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1082:. According to Count von Kessler, "William II's downright perverse bad taste, I said, was more responsible than anything else. Bad taste in the selection of his friends and advisors; bad taste in art, literature, politics and his style of living; bad taste revealed by every word he uttered... A crowned barbarian who gave the whole German nation a reputation for
112:
323:. This is because a constitutional monarch has plenty of means at his or her disposal of quietly blocking a Chancellor's policy objectives and is one of the only people who can forcibly remove an overly ambitious Chancellor from power. For these reasons, the last Kaiser believed that he had every right to be informed
475:, grandson and heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II, further commented, "Bismarck was certainly our greatest statesman, but he had very bad manners and he became increasingly overbearing with age. Frankly, I don't think his dismissal by my grandfather was a great tragedy. Russia was already on the other side because of the
560:
While "Wilhelmism" is equally applied to the last Kaiser's favored styles in both the visual arts and architecture, such as the ornate
Germania postage stamps, numerous government buildings and the Wilhelmine Ring housing areas of Berlin and many other German cities, the term is also used to describe
1305:
According to Walter H. Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it wishes to forget and bathes in light what it wishes to recall. Thus the entire stage becomes a universe of mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-densional physical reality,
382:
In later years, Bismarck created the "Bismarck myth"; the view (which some historians have argued was confirmed by subsequent events) that
Wilhelm II's successful demand for Bismarck's resignation destroyed any chance Imperial Germany ever had of stable government and international peace. According
1301:
was written during the last three months of 1911. According to
Michael Paterson, "The play opens with an ingenious inversion: the Poet and Friend converse in front of a closed curtain, behind which voices can be heard. It appears that we, the audience, are backstage and the voices are those of the
809:
overwhelmingly found the exploit both clever and hysterically funny. Eventually the last Kaiser, who also admired Voigt's cleverness and boldness, pardoned him and ordered his early release from incarceration. Voigt then spent many years giving public lectures about the exploit to paying audiences
378:
After a heated argument at
Bismarck's estate over the latter's alleged disrespect for the Imperial Family, Wilhelm stormed out. Bismarck, forced for the first time in his career into a crisis that he could not twist to his own advantage, wrote a blistering letter of resignation, decrying the
930:, which regards both World War I flying aces as their founding fathers. Furthermore, to many people worldwide who both admire and revere the flying aces of the Great War, Richthofen, in particular, is seen as embodying the best traditions of the officer corps of the last Kaiser's Germany.
318:
is required to meet regularly with the monarch to explain his or her policies and intentions within the
Government. A Chancellor in a constitutional monarchy also cannot afford to make an enemy of the monarch, who represents the only real check and balance against a Chancellor's otherwise
390:
According to
Bismarck apologists, in foreign policy the Iron Chancellor had achieved a fragile balance of interests between Germany, France and Russia. Peace was allegedly at hand and Bismarck tried to keep it that way despite growing popular sentiment against Britain (regarding the
363:, to meet with him and begin the negotiations. The Kaiser, who always had a warm relationship with Baron von Windthorst, whose decades long defence of German Catholics, Poles, Jews, and other minorities against the Iron Chancellor have since attracted high praise and comparisons to
1309:
Tragically and in an added parallel to the many other nations experiencing similar cultural ferment during the same era, many of
Germany's most gifted and innovative poets, writers, artists, and intellectuals were soon to die prematurely upon the battlefields of the Great War.
1345:. First, riots broke out in the Imperial Capital, the last Kaiser announced his intention to divert troops from the battlefield to restore order, and found to his shock that he had lost the support of the Generals, who all demanded his immediate abdication. In response to
1274:
in Berlin. Hulme later wrote, "Very short sentences are used, sometimes so terse and elliptical as to produce a blunt and jerky effect ... It is clear that a definite attempt is being made to use the language in a new way, an attempt to cure it of certain vices."
561:
an essentially-Neo-Baroque and prestige-oriented style of architecture. Similarly to the architecture of other
European Capitols of the era, the Neo-Baroque was calculated to express Germany's ambitions to become and remain a naval, imperial, and colonial power.
1302:
imagined audience out front. It is a simple, but disorienting trick of stagecraft, whose imaginative spatial reversal is self-consciously theatrical. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see a play and not a 'slice of life.'"
1418:
to be treasonous, routinely targeted political leaders involved with both for assassination. Even when they were caught and prosecuted, Organisation Consul members tended to receive lenient sentences from judges sympathetic to their views.
591:
for 'gutter speech'), which was also a very harsh criticism of the recent birth of German modernist art which the last Kaiser considered degenerate art, at the formal unveiling of the
Siegesallee on 18 December 1901.
274:
among intellectuals, in response to recent medical and scientific advances and the enormous prosperity of the heavily-industrialized German Empire, but which was at polar odds with the last Kaiser's belief in both
844:
to impress them at an early age with the Navy's aura and prestige as the gentlemen's branch of the service. For this reason, the
Imperial German Navy's most successful combat commanders of the Great War, such as
290:
The final break between the Iron Chancellor and the last Kaiser came when Bismarck initiated discussions with the opposition to form a new parliamentary majority without consulting with the monarch first. The
781:. Voigt then "confiscated" more that 4,000 marks from the city treasury, changed back into civilian clothing, and disappeared. Following a police and military investigation, Voigt was arrested, convicted of
1487:
style favored and used by the Dutch, Belgian, and Scandinavian royal families. Praising how vehicles carrying the King or Queen would stop and wait at traffic lights, Louis Ferdinand stated that if the
1196:
poet in death the literary recognition that always eluded him in life. Norbert von Hellingrath is why Hölderlin is now widely considered one of the greatest poets ever to write in the German language.
299:
that Bismarck had been able to maintain since 1867, had finally lost its majority of seats in the Reichstag due to the Anti-Socialist Laws fiasco. The remaining powers in the Reichstag were the
1232:
Adler has also written that August Stramm's "essential innovation (still too little recognized in Germany) was to create a new, non-representational kind of poetry," which is, "comparable," to
761:, it should not be pretended that the German people or their government were incapable of laughing at their own military or their own actions towards it. On 16 October 1906, former convict
1050:, who shot both real and suspected Ringverein members en masse and sent many others to concentration camps without requiring the niceties of evidence, broke the Sporting Clubs' power.
2170:
1172:
Among many other examples of the power and influence the George-Kreis wielded over Germany cultural and literary life, the scholarly and editorial skills of one member,
479:
of 1878. Had Bismarck stayed he would not have helped. He already wanted to abolish all the reforms that had been introduced. He was aspiring to establish a kind of
581:, 'The Boulevard of Dolls' and as an alley where, "even the bird-shit is made of marble", the neo-Baroque statues received Royal Assent in Kaiser Wilhelm's
310:, the head of government depends upon the confidence of the parliamentary majority and has the right to form coalitions to maintain a majority of supporters. In a
2230:
1955:
Goeschel, Christian. "The Criminal Underworld in Weimar and Nazi Berlin." In History Workshop Journal, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 58-80. Oxford University Press, 2013.
239:
Wilhelminism also characterizes the social, literary, artistic, and cultural climate of Wilhelm II's reign, which on the one hand was dominated by the rigidly-
1946:
Hartmann, Arthur, and Klaus von Lampe. "The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s." Global Crime 9, no. 1-2 (2008): 108-135.
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of the Great War and which ends with the 1918 Revolution shown to be imminent, represents a more critical exploration of the German Empire. Similarly to
395:) and especially against Russia. With Bismarck's dismissal, the Russians allegedly expected a reversal of policy in Berlin, so they quickly negotiated a
980:-style gunfight on 30 November 1900 made him very popular, long after his capture, trial, and execution for their murders in 1902. According to German
1093:, the Wilhelmian era also seethed with radical innovation, literary, artistic, and cultural ferment inside the literary coffee houses, theatres, and
769:
Captain's uniform, the elements of which he had purchased from different second hand shops. In an Oscar-worthy performance, Voigt bluffed a group of
1609:
1616:, followed by multiple prosecutions. While it is known that meetings took place in which Prince Heinrich XIII sought the covert assistance of the
287:
were not renewed and the Iron Chancellor's efforts to renew them were the catalyst for his forced resignation at the last Kaiser's insistence.
1584:"Patriotic Union" organization. The Patriotic Union, whose members included doctors, police officers, at least one judge, and many active duty
2444:
2376:
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1600:
upon the throne as the new Kaiser of a Fourth Reich. The Patriotic Union intended, however, the Fourth Reich to be a restoration of the
870:
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was once similarly regarded, until his heroic image was first tarnished and then destroyed completely by his role in later chapters of
2510:
2423:
2264:
1445:
472:
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2404:
2361:
2346:
1779:
1396:, openly sought to restore the Monarchy but instead found itself manipulated, outmaneuvered, sidelined, and then banned outright by
600:
1377:
972:. Policemen were assigned from other regions of Bavaria and often could not speak or understand the local dialect. What was worse,
224:. Rather, it relates to the image presented by Wilhelm II and his demeanour, as manifested by the public presentation of grandiose
160:
1468:, the prince indicated that he might accept the presidency but would not relinquish his claim to the Imperial or Prussian crowns.
2286:
Wilhelminism and Its Legacies. German Modernities and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930. Essays for Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann.
1774:
1449:
356:, Bismarck decided to start coalition talks with the all-Catholic Centre Party. He invited that party's leader in the Reichstag,
946:
as law-abiding and subservient to the authority of the police and the courts, this stereotype does not fit the Wilhelmian era.
1729:
plays the exiled Kaiser, is also an example of subtle nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era. Throughout the film, the values of the
1492:
were ever restored to the German throne during his lifetime, this same informality was a quality he fully intended to emulate.
220:) is not meant as a conception of society associated with the name Wilhelm and traceable to an intellectual initiative of the
2411:
713:
still have the extended forefinger placed in front of the forehead, indicating the spiked helmet, as the sign for "German".)
507:
1217:
to its bare essentials." Citing Stramm's fondness for "fashioning new words out of old," Adler has also written that, "what
2197:
375:, was furious to hear about Bismarck's plans for coalition talks with the Centre Party only after they had already begun.
233:
818:
519:
199:
60:
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in the 1880s with the highly successful and often repeated refrain, "The Reich is in danger." Therefore, in order to
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and the ideology of the German Empire. Both buildings, however, are now being rebuilt, almost exactly as they were.
575:
Even though the Siegesallee was widely ridiculed by the infamously irreverent and sarcastic Berliners of the era as
1620:'s diplomats and intelligence services, the Russian Government has repeatedly denied involvement in the coup plot.
995:
445:
339:
148:
90:
64:
1038:, but their power and political influence only reached its height after the November Revolution of 1918. Only the
379:
Monarchy's involvement in both foreign and domestic policy. The letter was published only after Bismarck's death.
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1692:, by always wearing period clothing with a white wig, and constantly lecturing a group of disciples, in a savage
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1523:
515:
229:
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1672:
1213:, who began publishing his poetry in early 1914, treated, "language like a physical material" and, "honed down
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of Governments at war chooses which warriors to exploit as national heroes. Other themes explored include the
1575:
568:, a boulevard of what were intended to be heroic-looking marble statues of the last Kaiser's ancestors in the
498:
continued to implement legislation at the last Kaiser's insistence that favored industrial worker's rights to
228:
and self-aggrandisement on his part. The latter tendency had already been noticed by his grandfather, Emperor
2066:
Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
2053:
Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
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Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
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in 1916, collected and published the collected works of Hölderlin in 1913 and succeeded in gaining for the
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30:"Wilhelmine" redirects here. For the broader period of German history marked by rulers named Wilhelm, see
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The gravesites of Oswald Boelcke and Manfred von Richthofen, on the other hand, remain sites of secular
657:. Meanwhile, European diplomatic relations deteriorated. In 1890, Germany refused to prolong the secret
654:
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315:
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In addition to witnessing the birth of modern art, the same era also witnessed the introduction of the
858:
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had existed previously and not only in the German Empire, but it now symbolises Wilhelmian era and the
634:
495:
907:, were regarded as national heroes and, if they fell, as martyrs. Their fellow World War I flying ace
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in Great Britain, by an increasing loyalty of the party leadership towards both the Monarchy and the
522:. Despite the party's stronger influence, internal developments were characterised, similarly to the
307:
296:
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2011:
266:. Ironically, Germany during the Wilhelmian era was, on the other hand, distinguished by escalating
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1891:
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of Berlin. As early as 1895, the Ringvereine were having their first "business" dealings with the
387:
going dangerously off course, leading directly to the carnage of the First and Second World Wars.
2380:
2067:
2054:
2041:
1964:
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Despite Count von Kessler's later contempt for the cultural life during the final decades of the
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1031:
981:
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826:
790:
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411:
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546:. These developments, however, were closely mirrored by other Leftist parties in other nations.
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bombing raids has often involved the reconstruction of demolished historic buildings from the
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as it existed prior to the November Revolution of 1918, rather than as a continuation of the
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1480:
1423:
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policy of agreeing to support the war effort during the patriotic euphoria later dubbed the
484:
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55:
406:
1684:
pokes fun at nostalgia for the Wilhelmine era by depicting a narcissistic writer in 1970s
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would not protect the last Kaiser if he faced a similar death to that of his late cousin
191:
170:, art, literature, and architecture of Germany. It also roughly coincided with the late
2381:
online review by Lothar Machtan, Institut fĂĽr Geschichtswissenschaft, Bremen University
2103:
1640:
1519:
1479:, Prince Louis Ferdinand further expressed a deep sense of admiration for the informal
1342:
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1279:
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The same era also witnessed the iconoclastic invention of modern theatrical staging by
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for the German Empire and a desire for its restoration continued to exist. During the
1270:
heard the kind of poetry that Stramm had created and inspired being read aloud at the
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figure and was, in reality, "just a man who went astray with no way of getting back."
676:
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that had concluded by Bismarck in 1887, and Germany had to witness the forming of the
2489:
2465:
1751:
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that the former Kaiser still represents are repeatedly contrasted with those of both
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Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18
2171:"Prinz Reuß von den "Reichsbürgern" bedient antisemitische Verschwörungserzählungen"
1448:, the only one of twelve candidates who was not a politician, won with 39.8% before
833:
established as an instrument of national prestige, were still reflected in everyday
1883:
1758:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1697:
1631:
1601:
1504:
1500:
1397:
1385:
1237:
1199:
1166:
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1027:
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to criticize what they saw as the excessive militarism of the Second Reich and the
415:
1499:
in 1990, nostalgia continues. For example, the rebuilding of cities in the former
976:
was considered so common in the region that KneiĂźl's slaying of two cops during a
17:
2473:
2434:
2144:
1006:(Sporting Clubs"). The Ringvereine often carried romantic sounding names such as
619:
Foreign policy was founded on Kaiser Wilhelm's support for both his Government's
383:
to this view, what Wilhelm termed "The New Course" is characterised as Germany's
2108:
1676:
1605:
1429:
1408:
1362:
1218:
1185:
1158:
1094:
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A statue of Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick at Köpenick city hall (by
483:
and hoped to treat our family in the same way the Japanese shoguns treated the
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1718:
1654:
1636:
1585:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1401:
1267:
1207:
988:
919:
884:
822:
706:
646:
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2209:
1568:
A less benign form of nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era was on display in the
1549:
on the anniversary of the last Kaiser's death, which are organized by German
1184:, who had died unrecognized following decades of incarceration in a tower at
424:
on 29 March 1890, two weeks after Bismarck's forced resignation as Chancellor
2460:
1935:
Muskel-Adolf & Co. Die Ringvereine und organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin
1701:
1666:
1369:
1059:
1047:
977:
969:
966:
437:
320:
68:
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witnessed the local Bavarian peasantry overwhelmingly cheering him on as a
2478:
1662:
1203:
1188:
following a mental breakdown in 1806. Hellingrath, who later fell at the
357:
254:, and of the German industrialists, which closely mirrored those of the
1554:
1527:
1260:
1101:
782:
637:
and was shared by a large number of German citizens and intellectuals.
503:
449:
2231:"Germany foils far-right plot to install Prince Heinrich XIII in coup"
2198:"Heinrich XIII, Germany's 'Putsch Prince,' lamented monarchy's demise"
633:). The desire for a "place in the sun" as coined by Foreign Secretary
1693:
1685:
1537:
Moreover, the last Kaiser's home in exile and ultimate burial place,
1214:
1193:
1176:, were singlehandedly responsible for the revival of interest in the
1121:
was one of two groups of iconoclastic German painters fundamental to
1043:
608:
564:
This neo-Baroque style was particularly exemplified by the grandiose
480:
145:
840:
Until the mid-20th century, young German boys were still dressed in
166:
It represented an era of creative ferment in the society, politics,
111:
2303:
The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany.
873:, became widely revered national icons and, if they fell, martyrs.
2474:
Warum der Wilhelminismus als politischer Kampfbegriff nichts taugt
1661:
being a major turning point for both sides in both the decline of
793:, and incarcerated. The case was cited by British writers such as
675:
599:
488:
405:
1097:
urban quarters of Berlin, Munich, and many other German cities.
1070:
was asked for the reasons why, despite being a descendant of the
757:
While men in uniform were still treated with enormous respect in
159:
until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's abdication during the
1969:
Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937)
1905:
Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes
1888:
Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes
1459:
1440:
magazine about who would be the most honorable person to become
1169:, the circle of younger poets and writers that surrounded him.
649:
and became the third largest colonial empire after those of the
436:. According to Eksteins, the Iron Chancellor, in his need for a
1464:, readers chose Louis Ferdinand by 55.6%. In an interview with
994:
In 1891, the Imperial Capital of Berlin witnessed the birth of
876:
A very similar national iconization also took place within the
460:
even more divided in 1890 than they had ever been before 1871.
1836:
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age
813:
Meanwhile, relations with Britain were badly strained by the
403:, beginning a process that by 1914 largely isolated Germany.
880:
following the advent of aerial warfare. The most successful
27:
Period between 1890 and 1918 in the history of German Empire
2317:
Kaiser, Hof und Staat. Wilhelm II. und die deutsche Politik
2310:
Wilhelm II : The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900
1608:. The coup was prevented only by nationwide arrests by the
2291:
R. J. Evans (ed.) and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (ed.):
825:, which led him to give his full support to Grand Admiral
2145:"Germans Pay Honour at the Grave of Their Beloved Kaiser"
330:
In a deeply ironic moment, a mere decade after expelling
2399:(1961), Droste 2000 (reprint of special edition, 1967),
1414:, which considered both the November Revolution and the
750:
Uniform worn by Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick
922:
for both officers and enlisted men of the 21st century
1565:, whose members often attend wearing period costumes.
1530:, sites which were closely associated with the former
1426:, nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era continued. In 1968
623:
ambitions and their efforts to establish Germany as a
534:" by its opponents, but ultimately culminated in the
1379:
1357:, Wilhelm II took Hindenburg's advice and requested
1259:
inspired by Stramm's poetry, "the German variety of
510:
continued to expand its base and became the largest
491:. My grandfather had no choice but to dismiss him."
327:
Bismarck began coalition talks with the Opposition.
86:
76:
43:
1971:. New York: Grove Press. Saturday 5 December 1931.
1903:Mark Benecke, translated by Karin Heusch, (2005),
953:, a peasant outlaw, copkiller, and poacher in the
837:long after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918.
645:expanded in Africa, China, New Guinea, and in the
432:has argued that Bismarck's dismissal was actually
987:, however, Mathias KneiĂźl never saw himself as a
2354:Der Aufbau der Persönlichen Monarchie, 1888–1900
1580:, 'Citizens of the Reich' and allegedly
1320:Cinema of Germany § 1895–1918 German Empire
1022:("Apache Bloods") and completely dominated both
502:and collective bargaining, while still opposing
1545:in 1956. It remains an annual site of secular
1434:reported that in a survey of their readers by
144:between 1890 and 1918, embracing the reign of
2461:Zeitreise – exhibition in Nordrhein-Westfalen
1588:personnel, sought to violently overthrow the
1078:and opposed the post-1918 restoration of the
689:The distinctive spiked helmet, the so-called
8:
1765:
1756:
1688:who tries to become the Wilhelmian-era poet
1573:
1558:
1457:
1442:President of the Federal Republic of Germany
1427:
1389:
1266:Shortly before the outbreak of war in 1914,
1126:
1105:
690:
681:
641:achieved a short-lived high point after the
628:
582:
576:
535:
215:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1541:in the Netherlands, opened its doors as a
138:Wilhelminische Zeit, Wilhelminische Epoche
54:
2467:Preußen – Chronik eines deutschen Staates
2288:Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2003
2261:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900
1798:
1611:
2385:http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/
1333:, which had very close parallels to the
1286:, under the influence of Stefan George,
810:and abandoned his former life of crime.
2025:The German Poets of the First World War
2008:The German Poets of the First World War
1920:Anthony Read and David Fischer (1994),
1791:
1518:had ordered the demolition of both the
1444:, the last Kaiser's grandson and heir,
1253:The German Poets of the First World War
949:For example, the 1900-1902 manhunt for
777:and city treasurer of under arrest for
773:enlisted men into placing the Mayor of
350:, "traitors to the Empire") during the
2470:(ARD series during “Preußenjahr“ 2001)
2319:. C. H. Beck, Munich Âł1988 (TB 2002),
1822:
1153:and the creation of the modern German
40:
2169:Thorwarth, Katja (10 December 2022).
1863:"Order makes Germans' world go round"
1810:
1456:. In a similar survey by the tabloid
765:secretly dressed himself in an elite
669:, which presenting a new threat of a
7:
2433:Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1967).
1225:, Stramm achieved more modestly for
338:, and demonizing all members of the
2436:Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman
2312:. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
2229:Murray, Miranda (7 December 2022).
1861:Zudeick, Peter (19 November 2012).
1306:but visualizes stages of thought."
1125:, the other being the Munich-based
1058:In a December 1931 conversation in
232:, while Wilhelm II's father, later
155:from the resignation of Chancellor
2293:The Coming of the First World War.
2265:University of North Carolina Press
2133:, Crown Publishers. Pages 384-393.
1922:Berlin Rising: Biography of a City
530:. This attitude was condemned as "
25:
2369:Der Weg in den Abgrund, 1900–1941
2339:Die Jugend des Kaisers, 1859–1888
2305:Cambridge University Press, 1966.
2284:(ed.) and James Retallack (ed.):
2102:Otto Köhler (November 18, 1968).
1780:Index of Germany-related articles
1741:, and depicted as far preferable.
821:. Wilhelm's fascination with the
801:and subservience to authority in
473:Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia
2334:, C. H. Beck, Munich 1993–2008:
1775:National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument
1649:, the film critiques the deeply
1635:, which is set among the German
1610:German Federal Criminal Police (
1378:German National People's Party (
1329:The Wilhelmian era ended in the
1255:, Patrick Bridgwater dubbed the
1244:'s revolution in the writing of
871:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière
743:
720:
611:soldier holding the flag of the
110:
1002:for former convicts called the
456:, Bismarck ultimately left the
283:. Even so, Otto von Bismarck's
1995:The Lost Voices of World War I
1982:The Lost Voices of World War I
709:in general. (In fact, various
508:German Social Democratic Party
1:
1851:, Crown Publishers. Page 391.
1503:which remained devastated by
1074:, he embraced the concept of
101:
34:. For the feminine name, see
2104:"Unverzichtbare Kaiserkrone"
1570:2022 German coup d'Ă©tat plot
878:Imperial German Flying Corps
819:Anglo-German naval arms race
303:and the Conservative Party.
250:, those associated with the
2439:. New York: Vintage Books.
2418:. Oxford University Press.
2057:Press, 1989. Pages 144-145.
2023:Patrick Bridgwater (1985),
2006:Patrick Bridgwater (1985),
1924:, W.W. Norton. pp. 175-178.
1590:Federal Republic of Germany
1349:'s implied threat that the
1331:November Revolution of 1918
928:Federal Republic of Germany
36:Wilhelmina (disambiguation)
2532:
1317:
1018:("Northern Pirates"), and
998:in the form of oath bound
996:organized crime in Germany
817:and, even more so, by the
596:Colonialism and militarism
553:
340:Catholic Church in Germany
140:) comprises the period of
65:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
29:
2511:Historiography of Germany
1407:During the same era, the
1221:did on a grand scale for
944:traditionally stereotyped
506:ideas. Nevertheless, the
214:The term "Wilhelminism" (
106:
104:
96:
53:
48:
2129:C.L. Sulzberger (1977),
2079:Walter H. Sokel (1959),
1847:C.L. Sulzberger (1977),
1834:Modris Eksteins (1989),
1673:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
787:impersonating an officer
1731:constitutional monarchy
1553:organisations, such as
1341:from the throne of the
1174:Norbert von Hellingrath
829:'s ambition to see the
667:Franco-Russian Alliance
556:Architecture of Germany
520:1912 national elections
428:In contrast, historian
373:Charles Stewart Parnell
312:constitutional monarchy
2341:. Munich 1993, ²2001,
2295:Clarendon Press, 1990.
2081:The Writer in Extremis
2070:Press, 1989. Page 145.
2044:Press, 1989. Page 144.
1766:
1757:
1574:
1559:
1532:German Imperial Family
1520:Berlin Imperial Palace
1458:
1446:Prince Louis Ferdinand
1428:
1390:
1337:which had toppled the
1127:
1106:
1104:-based artist's group
897:Manfred von Richthofen
691:
686:
682:
643:German colonial empire
629:
616:
613:German colonial empire
583:
577:
536:
528:German colonial empire
494:Subsequent Chancellor
425:
393:German colonial empire
347:
270:and growing belief in
252:German Agrarian League
216:
137:
2259:Cecil, Lamar (1989),
2176:Frankfurter Rundschau
1933:Peter Feraru (1995),
1911:Press. Pages 217-218.
1543:historic house museum
1490:House of Hohenzollern
1080:House of Hohenzollern
679:
655:Third French Republic
603:
409:
401:Third French Republic
361:Ludwig von Windthorst
308:parliamentary systems
301:Catholic Centre Party
196:Third French Republic
1717:, set in and around
1646:Flags of Our Fathers
1572:, by members of the
1514:East German Premier
1497:German Reunification
1351:Imperial German Army
1054:Culture and the arts
1014:("Firm as a Rock"),
831:Imperial German Navy
779:political corruption
771:Imperial German Army
699:Imperial German Army
297:coalition government
258:during the parallel
236:, was Crown Prince.
2412:Steinberg, Jonathan
2085:Stanford University
1965:Kessler, Harry Graf
1909:Columbia University
1892:Columbia University
1825:, pp. 238–239.
1813:, pp. 147–170.
1801:, pp. 445–447.
1727:Christopher Plummer
1725:and in which actor
1594:Prince Henrich XIII
1586:German armed forces
1561:Tradition und Leben
1471:In interviews with
1412:Organisation Consul
1347:Paul von Hindenburg
1335:February Revolution
1288:Friedrich Nietzsche
1182:Friedrich Hölderlin
934:Criminal underworld
847:Maximilian von Spee
815:Scramble for Africa
805:. In contrast, the
463:In interviews with
285:Anti-Socialist Laws
281:social conservatism
256:British upper class
161:November Revolution
2143:Piet den Blanken.
2131:The Fall of Eagles
2068:University of Iowa
2055:University of Iowa
2042:University of Iowa
1993:Tim Cross (1988),
1980:Tim Cross (1988),
1937:, Argon. pp. 9-75.
1849:The Fall of Eagles
1711:The 2016 spy film
1665:and the advent of
1624:In popular culture
1618:Russian Federation
1477:The Fall of Eagles
1251:In his 1985 book,
1147:Symbolist movement
1068:Harry Graf Kessler
1030:, and the illegal
1010:("Forever True"),
982:forensic scientist
959:Kingdom of Bavaria
859:Hellmuth von MĂĽcke
827:Alfred von Tirpitz
791:false imprisonment
687:
659:Reinsurance Treaty
635:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
617:
496:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
469:The Fall of Eagles
448:in the 1870s, and
442:Classical Liberals
426:
412:Dropping the Pilot
18:Wilhelmine Germany
2446:978-0-394-70387-9
2377:978-3-406-57779-6
2330:John C. G. Röhl:
2325:978-3-406-49405-5
2315:John C. G. Röhl:
2308:John C. G. Röhl:
2274:978-0-8078-1828-2
1768:Königliche Hoheit
1511:or even earlier.
1416:Versailles Treaty
1257:literary movement
1242:Arnold Schoenberg
1202:has written that
1155:literary language
1151:German literature
974:police corruption
851:Felix von Luckner
485:Japanese emperors
397:military alliance
365:Irish nationalist
157:Otto von Bismarck
126:Wilhelmine period
122:
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118:
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16:(Redirected from
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2416:Bismarck: A Life
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1424:Second World War
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1355:Tsar Nicholas II
1339:House of Romanov
1190:Battle of Verdun
1157:by passionately
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1129:Der Blaue Reiter
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1062:with journalist
1000:secret societies
938:Even though the
905:Karl Allmenröder
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336:Catholic schools
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2371:. Munich 2008,
2356:. Munich 2001,
2299:John C. G. Röhl
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1473:C.L. Sulzberger
1422:Even after the
1374:Weimar Republic
1361:in the neutral
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1314:Motion pictures
1246:Classical music
1236:'s creation of
1178:German romantic
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1100:Meanwhile, the
1072:German nobility
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955:Dachau District
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855:Karl von MĂĽller
799:blind obedience
795:G.K. Chesterton
767:Prussian Guards
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578:die Puppenallee
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514:elected to the
512:political party
500:organized labor
477:Berlin Congress
465:C.L. Sulzberger
454:divide and rule
446:Roman Catholics
430:Modris Eksteins
418:, published in
314:, however, the
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1368:Nevertheless,
1343:Russian Empire
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1325:End and legacy
1323:
1318:Main article:
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1292:Richard Dehmel
1280:Reinhard Sorge
1137:The Blue Rider
1064:Heinrich Simon
1055:
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1036:American Mafia
963:John Dillinger
951:Mathias KneiĂźl
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909:Hermann Göring
893:Oswald Boelcke
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651:United Kingdom
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544:Spirit of 1914
444:in the 1860s,
321:absolute power
268:secularization
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32:German Empire
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2238:. Retrieved
2234:
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2213:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:
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2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2107:
2080:
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2036:
2024:
2019:
2007:
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1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
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1934:
1929:
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1916:
1904:
1899:
1887:
1884:Mark Benecke
1879:
1869:16 September
1867:. Retrieved
1856:
1848:
1843:
1838:, pp. 66–67.
1835:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1759:Der Untertan
1739:Nazi Germany
1735:Adolf Hitler
1723:World War II
1712:
1700:, about the
1698:George-Kreis
1681:Satan's Brew
1679:
1644:
1632:The Blue Max
1630:
1602:Second Reich
1582:anti-Semitic
1576:ReichsbĂĽrger
1567:
1536:
1513:
1505:World War II
1501:East Germany
1494:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1450:Carlo Schmid
1435:
1421:
1406:
1398:Adolf Hitler
1386:paramilitary
1367:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1252:
1250:
1238:abstract art
1231:
1200:Jeremy Adler
1198:
1171:
1167:George-Kreis
1144:
1099:
1088:
1057:
1046:and postwar
1028:prostitution
1024:racketeering
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
993:
985:Mark Benecke
948:
937:
917:
875:
863:Otto Hersing
842:sailor suits
839:
812:
756:
688:
683:Pickelhauben
618:
606:East African
574:
563:
559:
550:Architecture
524:Labour Party
493:
487:isolated in
468:
462:
434:long overdue
433:
427:
419:
416:John Tenniel
389:
381:
377:
351:
348:Reichsfeinde
329:
324:
305:
292:
289:
241:conservative
238:
213:
192:Belle Époque
165:
129:
125:
123:
97:
63:painting of
44:Wilhelminism
2332:Wilhelm II.
2179:(in German)
2109:Der Spiegel
1997:, page 125.
1984:, page 124.
1823:Taylor 1967
1702:Nietzschean
1677:comedy film
1637:flying aces
1606:Third Reich
1495:Even after
1430:Der Spiegel
1409:death squad
1363:Netherlands
1272:Cabaret Gnu
1219:James Joyce
1159:Francophile
1020:Apachenblut
1016:Nordpiraten
1004:Ringvereine
901:Werner Voss
885:flying aces
882:World War I
732: [
693:Pickelhaube
625:world power
621:colonialist
572:of Berlin.
566:Siegesallee
538:Burgfrieden
532:revisionism
518:during the
353:Kulturkampf
277:Lutheranism
248:aristocracy
81:GrĂĽnderzeit
61:Neo-Baroque
2501:Wilhelm II
2490:Categories
2367:Volume 3:
2352:Volume 2:
2337:Volume 1:
2282:Geoff Eley
2240:9 December
2215:2022-12-11
2183:2022-12-10
2031:. Page 38.
2014:. Page 39.
1811:Cecil 1989
1786:References
1719:Huis Doorn
1655:propaganda
1592:and place
1551:monarchist
1547:pilgrimage
1539:Huis Doorn
1402:Nazi Party
1299:The Beggar
1268:T.E. Hulme
1208:playwright
1116:The Bridge
1108:Die BrĂĽcke
1042:forces of
1032:drug trade
1012:Felsenfest
989:Robin Hood
920:pilgrimage
823:Royal Navy
707:militarism
705:-inspired
647:South Seas
570:Tiergarten
450:Socialists
367:statesmen
334:, banning
316:Chancellor
200:Silver Age
198:, and the
184:Gilded Age
149:Wilhelm II
98:Chronology
91:Wilhelm II
87:Monarch(s)
2210:0190-8286
2154:9 January
2149:Great War
1667:total war
1384:and it's
1370:nostalgia
1084:barbarity
1060:Frankfurt
1048:Stalinism
1008:Immertreu
978:Wild West
970:anti-hero
924:Air Force
680:Prussian
661:with the
630:Weltmacht
516:Reichstag
481:Shogunate
438:scapegoat
399:with the
230:Wilhelm I
172:Victorian
77:Including
69:Max Koner
49:1890–1918
2479:Die Zeit
2414:(2011).
2115:July 15,
1967:(1990).
1886:(2005),
1865:. dw.com
1746:See also
1706:superman
1675:'s 1976
1663:chivalry
1522:and the
1400:and the
1297:Sorge's
1204:war poet
1186:TĂĽbingen
1165:and the
1142:group.
1095:bohemian
887:such as
775:Köpenick
653:and the
306:In most
272:progress
210:Overview
2253:Sources
2235:Reuters
1721:during
1696:of the
1596:of the
1557:-based
1555:Cologne
1528:Potsdam
1261:Imagism
1240:and to
1223:English
1194:Swabian
1102:Dresden
965:-style
926:of the
783:forgery
504:Marxist
293:Kartell
262:in the
202:in the
194:in the
186:in the
178:in the
168:culture
151:in the
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2087:Press.
1694:parody
1686:Munich
1376:, the
1290:, and
1227:German
1215:syntax
1044:Nazism
903:, and
869:, and
789:, and
609:Askari
589:German
344:German
325:before
190:, the
182:, the
146:Kaiser
134:German
71:, 1891
1466:Quick
1437:Quick
1388:wing
1180:poet
1161:poet
1149:into
736:]
489:Kyoto
421:Punch
414:" by
358:Baron
2441:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2242:2022
2206:ISSN
2156:2022
2117:2020
1871:2016
1737:and
1483:and
1460:Bild
1452:and
1380:DNVP
1282:and
1206:and
1086:."
967:folk
942:are
701:and
371:and
342:as (
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