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320:. In June 1788, Bowles was sent to Florida. However, by the end of the year, the men he had brought with him from New Providence had deserted and he found himself named a fugitive by the Spanish. Despite the massive failure of his mission, Bowles was not about to give up and began to focus on the idea of carving out a sovereign Indian nation in Florida.
339:, with himself as its "Director General." After designing a flag and constitution for his state, Bowles raised an army and began to carry out raids of Spanish territories in Florida. In 1800, he declared war on Spain. Bowles operated two schooners and boasted of a force of 400 frontiersmen, former slaves, and warriors.
275:
forts along the Gulf Coast. Bowles convinced the Creeks to support the
British garrison stationed in Pensacola against the invading Spanish force, but the garrison surrendered when the powder magazine at the fortress was hit by artillery fire from a Spanish warship. The survivors of the garrison were
299:
and the other a daughter of the
Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain, William Perryman, and used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Muscogee, later styling himself "Director General of the Muskogee Nation". Interracial marriages were common among the Seminoles and
707:
717:
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monopoly in
Florida, decided to employ Bowles thanks to his knowledge of territory and his good standing with the tribes and, more specifically, the Creek leader
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taken as prisoners of war, but Bowles escaped into the wilderness with his Creek allies. This occurred May 9, 1781, when Bowles was either 16 or 17 years old.
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In 1803, not long after having declared himself "Chief of all
Indians present" at a tribal council, he was betrayed and turned over to the
291:, sent Bowles back among the Muscogee with a mission to establish a trading house among them. Bowles established a trading post along the
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After retiring from the army at half-pay, Bowles returned to the
Floridas to live amongst the Creeks until he 1785, when he left for
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268:
454:"William Augustus Bowles on the Georgia Frontier: A Reexamination of the Spanish Surrender of Fort San Marcos de Apalache in 1800"
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Muscogee according to historian James Leitch Wright, but historian Kevin Mulroy disagrees strongly with Wright's contention.
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256:. Upon arrival, Bowles resigned his commission, and left the fortification, where he was captured by
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Freedom on the Border: The
Seminole Maroons in Florida, the Indian Territory, Coahuila, and Texas
354:'s attempts to make him change sides. He then escaped, commandeering a ship and returning to the
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228:. In 1803, Bowles was betrayed and handed over to the Spanish, who imprisoned him in
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358:. One of the main victims of his piratical attacks was the Scottish trading firm of
252:, travelling with the battalion when it was ordered to form part of the garrison of
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Creeks & Seminoles: The
Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People
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in the
Bahamas. A trading firm in nearby Nassau, who sought to break the
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for his capture. When he was finally captured, he was transported to
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632:"William Augustus Bowles: Adventurous Rogue of the Old Southwest,"
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http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/pkt26.html#anchor1986014
513:
A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the
Redstick War of 1813-1814
240:
Some sources give his date of birth as 1764. Bowles was born in
200:) was an American-born military officer and adventurer. Born in
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619:
Liberty's Exiles, American
Loyalists in the Revolutionary World
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51:
Director General and Commander-In-Chief of the Muskogee Nation
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Loyalist military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
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Le Clerc Milfort's Travels & Sojourn in the Creek Nation
377:, having deliberately starved himself to death in defiance.
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The Destruction of Muskogee Autonomy Before the Creek War
287:. After a few months there, the Governor of the Bahamas,
16:
American-born military officer and adventurer (1763–1805)
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expeditionary force mustered and began to lay siege to
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at the age of thirteen with the junior officer rank of
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raiders and brought back to one of their settlements.
604:. London: Harvard University Press. pp. 102–103.
423:"William Augustus Bowles and the State of Muskogee"
220:. He subsequently established an alliance with the
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342:A furious Spain offered $ 6,000 and 1,500 kegs of
718:Heads of state of states with limited recognition
570:. Texas Tech University Press. pp. 186–.
516:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–.
8:
369:. William Augustus Bowles died in 1805, at
279:After this battle, he was reinstated in the
602:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions
510:Gregory A. Waselkov (September 28, 2009).
486:ATLANTIC CREOLES IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
392:San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park
38:
27:
489:. Harvard University Press. p. 113.
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728:People from Frederick County, Maryland
331:in northern Florida (part of Spanish
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543:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 80.
204:, Bowles was commissioned into the
713:Heads of state of former countries
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421:McAlister, Lyle N. (April 1962).
410:Bowles, William Augustus, General
232:, where he died two years later.
698:American Loyalists from Maryland
483:Jane G. Landers (June 1, 2010).
427:The Florida Historical Quarterly
295:. He would marry two wives, one
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117:
564:Kevin Mulroy (September 2003).
662:FOTW Site on the Muskogee Flag
314:Panton, Leslie & Company's
1:
703:British America army officers
667:State of Florida history site
263:While he was living with the
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187:
537:James Leitch Wright (1986).
458:Georgia Historical Quarterly
360:Panton, Leslie & Company
206:Maryland Loyalists Battalion
155:Maryland Loyalists Battalion
91:1805 (aged 41–42)
62:1799 – May 24, 1803
723:People from Spanish Florida
246:Maryland Loyalist Battalion
212:, seeing action during the
749:
327:, he formed a short-lived
242:Frederick County, Maryland
214:American Revolutionary War
202:Frederick County, Maryland
165:American Revolutionary War
82:Frederick County, Maryland
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635:Alabama Heritage Magazine
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452:Din, Gilbert C. (2004).
350:where he was unmoved by
323:In 1795, along with the
19:Not to be confused with
387:Wakulla County, Florida
184:William Augustus Bowles
32:William Augustus Bowles
733:Suicides by starvation
600:Landers, Jane (2010).
318:Alexander McGillivray
216:, including the 1781
637:by Susan E. Reynolds
304:Later life and death
657:Short bio of Bowles
293:Chattahoochee River
254:Pensacola, Florida
218:siege of Pensacola
170:Siege of Pensacola
590:McAlister, p. 319
577:978-0-89672-516-4
523:978-0-8173-5573-9
496:978-0-674-05416-5
337:State of Muskogee
244:, and joined the
226:State of Muskogee
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135:State of Muskogee
21:William A. Bowles
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617:Jasanoff, Maya,
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108:Military service
71:Personal details
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468:February 15,
466:. Retrieved
464:(3): 305–337
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435:. Retrieved
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375:Havana, Cuba
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341:
333:East Florida
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307:
289:Lord Dunmore
283:and went to
281:British Army
278:
262:
239:
230:Morro Castle
183:
182:
161:Battles/wars
145:British Army
57:
25:
693:1805 deaths
285:the Bahamas
265:Creek Tribe
198: 1805
191: 1763
682:Categories
612:References
437:January 3,
236:Early life
113:Allegiance
325:Seminoles
58:In office
433:(4): 318
381:See also
297:Cherokee
258:Muscogee
222:Muscogee
367:Spanish
273:British
269:Spanish
79:c. 1763
574:
547:
520:
493:
348:Madrid
250:ensign
210:ensign
98:Havana
398:Notes
373:, in
329:state
572:ISBN
545:ISBN
518:ISBN
491:ISBN
470:2018
439:2023
267:, a
151:Unit
102:Cuba
88:Died
76:Born
344:rum
684::
462:88
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431:40
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362:.
195:c.
193:–
188:c.
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186:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
