wildlife monitoring strategy, it is important to minimize harm to the animal and implement the

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Russell, Robin E.; DiRenzo, Graziella V.; Szymanski, Jennifer A.; Alger, Katrina E.; Grant, Evan H. C. (2020).

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by domestic dogs and are facing extreme population declines, especially in the southern Ethiopia region of the

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has occurred in the geological past (more likely at a slower pace), and correlate with past extinction events.

2207:"Universal criteria for species conservation priorities? Findings from a survey of public views across Europe" 1224: 5909: 5899: 5243: 5132: 4570: 4510: 4475: 4425: 4137: 4039: 3986: 3745: 3668: 723: 552: 5941: 5883: 5646: 5489: 5361: 4555: 4545: 4525: 4515: 4395: 4380: 4370: 4355: 4202: 4197: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4097: 4079: 4064: 3918: 3577: 3447: 874: 846: 557: 494: 461: 132: 84: 2930: 5989: 5926: 5443: 5438: 5233: 4480: 4455: 4445: 4430: 4410: 4157: 4142: 3963: 3884: 3856: 3851: 3810: 3780: 3775: 3740: 3658: 3602: 3542: 3532: 3301:

Meyer, Carrie A. (1993). "Environmental NGOs in Ecuador: An Economic Analysis of Institutional Change".

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Its purpose was to promote the conservation of living resources important to humans. In 1992, the

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and pollution. Rising temperatures, melting ice sheets, changes in precipitation patterns, severe

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Wang, Le; Ding, Rizhi; Zhai, Yuanhao; Zhang, Qilin; Tang, Wei; Zheng, Nanning; Hua, Gang (2021).

2617: 2594: 2551: 2398: 2134: 1947: 1816: 1484: 1432: 957: 711: 656: 345: 2153:"UN Report: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'" 1379: 1352: 228:

Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100

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industrial processes have contributed to the rise in heavy metal levels in the environment.

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environmental changes. Meanwhile, effects associated with low genetic diversity, such as

481:, out of all species assessed, over 42,100 are at risk of extinction and should be under 2675: 2370: 2043:

Di Minin, Enrico; Fink, Christoph; Hiippala, Tuomo; Tenkanen, Henrikki (February 2019).

1788: 845:(NGOs) . Seeing this rise in support for NGOs, the U.S. Congress made amendments to the 675:-based animal individual re-identification methods have been developed to automate such 6054: 5974: 5817: 5622: 5569: 5479: 5398: 5383: 5378: 5330: 5218: 5014: 4962: 4945: 4779: 3760: 3275: 3240: 2997: 2964: 2077: 2044: 1679: 1603: 1576: 830: 766: 743: 421: 397: 391: 363: 186: 160: 6091: 6065: 5969: 5777: 5687: 5586: 5423: 5313: 5270: 5051: 4928: 4814: 4764: 4628: 4257: 4247: 4020: 3911: 3899: 3894: 3239:

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CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna dn Flora

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Coman, Ioana A.; Cooper-Norris, Caitlyn E.; Longing, Scott; Perry, Gad (2022-07-04).

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CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna dn Flora

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Conservation of Wildlife Populations : Demography, Genetics, and Management

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

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can be triggered remotely and automatically via sound, infrared sensors, etc.

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exist to actively promote, or be involved with, wildlife conservation:

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Practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats

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of 1964 which designated specific areas wilderness to be protected.

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estimates that 42,100 species of the ones assessed are at risk for

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2020 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW)

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species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural

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Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations | SpringerLink

341: 5683: 4584: 4320: 3459: 2483:"Wildlife population monitoring: some practical considerations" 2177:

Diaz, Sandra; Settele, Josef; Brondizio, Eduardo (2019-05-06).

1457:"Queensland's Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals" 1077:

Cain, Michael L.; Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2013).

5837: 5710: 5255: 4899: 3018: 3016: 867: 1117:

Genetic Management of Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations

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wildlife. Prominent conservation agreements include the 1973

2721:

Robinson, Stacie; Waits, Lisette; Martin, Ian (2009-06-03).

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decreases the number of places where wildlife can live in.

3215:"Endangered Species Act | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" 2835: 1880: 1878: 307:

Aerial view of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.

300:

and swans, geese, and deer in New York and other places.

66:. Expanding to all existing species, a 2019 UN report on 2213:. The New Conservation Debate: Beyond Parks vs. People. 1550:"Killing Wildlife: The Pros and Cons of Culling Animals" 1380:"What is Poaching? The Illegal Wildlife Trade Explained" 3414: 646:

is crucial for knowledge about its conservation status.

3047: 3045: 3043: 1374: 1372: 1225:"Deforestation and Forest Degradation | Threats | WWF" 511:. In the US where the leatherback is listed under the 507:, harvest of its eggs, loss of nesting habitats, and 3373:"About Us – Learn More About The Nature Conservancy" 1577:"Wildlife in U.S. Cities: Managing Unwanted Animals" 5962: 5892: 5846: 5725: 5600: 5458: 5339: 5199: 5190: 5000: 4795: 4708: 4678: 4627: 4618: 4235: 4090: 3927: 3870: 3839: 3759: 3626: 3506: 2929:Tizard, Ian R. (2021-01-01), Tizard, Ian R. (ed.), 2523:Karanth, K. Ullas; Nichols, James D., eds. (2017). 2451: 2449: 3415:"ZSL | A science-driven conservation charity" 2963:Barnett, K. M.; Civitello, David J. (2020-12-01). 2242: 2240: 1749:Environmental Protection Agency (July 21, 2023). 3726:Other effective area-based conservation measures 3342:"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended" 3241:"Extinction and the U.S. Endangered Species Act" 2892:"Wildlife Vaccination - Growing in Feasibility?" 2415:Stafleu, F. A. (1970). . Taxon, 19(2), 273–275. 1653:Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology 428:occurred naturally and have led to extinctions. 3721:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 2762:The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique 1531:"Aussie shark population in staggering decline" 1110: 1108: 1106: 3442:"Wild Life, Conservation of, in America" 1730:NASA Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 83:(NGO's) dedicated to conservation such as the 5695: 4596: 4332: 3471: 3296: 3294: 1755:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1507:"Shark nets – death traps for marine animals" 1249:"The Wilderness Act | The Wilderness Society" 1182:"Deforestation | National Geographic Society" 8: 2931:"Chapter 8 - The administration of vaccines" 1859:"Share the Facts About Wildlife Trafficking" 1437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 803:UN Conference on Environment and Development 107:A forest burned for agriculture in southern 3171:. National Wildlife Federation. www.nwf.org 3150:. National Wildlife Federation. www.nwf.org 2914:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1995:"Is TikTok promoting the exotic pet trade?" 1963: 1961: 1201:"Forests, desertification and biodiversity" 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 561:Red-cockaded Woodpecker (picoides borealis) 5702: 5688: 5680: 5462: 5196: 4624: 4603: 4589: 4581: 4339: 4325: 4317: 3478: 3464: 3456: 1835:"Climate Change Evidence: How Do We Know?" 185:Confiscated animal pelts from the illegal 30:refers to the practice of protecting wild 3336: 3334: 3332: 3274: 3256: 2996: 2866: 2836:"The 3Rs Principles in Wildlife Research" 2802: 2792: 2621: 2076: 1839:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 1678: 1602: 1592: 1450: 1448: 1157: 1119:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 993:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 854:and the start of former President Bush's 2760:Russell, W. M. S.; Burch, R. L. (1959). 738:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 577: 522: 460: 302: 180: 102: 18: 979: 616:The Florida panther is a subspecies of 396:Humans are responsible for present-day 268:, in which "shark control" programs in 2907: 2157:United Nations Sustainable Development 1751:"Climate Change Indicators: Wildfires" 1702:"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)" 1430: 1205:United Nations Sustainable Development 2664:IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 1552:. National Geographic. Archived from 7: 46:. Major threats to wildlife include 3100:"Endangered Species Act | Overview" 997:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 819:Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program 2855:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2834:Zemanova, Miriam A. (2023-11-30). 2775:Zemanova, Miriam A. (2020-03-17). 1511:Humane Society International (HSI) 1353:"Illegal Wildlife Trade- Overview" 1301:The Environmental Literacy Council 1051:Convention on Biological Diversity 799:Convention on Biological Diversity 77:Convention on Biological Diversity 14: 3598:Conservation biology of parasites 3189:Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife. 3148:"Securing Funds for Conservation" 23:Ankeny Wildlife Refuge in Oregon. 6071: 6070: 6060: 6059: 6048: 5664: 5663: 4421:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4301: 4300: 3714:Tropical rainforest conservation 3618:Vulnerability and susceptibility 3104:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 2937:, Elsevier, pp. 87–104.e1, 1186:education.nationalgeographic.org 911:Traffic (conservation programme) 4263:NatureServe conservation status 3548:Conservation-induced extinction 3303:The Journal of Developing Areas 2632:10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096925 2417:https://doi.org/10.2307/1217968 1726:"The Effects of Climate Change" 850:After the terrorist attacks on 642:Non-invasive monitoring of the 79:(CBD). There are also numerous 3654:Conservation management system 3538:Conservation-dependent species 3498:Index of conservation articles 2433:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1575:Hadidian, John (Dec 5, 2015). 1505:Morris, Jessica (2016-12-08). 1333:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 921:African Wildlife Defence Force 862:Non-governmental organizations 843:non-governmental organizations 783:Endangered Species Act of 1973 50:, degradation, fragmentation, 1: 3880:Assisted natural regeneration 3684:Ecoregion conservation status 3125:"World Conservation Strategy" 3070:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.021 1455:Mitchell, Thom (2015-11-20). 901:Wildlife Conservation Society 891:Fauna and Flora International 565:The red-cockaded woodpecker ( 379:persistent organic pollutants 81:nongovernmental organizations 38:in order to maintain healthy 4629:Pollution / quality 4268:Special Area of Conservation 3806:Landscape-scale conservation 3801:High conservation value area 3679:Community-based conservation 2657:"Giant Panda Identification" 2223:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.004 1483:. 2018-10-02. Archived from 1277:National Wildlife Federation 936:Zoological Society of London 811:Conservation Reserve Program 499:The leatherback sea turtle ( 6020:Zoo emergency response team 4286:List of conservation issues 3694:Evidence-based conservation 3588:Mutualisms and conservation 3191:"Fish and Wildlife Service" 3028:African Wildlife Foundation 1661:10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6 1047:"History of the Convention" 801:(CBD) was agreed on at the 598:and loss of diversity from 280:) have killed thousands of 6116: 3736:Roadless area conservation 3528:Compassionate conservation 2935:Vaccines for Veterinarians 2271:Bernton, Hal; Bush, Evan. 1548:James, Will (2014-03-06). 886:Conservation International 880:World Wide Fund for Nature 837:Non-government involvement 730:Case study: Ethiopian Wolf 609: 550: 539:true of species living in 492: 475:background extinction rate 426:past climate change events 389: 257: 246:carbon analysis) suggests 217: 93:Conservation International 6043: 5937:Former zoos and aquariums 5659: 5465: 5200:Types / location 4352: 4281: 3493: 2583:10.2192/URSU-D-16-00030.1 2538:10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5 2429:"Red-Cockaded Woodpecker" 2018:Wild, Asia (2023-04-04). 1706:World Health Organization 718:(IN), or injected either 527:Red-cockaded woodpecker ( 412:, storm intensification, 4401:Central African Republic 4123:Central African Republic 3771:Conservation designation 3689:Environmental protection 3674:Conspicuous conservation 3664:Conservation photography 3639:Conservation development 3634:Conservation agriculture 3375:. Nature.org. 2011-02-23 2981:10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.006 2868:10.3389/fevo.2020.569016 2684:10.1109/tip.2021.3055627 2616:. IEEE. pp. 44–52. 2329:"Wild Life | The Samajh" 1928:10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.005 1329:"Illegal Wildlife Trade" 926:Save Cambodia's Wildlife 815:Wetlands Reserve Program 465:Leatherback sea turtle ( 4347:Conservation by country 3862:Human–wildlife conflict 3746:Site-based conservation 3669:Conservation psychology 3487:Conservation of species 2211:Biological Conservation 2115:10.1126/science.1246752 1797:10.1126/science.1200303 1627:"Sulfur Dioxide Basics" 553:Red-cockaded woodpecker 547:Red-cockaded woodpecker 5884:Species reintroduction 3919:Species reintroduction 3578:Latent extinction risk 3448:Encyclopedia Americana 2969:Trends in Parasitology 2764:. London, UK: Methuen. 1916:Trends in Parasitology 875:The Nature Conservancy 847:Foreign Assistance Act 777:Government involvement 739: 691:Vaccine administration 647: 587: 562: 532: 513:Endangered Species Act 495:Leatherback sea turtle 489:Leatherback sea turtle 470: 432:Illegal Wildlife Trade 308: 229: 190: 133:agricultural expansion 112: 24: 6098:Wildlife conservation 6010:Wildlife conservation 5990:Behavioral enrichment 4291:List of organisations 3945:Hawaiian honeycreeper 3885:Ecosystem restoration 3857:Habitat fragmentation 3852:Fortress conservation 3811:Marine protected area 3781:Conservation easement 3776:Conservation district 3741:Roadside conservation 3659:Conservation movement 3603:Species translocation 3543:Conservation genetics 3533:Conservation behavior 3396:. World Wildlife Fund 2890:jlp342 (2020-02-17). 2481:Witmer, Gary (2005). 948:Conservation movement 737: 641: 596:inbreeding depression 591:Conservation genetics 581: 574:Conservation genetics 560: 541:biodiversity hotspots 526: 464: 352:decrease air quality. 306: 227: 184: 125:Habitat fragmentation 106: 75:(CITES) and the 1992 28:Wildlife conservation 22: 5980:Animals in captivity 5879:In situ conservation 5874:Ex situ conservation 5864:Conservation biology 5575:remnant natural area 5212:storage and recovery 4878:habitat conservation 4696:Deforestation (REDD) 4253:Planetary boundaries 4243:Conservation officer 3847:Conservation refugee 3796:Habitat conservation 3786:Conservation reserve 3751:Wetland conservation 3649:Conservation grazing 3644:Conservation finance 3608:Conservation welfare 3573:In-situ conservation 3568:Extinction threshold 3563:Ex-situ conservation 2896:cwhl.vet.cornell.edu 2248:"Leatherback Turtle" 2049:Conservation Biology 1993:Hernandez, Daniela. 1863:www.conservation.org 953:Conservation biology 916:Born Free Foundation 629:Conservation methods 622:Puma concolor coryi) 536:Habitat conservation 519:Habitat conservation 501:Dermochelys coriacea 467:Dermochelys coriacea 457:Species conservation 358:: Heavy metals like 321:not affect another. 239:Calcifying organisms 6077:Category: Aquariums 5932:Conservation topics 5529:Earth Overshoot Day 5103:Marine conservation 5084:non-timber products 3593:Nature conservation 3583:Marine conservation 3553:Conservation status 2676:2021ITIP...30.2837W 2371:2000Natur.403..853M 1999:www.hybridmag.co.uk 1890:www.sheffield.ac.uk 1789:2011Sci...332...53D 1537:. 14 December 2018. 1461:Action for Dolphins 1384:World Wildlife Fund 1357:World Wildlife Fund 1229:World Wildlife Fund 968:Wildlife management 931:WildEarth Guardians 634:Wildlife Monitoring 584:Puma concolor coryi 418:ocean acidification 414:ocean acidification 402:habitat destruction 248:ocean acidification 220:Ocean acidification 214:Ocean Acidification 121:Habitat destruction 116:Habitat destruction 99:Threats to wildlife 89:World Wildlife Fund 48:habitat destruction 6055:Animals portal 6030:Zoological society 5917:Animal sanctuaries 5869:Endangered species 5783:Marine mammal park 5514:Ecosystem services 4637:Ambient standards 3890:Island restoration 3821:Open space reserve 3613:Threatened species 3258:10.7717/peerj.6803 3221:. 28 December 1973 2739:10.2192/08GR022R.1 2277:The Sacramento Bee 2061:10.1111/cobi.13104 1594:10.3390/ani5040401 1403:Scott., Mills, L. 1297:"Overexploitation" 1273:"Overexploitation" 1253:www.wilderness.org 958:Endangered species 740: 648: 588: 567:Picoides borealis) 563: 533: 471: 350:particulate matter 346:ground-level ozone 309: 230: 191: 113: 85:Nature Conservancy 25: 6085: 6084: 6000:Immersion exhibit 5738:Animal theme park 5677: 5676: 5655: 5654: 5454: 5453: 5133:genetic resources 5069:genetic resources 4704: 4703: 4612:Natural resources 4578: 4577: 4314: 4313: 4273:Soil conservation 3826:Wildlife corridor 3709:Forest protection 3704:Forest management 3064:(40): 4792–4798. 2944:978-0-323-68299-2 2794:10.2981/wlb.00607 2641:978-1-7281-7162-3 2547:978-981-10-5435-8 2487:Wildlife Research 2457:"Florida Panther" 2365:(6772): 853–858. 2109:(6187): 1246752. 1416:978-1-118-40669-4 1159:10.3390/d14070539 582:Florida panther ( 529:Picoides borealis 422:rising sea levels 6105: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6052: 5947:Zoo associations 5922:Butterfly houses 5859:Captive breeding 5733:Animal sanctuary 5704: 5697: 5690: 5681: 5667: 5666: 5618: 5565:Natural heritage 5524:overexploitation 5463: 5197: 5143:herbal medicines 5123:FAO Plant Treaty 4663: 4640: 4625: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4582: 4506:Papua New Guinea 4341: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4304: 4303: 4188:Papua New Guinea 4080:Cryopreservation 4045:Gray nurse shark 3699:Flagship species 3523:Captive breeding 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3437:Ernest Ingersoll 3423: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3347:. Archived from 3346: 3338: 3327: 3326: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3278: 3260: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3049: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3024:"Ethiopian Wolf" 3020: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2870: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2806: 2796: 2781:Wildlife Biology 2772: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2625: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2531: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2501:. Archived from 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2379:10.1038/35002501 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2335:. Archived from 2333:www.thesamajh.in 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2305:"What is CITES?" 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1587:(4): 1092–1113. 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1556:on March 9, 2014 1545: 1539: 1538: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1428: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1325: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1303:. Archived from 1293: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1161: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1112: 1101: 1100: 1074: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1043: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1020:"What is CITES?" 1016: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 989: 963:Refuge (ecology) 509:marine pollution 408:, more frequent 316:A wide range of 298:bison in Montana 203:wildlife trading 172:Overexploitation 167:Overexploitation 52:overexploitation 6115: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6047: 6039: 6005:Nocturnal house 5985:Animal training 5958: 5888: 5842: 5758:Butterfly house 5721: 5708: 5678: 5673: 5651: 5616: 5596: 5582:Systems ecology 5548:Natural capital 5450: 5335: 5324:reclaimed water 5186: 5148:UPOV Convention 4996: 4791: 4700: 4674: 4670:Ozone depletion 4661: 4638: 4614: 4609: 4579: 4574: 4491:North Macedonia 4348: 4345: 4315: 4310: 4277: 4231: 4086: 4004:Indian elephant 3923: 3866: 3835: 3831:30 by 30 target 3762: 3755: 3731:Riparian buffer 3622: 3509: 3502: 3489: 3484: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3051: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3021: 3014: 2975:(12): 970–978. 2962: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2548: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2499:10.1071/WR04003 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2298: 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5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Reptile centre 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5617:(perpetuation) 5612: 5606: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5570:Nature reserve 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5203: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5177: 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4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4296:List of people 4293: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4208:United Kingdom 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4055:Painted turtle 4052: 4047: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3974: 3972:American bison 3966: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3431: 3430:External links 3428: 3425: 3424: 3406: 3394:"WWF in Brief" 3385: 3364: 3328: 3309:(2): 191–210. 3290: 3231: 3206: 3181: 3160: 3139: 3116: 3091: 3039: 3012: 2955: 2943: 2921: 2882: 2841: 2826: 2767: 2752: 2713: 2647: 2640: 2604: 2577:(1): 117–126. 2561: 2546: 2515: 2493:(3): 259–263. 2473: 2445: 2420: 2408: 2349: 2320: 2296: 2263: 2252:NOAA Fisheries 2236: 2197: 2169: 2144: 2092: 2055:(1): 210–213. 2035: 2010: 1985: 1957: 1922:(3): 181–184. 1902: 1874: 1850: 1826: 1767: 1741: 1717: 1693: 1669: 1643: 1618: 1567: 1540: 1522: 1497: 1472: 1444: 1415: 1395: 1368: 1344: 1317: 1288: 1264: 1240: 1216: 1191: 1173: 1132: 1125: 1102: 1087: 1062: 1035: 1008: 978: 977: 975: 972: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 943: 940: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 877: 863: 860: 838: 835: 778: 775: 767:Bale Mountains 744:Ethiopian Wolf 720:subcutaneously 692: 689: 685:3Rs principles 657:mark-recapture 635: 632: 630: 627: 620:(specifically 610:Main article: 607: 604: 575: 572: 551:Main article: 548: 545: 520: 517: 493:Main article: 490: 487: 458: 455: 433: 430: 398:climate change 392:Climate change 390:Main article: 387: 386:Climate change 384: 383: 382: 372: 353: 337: 330:air pollutants 326:Air pollutants 313: 310: 258:Main article: 255: 252: 218:Main article: 215: 212: 195: 192: 187:wildlife trade 168: 165: 161:Wilderness Act 144: 141: 117: 114: 100: 97: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6111: 6110: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:Animal rights 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Dolphinariums 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778:Nature center 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726:Types of zoos 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5648: 5647:Non-renewable 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Urban ecology 5585: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Privatization 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:Surface water 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 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farmland 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:United States 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 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3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3900:afforestation 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895:Reforestation 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 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1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1670:9783764383398 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1487:on 2018-10-02 1486: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1307:on 2021-04-29 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1133: 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486: 484: 480: 476: 468: 463: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 431: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 393: 385: 380: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354: 351: 347: 343: 335: 334:sulfur oxides 331: 327: 324: 323: 322: 319: 311: 305: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 284:, as well as 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:shark culling 261: 253: 251: 249: 245: 240: 236: 226: 221: 213: 211: 209: 204: 200: 193: 188: 183: 179: 177: 173: 166: 164: 162: 158: 154: 149: 148:Deforestation 143:Deforestation 142: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 115: 110: 105: 98: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 21: 6009: 5952:WAZA members 5854:Biodiversity 5847:Conservation 5803:Penguinarium 5793:Night safari 5763:Dolphinarium 5645: / 5519:Exploitation 5404:Conservation 5347:Desalination 5282: 5175:conservation 5174: 5010:Biodiversity 4958:conservation 4805:Agricultural 4733:Fossil fuels 4551:Turkmenistan 4021:Bengal Tiger 3977:Arabian oryx 3968:Land mammal 3955:Golden eagle 3791:Gap analysis 3518:Biodiversity 3508:Conservation 3446: 3418: 3409: 3398:. 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