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180:. As a student he supported himself by working as a tutor. In 1854 he began to study for the Presbyterian Ministry at New College, Edinburgh, but then decided to specialise in natural sciences. He became a lecturer in Botany at the New Veterinary College in Edinburgh, and served as assistant secretary to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He became assistant in the botany department of the British Museum in 1859, becoming Keeper of Botany in 1871 and retiring in 1895. In 1863 Carruthers edited the
268:" in 1879. Although we have made much progress in our understanding of evolution and the fossil record, there is no continuous fossil evidence showing how flowers evolved, and botanists still regard this as a mystery. In 1886, as President of the Biological Section of the British Association, he gave an address that argued for lack of evolution in plants based on comparisons of modern plants with those from Egyptian tombs.
260:. In his 1876 presidential address to the Geologist's Association he argued that "the facts of palaeontological botany are opposed to evolution". He argued that intermediate forms are absent in the plant fossil record, and that the plant fossil record is characterised by "sudden and simultaneous" appearances of a great diversity of
33:
300:
Carruthers' papers are held in multiple archive collections. His administrative records from his role as keeper of the
Botanical Department are held at the Natural History Museum Library and Archives. A series of Carruthers' notes and illustrations are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University
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775:"Carruthers, William, 1830–1922 (botanist, Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum) | University of Edinburgh Archive and Manuscript Collections"
240:
William
Carruthers was actively involved in the Presbyterian Church throughout his life. He was on its Committee on Publications (1880-1920) and edited the
188:. He oversaw the transfer of the British Museum botany collections from Bloomsbury to South Kensington, and saw off an attempt to have them moved to Kew.
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Carruthers published scientific work on oaks, diatoms, mosses, fossil ferns, fossil Cycads, Calamites, and
Lepidodendron. He was an expert on
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264:. This lecture was widely publicised and may have contributed to Darwin terming the origin of the higher plants an "
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He married in 1865 Jeanie, daughter of
William Moffat, architect, of Edinburgh. They had three children.
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British Museum (Natural
History): Department of Botany: Keeper's Correspondence and Papers
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of
Birmingham. Letters concerning Carruthers are held at the University of Edinburgh.
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and in 1867 he contributed an article on them to the fourth edition of
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138:(29 May 1830 – 2 June 1922) was a British botanist and paleobotanist.
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244:(1876-1921). He was keenly interested in the history of Puritanism.
172:, Dumfriesshire, the son of merchant Samuel Carruthers. Educated at
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687:
Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science
225:. He was awarded a PhD by the University of Uppsala in 1907.
146:
Carruthers was the keeper of the
Botanical Department at the
553:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
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from 1871 to 1895. He was a consulting botanist to the
323:"Science His Life's Work: Death of Mr. Wm. Carruthers"
426:"The Ferns of Moffat: IndExs ExsiccataID=2147199834"
283:is used to indicate this person as the author when
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692:British Association for the Advancement of Science
352:Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh
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672:"New light shed on Darwin's "Abominable Mystery""
161:Hand-written letter from Carruthers in 1883, to
839:Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
642:"Address at the opening of the session 1876–77"
593:"The origin of Darwin's 'abominable mystery'"
349:Smith, William G. (1923). "Obituary Notice".
8:
586:
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824:Presidents of the Linnean Society of London
217:from 1875 to 1876. He was president of the
702:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
646:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
379:"Carruthers, William (1830–1922) on JSTOR"
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874:Presidents of the Geologists' Association
690:. Vol. 56th Meeting (1886). London:
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228:He died on 2 June 1922 and was buried at
844:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
591:Buggs, Richard J.A. (22 January 2021).
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221:from 1886 to 1890, and a member of the
549:"Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased"
451:Carruthers, William (1 October 1872).
338:– via British Newspaper Archive.
854:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
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800:Works by or about William Carruthers
432:. Botanische Staatssammlung München
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529:. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 300
213:in 1871. He was President of the
869:20th-century Scottish botanists
864:19th-century Scottish botanists
750:"UoB Calmview5: Search results"
714:International Plant Names Index
501:"Library and Archive Catalogue"
252:Carruthers was sceptical about
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223:Botanical Society of Edinburgh
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658:10.1016/S0016-7878(77)80048-5
849:Fellows of the Royal Society
640:Carruthers, William (1877).
559:(686): i–xxi. 1 April 1925.
430:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
211:Fellow of the Royal Society
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597:American Journal of Botany
152:Royal Agricultural Society
777:. University of Edinburgh
537:– via Google Books.
365:10.1080/03746602309469373
330:. 9 June 1922. p. 12
62:, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
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406:. Natural History Museum
176:, he graduated from the
215:Geologist's Association
178:University of Edinburgh
566:10.1098/rspb.1925.0015
242:Messenger for Children
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148:Natural History Museum
523:"Carruthers, William"
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131:William C Carruthers
819:British taxonomists
754:calmview.bham.ac.uk
469:1872Natur...6..449C
453:"Botanical Museums"
274:author abbreviation
230:Elmers End Cemetery
186:The Ferns of Moffat
84:Elmers End Cemetery
39:Peter Alexander Hay
859:People from Moffat
674:. 23 January 2021.
266:abominable mystery
248:Views on evolution
200:Roderick Murchison
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25:William Carruthers
610:10.1002/ajb2.1592
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834:1922 deaths
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507:27 December
410:19 December
388:19 December
196:graptolites
71:2 June 1922
56:29 May 1830
813:Categories
305:References
163:James Bain
90:Occupation
52:1830-05-29
619:0002-9122
575:0962-8452
527:Who's Who
487:1476-4687
258:evolution
182:exsiccata
627:33482683
296:Archives
279:Carruth.
121:Children
93:Botanist
802:at the
465:Bibcode
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204:Siluria
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781:17 May
759:17 May
694:. 1887
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285:citing
170:Moffat
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