William Bolts - Knowledge (XXG)

359:

value of the assets of the former association. Bolts' valuation of those assets was accepted at face value, but it was a fictitious valuation and in fact the new Company inherited the old association's debts. It consequently suffered chronic lack of cash and had to resort to short-term loans and bottomry bonds (for which the ships themselves were the collateral) at a premium of 30 to 35 per cent. Under these conditions, every voyage had to be a success for the Company to remain viable. Also under the terms of the agreement erecting the new company, Bolts ceded his charter to his Belgian partners in return for a loan of 200,000 florins (that is, his 200 shares in the Company) and the right to send two ships on his own account to China. The "new India Company, under the direction of Mr. Boltz", known as the Triestine Society, was announced by the press in Trieste on 17 August 1782, with a reference to the two vessels it would possess.

615:, Directeur des Ports et Arsenaux, stated in the draft of the memorandum on the expedition he submitted to the King: "the utility which may result from a voyage of discovery ... has made me receptive to the views put to me by Mr. Bolts relative to this enterprise". However, as Fleurieu explained to the King: "I am not proposing at all, however, the plan for this voyage as it was conceived by Mr. Bolts". Political and strategic considerations took priority over the commercial. Bolts was paid 1,200 Louis for "the communications useful for the Service which he has given", but was given no part in the preparation or execution of the Lapérouse expedition. 164: 121:(which would have been India's first modern newspaper), saying that he had "in manuscript many things to communicate which most intimately concerned every individual", but he was directed to quit Bengal, and proceed to Madras and from thence to take his passage to England. Company officials declared him bankrupt, "to the irretrievable loss of his Fortune", he later claimed. He never seemed to have been able to redeem himself in the eyes of the Company, and in London and elsewhere fought a rearguard action against his many opponents within it. 541:

discovery were incompatible as a combined undertaking. The opposition of Bolts' Belgian former financial partners and now rivals in the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste and Antwerp was also a cause of its not going ahead, and in the autumn of 1782, it was abandoned. Instead of sending out a scientific expedition on an Austrian ship as Born had proposed, the Austrian naturalists under the leadership of Franz Jozef Maerter went from Le Havre in April 1783 on the American frigate

578:, wanted to promote the kingdom's maritime trade. King Ferdinand gave Bolts a charter, modelled on that he had received from Empress Maria Theresa in 1776, with a term of twenty-one years from 1786, for a Royal Indian Company of Naples (Regia Società dell'India di Napoli), but the Neapolitan government agreed to support Bolts only after he had made a successful initial voyage at his own expense and risk. Preparations were begun in Marseille to fit out the 207:). He took with him a ten-year charter authorizing him to trade under Imperial colors between Austria's Adriatic ports and Persia, India, China and Africa, and from Africa and Madagascar to America. This enterprise required substantial capital, which Bolts sought in the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), and he brought in the Antwerp banker, Charles Proli, and his associates, the bankers I.C.I. Borrikens and D. Nagel. 1647:(Tsentral'nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov USSR: Putevoditel'), Tome I, Moscow, 1991, page 378. Bolts to Ostermann, 17 December 1782, Российский государственный архив древних актов (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov/Russian State Archive of Early Acts, Moscow), fond Gosarkhiva (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Imperii), razryad 24, delo 61; cited in Glynn Barratt, 268:. The Company's hostility towards Bolts in India were the subject of urgent representations by the Austrian Ambassador in London, resulting in the sending in January 1782 of instructions from the Court of Directors to India, which ordered their officers in India not to give offence to "any subject of his Imperial Majesty". Although when he first arrived in India, at 1660:"Plan pour les lettres patentes d'octroy exclusif proposé à être accordé par sa majesté le roi des Deux Siciles à Guillaume Bolts pour le commerce et navigation aux Indes Orientales, à la Chine et ailleurs, sous le titre de Société Royale Asiatique de Naples, pour le termes de 21 anneés", Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Esteri, f.4211; cited in Giovanni Iannettone, 536:

the 26th of August, and arrived at Trieste the 1st of September with a great cargo, part of which she is to take out with her, particularly fourteen chests of watches and watch-work, which she brought from London. Four persons of great learning are to be sent out in her, at the Emperor's expence, to make discoveries in Natural Philosophy.

312:. In consequence of Bolts' action, the Imperial company had established a trading factory on the island of Nancowery, headed by Gottfried Stahl who was accompanied by five other Europeans. Danish authorities strongly protested against Bolts' action in taking possession of the Nicobars, and in 1783 sent a warship to remove the Austrians. 54:. Throughout his life, Bolts continued to propose and execute various trading ventures on his own behalf and in conjunction with various commercial and governmental partners. The ventures of individual traders like Bolts did much to spur governments and large corporations into the expansion of their own interests. 549:) to Philadelphia and thence to South Carolina, Florida, the Bahamas and Santo Domingo (Hispaniola). Besides plants, they were to collect animal and mineral specimens. Reflecting the origins of the enterprise, their instructions gave them the option (which was not taken up) to take ship from Acapulco in 1707:

edited by Rosane Rocher, Aldershot and Brookfield, Variorum, 1997, Variorum Collected Studies CS569). An incomplete copy of Bolts's letter to Castries of 25 January 1785 is held at the Bibliothèque nationale (Paris), Département de Manuscrits, Manuscrits français, "nouvelles acquisitions françaises",

535:

The Emperor intends to signalise himself, in imitation of other Princes, by sending a ship round the world to make discoveries. The vessel destined for this tedious and dangerous expedition, is the Count de Cobenzet , which cleared out of the Port of London the 15th of April last; sailed from Leghorn

263:

instructed its officers in Bengal, Madras and Bombay to "pursue the most effectual means that can be fully justified to counteract and defeat" him. Bolts took full advantage of Austria's neutral status in the war between Britain and France, Spain and the Dutch Republic during 1778 to 1783 that formed

744:

once again destroyed his hopes. He returned to England in 1800, where he attempted unsuccessfully to interest the East India Company in obtaining supplies of copper from Anatolia to sell in India. He then moved to Lisbon where in the 1760s, before joining the East India Company, he had worked in the

695:

in May 1787 and reached Nootka in June, from whence she traded southward for two months along the American coast. Barkley added significantly to knowledge of the geography of the area during this voyage, notably identifying the Strait of Juan de Fuca. He returned to Macao with his takings of furs on

631:

At odds with his suspicious Antwerp backers, Bolts found himself declared bankrupt in mid-1782. Although he possessed no capital himself, he was able to trade on his reputation as an expert in the Eastern trade to launch a new share company in 1783, the Triestine Society, which in September sent the

540:

Although the Emperor was initially enthusiastic, he refused to provide finance for it apart from the expenses of his naturalists, and the venture eventually proved impossible to realize. Bolts' hopes for a commercial voyage and the desire of the Emperor and his naturalists for a voyage of scientific

427:"together with their whole apparel, guns, stores, &c." and observed: "The destruction of this company, as well as several others in Europe, is in a great measure owing to the commutation tea tax in England, and the advantages which territorial possessions throw in favour of the British company." 358:

The Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp was opened to public subscription in August 1781 to raise, nominally, half its capital in one thousand shares. In fact, the Company was seriously under-capitalized, as the other thousand shares held by the Proli group and Bolts were paid for by the nominal

598:

would be sent around Cape Horn to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Nootka Sound, the Kurile Islands, and China. The sloop would be left at Nootka to trade for furs, while a couple of Frenchmen would be left in the Kuriles to learn Japanese and adopt the dress and ways of the inhabitants. At least two

1642:

Bolts to Catherine II, Vienna, November 1782, offering to lead a Russian expedition to the North West Coast of America, Kamchatka and China, Российский государственный архив древних актов, фонд Госархива , разряд XXIV (Сибирский приказ и управление Сибирью), дело 61 (Проект Капитана Г.И. Болтца об

414:

Matters came to a head in January 1785 when the Company suspended all payments, and shortly afterward it was declared bankrupt, bringing the Proli banking house down with it. Charles Proli committed suicide. An article in the Dublin press of 25 May 1786 recorded the sale of the dissolved company's

223:

and at the Nicobar Islands. His aim in establishing a factory at Delagoa Bay was to use it as a base for trade between East Africa and the West coast ports of India. He procured three ships to conduct this "country" trade, as trade by Europeans between India and other non-European destinations was

656:

of 15 September, and the same newspaper published an extract of a letter from Ostend dated 24 September that said: "The Count de Belgioioso, on account of the East India Company, is arrived here from Bengal and China, her cargo consists chiefly of piece goods, with only a few chests of the finest

362:

The Imperial Asiatic Company, under the direction of the Proli group, focussed on the China tea trade. In 1781, 1782 and 1783 the price of tea in Europe, especially in England, had risen to unheard of levels. In 1781 and 1782 no Dutch or French ships appeared at Canton as a result of the American

70:

and therefore claimed to be "a subject of Germany", although at the time of this statement he was attempting to get out of legal problems with the Company. Some sources suggest that Bolts himself was born in Germany. Many writers have claimed that Bolts was of ethnic Dutch origin, although Willem

403:, carrying a large amount of silver specie for the purchase of Chinese goods, foundered in a storm in the Irish Sea soon after departing Liverpool, where she was fitted out, on the voyage to Canton. Regardless of mounting losses, debts and liabilities, the Company invested in a further ship, the 385:

However, the opportunity had been missed as, with the signing of an armistice in January 1783 the former belligerents were able to send their ships to Canton safely, and the summer of 1783 saw a total of thirty-eight ships there, including the five Imperial vessels. They had to buy tea at a high

320:

In spite of his many achievements since 1776, Bolts's venture, on the whole, had made a loss, to the dismay of his Belgian financial backers, Charles Proli and his associates. Proli also disagreed with Bolts over the importance of the China market: Proli wanted to concentrate exclusively on that

442:

she sailed for the Philippines under the command of Francisco Muñoz y San Clemente, departing Cadiz on 23 January 1786, calling at the Cape of Good Hope and Java, and arriving at Manila on 9 August of that year. She sailed on the return voyage to Spain from Manila on 11 January 1787, called at

116:

He came into conflict with the East India Company in 1768, possibly because diamonds were a favorite means for Company employees to secretly remit back home profits made by private trade in India, which they were officially forbidden to engage in. He announced in September of that year that he

321:

market while Bolts urged the equal importance of India as Austrian commodities, such as mercury, lead, copper, iron, tin, and vitriol, could find sale there, in contrast to China where only Spanish silver dollars were accepted in return for Chinese products such as tea, porcelain, and silk.

336:

the Proli group sent another ship of the same name to China independently of him. This constituted a breach of their contract with him. They refused to honor the bills he drew upon their bank while he was in India. Proli petitioned the Imperial Government to have Bolts' charter transferred

846:

Bowen 2004: " born on 7 February 1739 on the continent, probably in Germany"; Kuiters 2002, p. 97: "Whether born in Holland or Germany, it is certain that Bolts felt himself to be more English than anything else and that his colleagues in the Company's service had never considered him as

363:

War, and in 1782 only eleven English, three Danish and two Swedish ships called there. Only four out of thirteen British ships returned safely in 1783 due to French depredations. Attempting to seize the opportunity to make good profits, the Proli group sent five ships to Canton: the

1698:

Bolts à Castries, 25 Janvier 1785 and 9 Avril 1785, Rigsarkivet (Stockholm), Handel och Sjöfart, 193, "W. Bolts' förslag till kolonisation af en ö ... 1786–1790"; cited in Holden Furber, "In the Footsteps of a German 'Nabob': William Bolts in the Swedish Archives",

522:

The Emperor lent a ready ear to Bolts as the venture offered a vehicle for carrying into effect his desire, prompted by the voyages of James Cook, for an Austrian round the world voyage dedicated to scientific research. This had been urged by the eminent savant

479:(not to be confused with the Proli group's vessel of the same name), arrived back at Leghorn (Livorno) from Canton with this news on 8 July 1781. Bolts afterward wrote that he had the ambition of wishing to be the first to profit from this new branch of trade. 647:

It was reported from Trieste on 22 February 1786 that "The Comte Cobenzel East Indiaman arrived in this port the 18th inst. with a rich cargo" of saltpeter, tea, cassia, camphire, coffee, pepper and other merchandise, having left Canton 23 January 1785. The

865:

William Bolts, "A Short Chronological Narrative of Events ", Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio, John G. White Zamboni ms Wq 091.92, B 639s, f.1; cited in Barry M. Gough and Robert J. King, "William Bolts: An Eighteenth Century Merchant Adventurer",

606:

In addition to Tristan, "the Island discovered by La Roche in 1675" (probably South Georgia) was to be found and settled. The French government adopted the concept, though not its author, leading to the sending out of an expedition under the command of

386:

price, but when they returned to Ostend in July 1784 they had to sell at a low price on a glutted market, as well as having to pay for permission to return to that port. The price of tea at Ostend collapsed when the British Government introduced the

565:

Bolts refused to give up on his hopes for a voyage to the North West coast of America. Emperor Joseph II released Bolts from his obligations (except to his creditors) and gave him leave in November 1782 to take his proposal to the court of

243:. The Imperial flag did not fly for long over Delagoa Bay, as alarmed Portuguese authorities who claimed the place as their own sent a 40-gun frigate and 500 men from Goa to remove Bolts's men in April 1781, and to found the Presidio of 97:, in addition to his other languages, English, Dutch, German, Portuguese and French. Later, he was appointed to the Company's Benares (Varanasi) factory, where he opened a woolens mart, developed saltpeter manufacturing, established 349:

for the Commerce of Asia (Société Impériale pour le Commerce Asiatique de Trieste et d'Anvers). The Company was to send six ships to China and India, two to East Africa and Mauritius, and three for the southern whale fishery.

344:

At an audience with Emperor Joseph II in Brussels on 28 July 1781, Bolts and Proli agreed to the transformation of their association into a share company, and in August, Bolts surrendered his charters to the new

1152:

Bd.III, 1 Jahrgang, 1927, S.184–193; Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

1628:

Wien, Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek, 1992, S.61–78; Helene M. Kastinger Riley, "Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria",

1410:

Beiheft 12, Stuttgart, 1927, S.91–96. Helma Houtman-De Smedt, "The ambitions of the Austrian empire with reference to East India during the last quarter of the eighteenth century", Chaudhury Sushil (ed.),

1161:

Maputo, Imprensa de Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 2000; Walter Markov, "L'expansion autrichienne outre-mer et les intérêts portugaises 1777–81", in Congresso Internacional de História dos Descobrimentos,

761:

However, Willem Kuiters notes that Bolts listed neither Dutch nor German among the languages he knew in a letter to the King of Sweden. He also made use of an interpreter when engaging in negotiations in

700:

of 21 June 1788 reported that, "After taking in his cargo, &c. &c. Captain Berkeley proceeded to Macao, where he disposed of his furs at an amazing price". It was originally intended that the

1406:

Liege, 1785, pp.31–39, 65–69; Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

1759:

Band 86, 1899, S.100–104; Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

636:

on a commercial voyage to the Malabar Coast by way of Marseilles, where she took in the principal part of her cargo, and the Cape of Good Hope. At Bombay, a second ship was purchased, called the

599:

ships would be employed to maintain communication with Europe via both the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn. A botanist, metallurgist, and astronomer would be employed. In the South Atlantic,

135:, in which he attacked the administration of the East India Company in Bengal; and in particular complained of the arbitrary power exercised by the authorities and of his own deportation. 1114:

Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 23–27 June 2008. John Everaert, "Willem Bolts: India Regained and Lost: Indiamen, Imperial Factories and Country Trade (1775–1785)", in K.S. Mathew (ed.),

1373:

No.138, p.110. Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

582:, a ship Bolts planned to send to the North West Coast under the Neapolitan flag, but the venture was abandoned when Bolts received a more positive response from the French government. 89:

in 1755 where he spent some time working in the diamond trade. Four years later, Bolts decided to venture to Bengal, where he was employed in Calcutta as a factor in the service of the

728:

to discover an island off the coast of Western Australia, where a Swedish colony and trading post could be established. However, the plan was shelved after Sweden became embroiled in

109: 2267: 411:, a giant of 1,100 tons, specially built for the Company by the Fiume shipyards, which was launched in March 1784, bringing the Company's fleet to a total of nine vessels. 2242: 482:

At an audience in Vienna in May 1782, Bolts discussed his plan with Emperor Joseph II, for which he had bought a ship in England in November 1781. The ship was called the

2188:

Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

1222:

Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

1073:

Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775–1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II",

672:

to send a ship to the North West Coast undisturbed by competitors, Bolts was apparently able to share in the only voyage sent there under the Imperial flag, that of the

608: 2142:

Helma Houtman-De Smedt, "The ambitions of the Austrian empire with reference to East India during the last quarter of the eighteenth century", Chaudhury Sushil (ed.),

1314:

Helma Houtman-De Smedt, "The ambitions of the Austrian empire with reference to East India during the last quarter of the eighteenth century", Chaudhury Sushil (ed.),

1285:

Helma Houtman-De Smedt, "The ambitions of the Austrian empire with reference to East India during the last quarter of the eighteenth century", Chaudhury Sushil (ed.),

557:, thence to the Sunda Islands in the Dutch East Indies, the coasts of Bengal, Coromandel and Malabar, and the Iles de France and Bourbon (Mauritius and Reunion). 304:, where she arrived in June 1778. There her captain, Bennet, took possession on 12 July. The islands were the focus of a Christian missionary effort of the 434:

was seized by creditors at Cadiz, where she had gone to load Spanish dollars to pay for tea and other goods in China. Eventually she was chartered by the

2262: 451:, going out to the Philippines for the Company by the Cape Horn route and returning to Spain by the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at Cadiz on 17 May 1788. 438:

for a voyage to explore the best direct route to the Philippines from Spain, as opposed to the traditional Acapulco-Manila galleon route. Under the name

1102:, IV Serie, Vol.XLIX (XCVII della raccolta), 1989, articolo no.1130, pp.217–234. Michal Wanner, "William Bolts a Císařská asijská společnost v Terstu", 895:

William Bolts, "A Short Chronological Narrative of Events ", Cleveland Public Library, John G. White Zamboni ms Wq 091.92, B 639s; and P.J. Marshall,

471:'s ships had had there in November 1779 in selling the sea otter pelts they had obtained for trinkets on the American coast in the course of Cook's 2272: 1259:

Walter Markov, "L'expansion autrichienne outre-mer et les intérêts portugaises 1777–81", Congresso Internacional de História dos Descobrimentos,

1884:, vol.18, part 3, 1991, pp.323–362, p.337; Log of the Loudoun/Imperial Eagle, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, A/A/20.5/L92; Beth Hill, 2257: 652:

under Bauer went from Canton to New York, where she arrived in June 1786. The ship's arrival from New York at Dover, England, was reported in

459:

After Bolts returned from India in May 1781, he developed the idea for a voyage to the North West Coast of America to engage in the trade in

554: 498:, sell or trade them in China and Japan, and return by the Cape of Good Hope. He engaged four sailors who had served under Cook, including 2215:

Michal Wanner, "Imperial Asiatic Company in Trieste—The Last Attempt of the Habsburg Monarchy to Penetrate East Indian Trade, 1781–1785",

2102:

John Everaert, "Willem Bolts: India Regained and Lost: Indiamen, Imperial Factories and Country Trade (1775–1785)", in K.S. Mathew (ed.),

66:

records his baptism on 21 February 1739. His parents were William and Sarah Bolts. Bolts himself declared that his father was a native of

1668:

Napoli, Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1984, pp.66–69; and in Aurelio Lepre, "Sui rapporti tra Mezzogiorno ed Europa nel Risorgimento",

50:

in 1757. The observations and experiences he recorded offer a unique resource for scholars inquiring into the nature of Company rule in

1721:"Projet de Fleurieu et Instructions du Roi", Archives nationales, Fonds de la Marine, 3JJ 386, ff.29–30; quoted in Catherine Gaziello, 1379:

Précis de l'Origine, de la Marche et de la Chûte de la chute de la Compagnie d'Asie et d'Afrique dans les ports du littoral autrichien,

959:

William Bolts, "A Short Chronological Narrative of Events ", Cleveland Public Library, John G. White Zamboni ms Wq 091.92, B 639s, f.4.

63: 729: 1060:"Octroi de Sa Majesté l'Imperatrice Reine Apostolique, accordé au Sieur Guillaume Bolts, à Vienne le 5 Juin 1775", Guillaume Bolts, 612: 574:, King of Naples. He had an encouraging response from Naples, where King Ferdinand's Minister of Commerce and the Navy, General Sir 499: 191:, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the younger son of the Empress, to India in command of a ship under the Imperial flag, the former Indiaman 1928: 2013: 167:

Share of the Soc. du Commerce d'Asie & d'Afrique & C., issued 1. October 1871, signed by Bolts, Proli, Borrikens and Nagel

2045:, National Archives, Kew, National Archives, Kew, PRO, PROB 11/1485, sig.710, cited by H.V. Bowen, entry on William Bolts in the 1753:

Die österreichische Handelspolitik unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II: Studien zur Geschichte de österreichischen Volkswirtschaft

435: 1127:Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (HHStA), Ostindische Compagnie (OIC), iv; cited in Sven H. Carlson, 163: 2252: 1582:

Recueil de pièces authentiques, relatives aux affaires de la ci-devant Société impériale asiatique de Trieste, gérées à Anvers,

1549:

Recueil de pièces authentiques, relatives aux affaires de la ci-devant Société impériale asiatique de Trieste, gérées à Anvers,

1329:

Recueil de pièces authentiques, relatives aux affaires de la ci-devant Société impériale asiatique de Trieste, gérées à Anvers,

1062:

Recueil de pièces authentiques, relatives aux affaires de la ci-devant Société impériale asiatique de Trieste, gérées à Anvers,

570:

of Russia. The Russian court proved unresponsive, so Bolts also put his proposal before the court of Joseph's brother-in-law,

108: 1666:

idem, Presenze italiane lungo le Vie dell'Oriente nei Secoli XVIII e XIX nella Documentazione diplomatico-consolare italiana,

1365:

Canton Consultations, 12 October 1783, British Library, India Office Records and Archives, G12/77; cited in Sven H. Carlson,

188: 745:

diamond trade. He made his last will in Lisbon in August 1805 and died, it is said, in a Paris poorhouse (hôpital) in 1808.

1404:

Précis de l'Origine, de la Marche et de la Chûte de la Compagnie d'Asie et d'Afrique dans les Ports du Littoral Autrichien,

1274:

Précis de l'Origine, de la Marche et de la Chûte de la Compagnie d'Asie et d'Afrique dans les Ports du Littoral Autrichien,

1110:"Imperial Asiatic Company in Trieste—The Last Attempt of the Habsburg Monarchy to Penetrate East Indian Trade, 1781–1785", 2030:

The British in Bengal, 1756–1773: A Society in Transition seen through the Biography of a Rebel: William Bolts (1739–1808)

1454:

Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren,

1087:

Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren,

1047: 919:

The British in Bengal, 1756–1773: a Society in Transition seen through the Biography of a Rebel: William Bolts (1739–1808)

905:

Précis de l'Origine, de la Marche et de la Chûte de la Compagnie d'Asie et d'Afrique dans les Ports du Littoral Autrichien

834:

The British in Bengal, 1756–1773: a Society in Transition seen through the Biography of a Rebel: William Bolts (1739–1808)

1624:

Wien, 1856, S.23–24; Helga Hühnel, "Botanische Sammelreise nach Amerika in 18. Jahrhundert", Franz Wawrik et al (eds.),

1298: 1937:

is described as belonging to the Austrian East India Company (that is, the Imperial Company of Trieste) in F.W. Howay,

1752: 594:

of France. Bolts outlined his plan in letters he wrote to the Maréchal de Castries on 25 January and 9 April 1785. The

392:

in 1784, which reduced the tax on tea from fifty to ten per cent and made smuggling from the Netherlands unprofitable.

2029: 977: 918: 897: 575: 514:

as a tender, and obtained letters of credence from the Emperor to various rulers at whose ports the ship would touch.

346: 147:. The observations and experiences he records still offer a unique resource for scholars inquiring into the nature of 101:

plantations, imported cotton, and promoted the trade in diamonds from the Panna and Chudderpoor (Chhatarpur) mines in

1902: 235:, and transported them to Delagoa Bay, thereby predating the introduction to Bengal of this insect for the making of 1878:

A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle

934: 712:

after her first season she was sold after threats were made from the East India Company for breaching its monopoly.

2247: 1179:, VIII, ff.271-4; quoted in Sir Richard Temple, "Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century", 669: 472: 265: 945: 741: 494:(Kobenzl), a patron of the Imperial Company. Bolts' plan called for the ship to round Cape Horn, take on furs at 740:

Bolts is said to have attempted to revive his fortunes in France, setting up an enterprise near Paris, but the

732:

the following year. Bolts was given 250 pounds for his trouble, and the proposed colony was never established.

1196:, VI, f.297; quoted in Sir Richard Temple, "Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century", 872: 999:

Kaunitz's to Joseph II, 7 August 1787, "Teehandel in Ostindien und China"; cited in Karl Ottmar von Aretin, "

833: 684: 1041: 284:, where he was granted permission to establish trading factories in the Nawab's Malabar Coast dominions at 1415:

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp.236–7. Walter Markov, "La Compagnia Asiatica di Trieste",

571: 1791:

26 November 1785. Sir Richard Temple, "Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century",

801:

A Register of children baptised in Holland according to 1698 form of 1742: Church of England at Rotterdam

799: 531:. The intended expedition was reported in the English press in mid-October 1782, in the following terms: 2196: 148: 35: 2171: 1450:

Charles Proli, Antwerps zakenman en bankier, 1723–1786: een biografische en bedrijfshistorische studie,

1083:

Charles Proli, Antwerps zakenman en bankier, 1723–1786: een biografische en bedrijfshistorische studie,

85:

When Bolts was fifteen, he left for England. According to a deposition he made in 1801, Bolts lived in

2172:

Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the KKS Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782–1783

1772: 1226:

Beiheft 12, Stuttgart, 1927, S.45–47. Heinrich Sieveking, "Die Kaiserliche Flagge auf den Nikobaren",

785:, National Archives, PRO, PROB 11/1485, sig. 710; cited by H. V. Bowen, entry on William Bolts in the 272:, the East India Company made every effort to frustrate his activities, he soon made himself known to 2237: 2232: 175:, putting forward a proposal for re-establishing Austrian trade with India from the Adriatic port of 2149:

Helga Hühnel, "Botanische Sammelreise nach Amerika in 18. Jahrhundert", Franz Wawrik et al (eds.),

1501:

José de Gálves to Antonio Valdés, 23 August 1785, Archivo Naval de Bazan; cited in Dario Manfredi,

567: 507: 448: 244: 86: 1877: 1892: 1148:, vol.1, London, 1794, pp.187–195; B. Struck, "Österreichs Kolonialversuche im 18. Jahrhundert", 260: 144: 94: 90: 39: 27: 2124:

Barry M. Gough and Robert J. King, "William Bolts: An Eighteenth Century Merchant Adventurer",

2109:

Holden Furber, "In the Footsteps of a German 'Nabob': William Bolts in the Swedish Archives",

2043:

William Bolts's will made in Lisbon on 12 August 1805 and proved in London on 7 September 1808

2042: 1598: 1505:

La Spezia, Memorie della Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze , «Giovanni Capellini», 1988, p.26.

1077:

Beiheft 12, Stuttgart, 1927, S.24. Jan Denuce, "Charles de Proli en de Aziatische Kompagnie",

783:

William Bolts's will made in Lisbon on 12 August 1805 and proved in London on 7 September 1808

782: 305: 172: 47: 43: 1973: 1886: 911: 815: 590:

With the Emperor's permission, Bolts also put his proposal to Joseph's other brother-in-law,

443:

Mauritius, and arrived at Cadiz on 17 March 1788. Her voyage was complemented by that of the

30:, and subsequently became an independent merchant. He is best known today for his 1772 book, 904: 600: 2091: 983: 491: 388: 301: 225: 140: 2133: 332:

to China, without informing him. In ignorance of Bolts' purchase of a ship he called the

1978:

Sidney (BC), 1978, p.60; F.W. Howay, "Early Navigation of the Straits of Juan de Fuca",

2200: 657:

teas, and one of spices, from Ceylon, at which island they touched on their way home".

524: 232: 2163:

Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition",

510:, who had written an account in German of Cook's final voyage. He bought a sloop, the 62:

William Bolts was born in Amsterdam on 7 February 1739. The baptismal register of the

2226: 1734:

Archives nationales, Fonds de la Marine, 3JJ 389, f.1; quoted in Catherine Gaziello,

1503:

Il Viaggio Attorno al Mondo di Malaspina con la Fregata di S.M.C.«Astrea», 1786–1788,

677: 546: 527:

who, at the Emperor's invitation, nominated five naturalists to go with Bolts on the

495: 236: 228: 216: 180: 2027:

Bolts to Hugh Inglis, London, 20 August 1800 ; cited in Willem G. J. Kuiters,

430:

In February 1785, in the unfolding bankruptcy of the Imperial Asiatic Company, the

281: 978:

A View of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the English Government in Bengal

463:

furs to China and Japan. He apparently heard from John Reid, his agent at Canton (

2085: 1488:

Sevilla, Centro de Estudios de América, no.157, 1965, pp.184–6, 343; J.H.Furber,

1484:

21 de Setiembre de 1787, 28 de Marzo de 1788; Ma Lourdes Diaz-Trechuelo Spínola,

1018: 970: 1725:

Paris, CTHS, 1984, pp.50–51. Archives nationales, Fonds de la Marine, B4 319-20.

102: 308:, who visited from time to time from the Danish base on the Indian mainland at 721: 468: 396: 309: 220: 67: 1799:

Padova, CEDAM, 1966, doc.26, "Certificato azionario della Société Triestine".

603:

was to be claimed for France and settled as a base for the whaling industry.

71:

Kuiters notes that this claim appears to originate with a single source, the

2115:

Private Fortunes and Company Profits in the India Trade in the 18th Century,

2095: 1736:

L'Expédition de Lapérouse 1785–1788: Réplique française aux voyages de Cook,

1723:

L'Expédition de Lapérouse 1785–1788: Réplique française aux voyages de Cook,

1705:

Private Fortunes and Company Profits in the India Trade in the 18th Century,

1703:, vol.12, nos.1–2, January–December 1958, p.16 (reprinted in Holden Furber, 709: 591: 550: 464: 460: 399:

to 11 to 14 sols, or around sixty per cent. Disastrously, a sixth ship, the

285: 273: 1662:

Iniziative di commercio con le Indie Orientali del Regno delle Due Sicilie,

1001:

Fürst Kaunitz und die österreichisch-ostindische Handelscompagnie von 1775

506:

on a voyage to the North West coast for the Etches Company of London, and

2144:

Merchants, Companies and Trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era,

1995: 1980: 1682: 1560:

Robert J. King, "Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the KKS

1413:

Merchants, companies and trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era,

1316:

Merchants, Companies and Trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era,

1287:

Merchants, companies and trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era,

1000: 324:

While Bolts was still in India, the Proli group sent out two ships, the

1622:

Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien,

1025: 696:

5 November. The expedition was apparently profitable, as an article in

240: 184: 176: 131:

The rearguard action occurred in 1772 with the publication of his book

118: 1708:

Collection Margry, no.9424, ff.2–4; cited in Abraham Phineas Nasatir,

1681:

Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Esteri, f.4211; cited in Aurelio Lepre, "

1175:

24 December 1776, British Library, India Office Records and Archives,

1098:

Fulvio Babudieri, "Le vicende della 'Compagnia Asiatica di Trieste'",

1192:

25 January 1782, British Library, India Office Records and Archives,

725: 692: 277: 248: 51: 22:(7 February 1739 – 1808) was a Dutch-born British merchant active in 2113:

vol.12, nos.1–2, January–December 1958; reprinted in Holden Furber,

640:

The captain of the Cobenzell, John Joseph Bauer, transferred to the

454: 2117:

edited by Rosane Rocher, Aldershot and Brookfield, Variorum, 1997,

143:

and enjoyed wide circulation, which contributed to his fame on the

1950:

Also in The Morning Chronicle, 23 June, The Public Advertiser and

1651:

Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1981, pp.89, 254.

1643:экспедиции к северо-западному поберeжью Америки 1782), ; cited in 705: 269: 162: 107: 98: 23: 2201:"Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century" 2064:

Trieste e gli Interessi austriaci in Asia nei Secoli XVIII e XIX,

1797:

Trieste e gli Interessi austriaci in Asia nei Secoli XVIII e XIX,

1645:Центральный Государивенный Архив Древних Aктов CCCP: Путеводитель 1509:, 13 de Julio de 1787, 28 de Marzo de 1788, 23 de Mayo de 1788; 950:

New Delhi, Government of India Publication Division, 1955, p.4.

870:

vol.xxxi, no.112, April 2005, pp.8–28, p.10. A. J. van der Aa,

183:, and on 24 September 1776, Bolts sailed from Leghorn (today's 1908:

Chine et l'Occident: le Commerce à Canton au XVIIIeme. Siècle,

939:

London, 1772, Part II, Vol.III, p.528; cited in J. Natarajan,

2104:

Mariners, Merchants, and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History,

1985:

vol.XII, no.1, 1911, p.9. Williamson, "John Henry Cox", p.16.

1116:

Mariners, Merchants, and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History,

916:

London, 1772-5, Vol.II, p.42; cited in Willem G. J. Kuiters,

171:

In 1775, Bolts offered his services to the government of the

112:

Bolts' book revealing the EIC's business practices in Bengal.

804:. Amsterdam. p. 33 – via Amsterdam City Archives. 455:

Bolts's Plan for a voyage to the North West Coast of America

2146:

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 232-3.

1939:

A List of Trading Vessels in Maritime Fur Trade, 178 –1794,

1150:

Völkerkunde: Beiträge zur Erkenntnis von Mensch und Kultur,

822:, Bruxelles, tome XIII (2e serie, tome IV), 1857, pp. 81–4. 251:) that established a permanent Portuguese presence there. 2126:

Archives: the Journal of the British Records Association,

1419:, vol.2, no.1, 1961, pp.22–24. Ernest Jean van Bruyssel, 868:

Archives: the Journal of the British Records Association,

215:

In the next few years Bolts established factories on the

179:. His proposal was accepted by the government of Empress 2190: