392:, Constable of the Tower of London, where they were variously charged with high treason against the king, adultery with the queen, and plotting the king's death. The men would have only been told of the charges against them upon their arrival at Westminster Hall. With the exception of Smeaton, who was likely to have been tortured, they all pleaded not guilty to the charges. However, Thomas Cromwell ensured that a hostile jury was in place, consisting almost entirely of known enemies of the Boleyns, those who were religious conservatives who opposed Protestantism, those who were close to Cromwell or those who had much to gain by the execution of the defendants. Such men were not too difficult to find. The foreman of the jury, Edward Willoughby, owed Brereton a small fortune, a debt which would disappear if Brereton were to be found guilty. Given Brereton's wealth and position at court, many people owed him money including John Dudley, the future Duke of Northumberland and future father-in-law of Lady Jane Grey, who owed a notable debt of ÂŁ200.
459:, as well as many other academic and historical books on Henry VIII and the early Tudor period. He has also appeared in a number of novels about Boleyn including ones by Norah Lofts and Margaret Campbell Barnes. In Evelyn Anthony's 1957 novel "Anne Boleyn", Brereton was depicted as being the jouster who unseated Henry VIII to such disastrous effect in January 1536 where the king lay unconscious for over two hours. Although Brereton was an accomplished jouster and some writers have suggested Henry was envious of his skills on horseback and in the lists, there's no suggestion that he was the jouster who unseated Henry in early 1536 nor that he was executed because of this.
332:
got married. After his father's death in June that year, he was appointed
Chamberlain of Chester. Later in the year he journeyed around the country to collect signatures from the “elite of England” for a petition asking the pope for an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Brereton's position of trust with the king at this time is also shown by the fact that he accompanied the king on many hunting expeditions and the fact that he enjoyed a multitude of royal grants and crown offices - including overseeing the lands of
452:, who produced a scholarly biography of the second wife of Henry VIII, didn't actually start off researching Boleyn but was researching William Brereton as part of his work on early Tudor common law. He then realised that Brereton was one of the men executed in relation to Boleyn and his interest shifted to her after completing his 1976 book about Brereton's business and crown activities "Letters and Accounts of William Brereton of Malpas" as well as his 1983 book "The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England".
535:. In the TV drama he was portrayed as a young man, whilst in fact he may have been in his mid-forties. The show presented him as a dedicated Catholic and Jesuit, whereas in reality Brereton was married (which would have precluded him from being a cleric and therefore a Jesuit) and his religious leanings were towards the emerging Protestant cause. As an aside, the Jesuit order was founded in 1540 (four years after Brereton's execution). In the series, he is asked by the pope (
422:. George Constantine, a cleric in service to Henry Norris and an eyewitness to their executions, recorded their last words. Brereton's words as he faced the executioner's axe, "The cause whereof I die, judge not. But if you judge, judge the best," may be interpreted as a cautious declaration of his innocence which would avoid the loss of his estates. The remains of all four executed men were initially buried in the churchyard of the
404:. The sentence was later commuted to beheading. The Brereton family made considerable efforts to save the life of their kinsman by offering substantial sums of money and forfeiture of houses and land to the crown. However, it's unlikely these offers were ever passed to the king. The queen and her brother were later tried separately on 15 May within the
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Regarding the jury, historian Alison Weir commented that “Given the affiliations of these men, and the unlikelihood that any of them would risk angering the king by returning the wrong verdict, the outcome of the trial was prejudiced from the very outset” and the defendants must have known that their
433:
Like George Boleyn, Henry Norris and
Francis Weston, Brereton always maintained his innocence (at his trial, to individuals he spoke to as well as his final words on the scaffold). His friends and contemporaries at the time thought his innocence was beyond question. George Constantine said after his
347:
Brereton's position at court secured him grants and favours which built up his prestige and demonstrated his standing with the monarch. It guaranteed a steady stream of suppliants desirous "to be protected under the shadow of his wings", and it enhanced his reputation and following in the country at
331:
William
Brereton's pinnacle of achievement was undoubtedly around 1530 when he received the first of Henry VIII's gifts outside Cheshire and North Wales. In February, he was granted the manor of Finchley and also received the estate of the Abbey of Lesnes in Kent. It was also about this time that he
285:
in 1485. When the grandson had fallen into debt and was also being held in the Tower, all his lands were forfeited to the crown, and
Brereton, as the king's man in Cheshire, was granted jurisdiction over them. After Sir John's death, Brereton's marriage to his widow established a family relationship
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with no MPs, its own de facto parliament, and its own legal system. As such, the leaders of
Cheshire wielded real power, and rivalry for it was fierce. Brereton exercised his power on one occasion with a Flintshire gentleman, John ap Gryffith Eyton, whom he blamed for instigating the killing of one
902:
The
Visitation of Cheshire in the Year 1580, Made by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald, for William Flower, Norroy King of Arms : With Numerous Additions and Continuations, Including Those from the Visitation of Cheshire Made in the Year 1566 by the Same Herald : With an Appendix Containing
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who had also been arrested, wrote of his abhorrence of the executions. Whilst incarcerated in the Tower, Wyatt wrote the following poem: Innocentia
Veritas Viat Fides Circumdederunt me inimici mei. Wyatt knew all the protagonists involved and his lines "These bloody days have broken my heart....."
380:
argues that
Cromwell added Brereton to the plot against Anne to end his control of the Welsh Marches, and to reorganise (and centralise) the local government of Cheshire and the border area. There was never any indication he was a close or intimate associate of the queen but what apparently sealed
340:. In 1531, Henry VIII assigned Brereton to deliver jewels to Anne Boleyn and in January 1533, he was also one of a handful of witnesses at Henry's wedding to Anne Boleyn in the private chapel at Whitehall Palace. Later, in 1534, Brereton was sent to investigate alleged bribery and corruption at
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In the sixteenth century and earlier, as a result of its special status, Cheshire occupied a fairly unusual position in
England. Local power was very important because the crown had only limited control and relied heavily on local magnates to keep order. Cheshire therefore was a semi-autonomous
294:
William's father settled an income on him in June 1508, so he was probably then of an age to make his way in the world, and so that perhaps gives credence to the sources stating he was born circa 1490. The annuity, settled on lands in and around Malpas, was not large but it did give
William the
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writes of how Brereton was "the dominant royal servant in Cheshire and North Wales" due to his wealth, his royal grants, and his father's power in Cheshire. By the mid to late 1520s some of his positions included the Escheator of the county palatine, the post of sheriff of Merioneth and Flint,
328:, the lordship of Chirk, ranger of Delamere Forest, keepership of Mersley Park, and steward and controller of Halton. When Henry finally separated from Catherine of Aragon, Brereton was made receiver-general in Cheshire and Flint to Catherine, in her new position as Dowager Princess of Wales.
376:, "authorised and commissioned by the king," masterminded the proceedings against the queen and her co-accused. The allegation against Brereton, who had been arrested on 4 May, was that Anne solicited him on 16 November 1533, and misconduct took place on 27 November. Historian
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execution “yf any of them was innocent, it was he”. As historians now believe, he was probably collateral damage when Cromwell moved against the Boleyn faction and decided to get rid of him in the same coup in order to gain power and control in Cheshire and the Welsh Marches.
903:
the Visitation of a Part of Cheshire in the Year 1533, Made by William Fellows, Lancaster Herald, for Thomas Benolte, Clarenceux King of Arms : And a Fragment of the Visitation of the City of Chester in the Year 1591, Made by Thomas Chaloner, Deputy to the Office of Arms
310:. These eventually gave him an income of more than ÂŁ10,000 a year - a staggering sum in those days and making him one of the wealthiest men at court. Contrast his annual income with the pension of ÂŁ100 per year given to Mary Boleyn after her husband died.
437:
An indication of Brereton's wife's continued trust in her husband is provided by her bequest to her son nine years later: "one bracelet of gold, the which was the last token his father sent me." She died in 1545 always believing William was innocent.
214:
William's birth date is subject to conjecture. Often thought to be born circa 1487 - 1490, some records suggest he may have been born as late as 1501 (which makes sense in the context of the birth of his younger brother,
303:. This is confirmed in the 1526 Eltham Ordinances where Brereton appears as one of the four grooms of the privy chamber. This was a post that was an envied position at court and was of enormous importance politically.
1104:
400:, the Imperial ambassador, claimed that Brereton was "...condemned on a presumption, not by proof or valid confession, and without any witnesses". Having been found guilty, the men were all sentenced to be
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that "he himself has been "authorised and commissioned by the king to prosecute and bring to an end the mistress's trial, to do which he had taken considerable trouble...".
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Academic books aside, the portrayals of Brereton have been mostly based on factual evidence in novels, dramas, and films with only one or two being entirely fictionalised.
567:. However, in real life the Pope never asked Brereton or his peers to get rid of Anne Boleyn and there is no historical evidence of a plot by the Pope to destroy Boleyn.
455:
Brereton appears in biographies of Anne Boleyn including the aforementioned seminal book about her life, "The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy" by
333:
96:
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On 17 May, William Brereton, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston and Mark Smeaton, were led from the Tower to a scaffold on
235:. Sir Randle Brereton fought at the battles of Thérouanne and Tournai in France in a campaign headed by Henry VIII. William's mother was Eleanor Dutton.
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noted that due to his position and activities, William Brereton is one of the best documented men of his rank in the early Tudor period.
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quasi-independence to be able to seek a gentleman's career in royal service. Along with three of his brothers, including
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Henry Norris, Francis Weston, and William Brereton as well as her brother, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, all of the
954:. The Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Vol. 116. Old Woking: Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.
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constable of Chester Castle, the stewardship of Longdendale, the position of sergeant of the peace and steward of the
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of his own retainers. The man was executed following a second trial after being previously acquitted. Historian
219:, who was born circa 1505). He was the sixth or seventh son of Sir Randle Brereton of Ipstones, Shocklach, and
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show of his anguish that his friends and acquaintances, whom he considered innocent, were to be put to death.
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507:, during season 2. Unlike previous depictions, both his character and life in this series were fabricated.
299:, William entered royal service. By 1521 he was a groom of the king's chamber, and from 1524, groom of the
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206:. Many historians are now of the opinion that Anne Boleyn, Brereton and their co-accused were innocent.
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In reward for his work for the king, Brereton received a number of royal grants in Cheshire and the
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on 12 May. For their trial, they were escorted by barge from the Tower of London to Westminster by
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In 1530, Brereton married a second cousin of Henry VIII. She was Elizabeth, daughter of
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One entirely fictionalised and misleading portrayal of him was on the Showtime series,
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Ives, Eric W., William Brereton and the Pork Barrel: Travails of Political Ascendancy
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A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From A.D. 1485 to 1559
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The trials of Brereton, Norris, Weston, and Smeaton took place at
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and widow of Sir John Savage. Brereton and his wife had two sons:
906:. Publications of the Harleian Society. Vol. XVIII. London:
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with the king and thus cemented his position as a royal servant.
563:) from placing the English state on a collision course with the
182:. In May 1536, Brereton was accused of committing adultery with
174:, c. 1487/1490 – 17 May 1536, was a member of a prominent
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fates were sealed as soon as they saw the members of the jury.
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People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
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The king would later grant clemency, they were all beheaded.
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but were later re-interred within the actual chapel itself.
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with Mark Smeaton, a musician of the royal household, and
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The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'
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982:Ives, E. W. (January 2008) . "Brereton, William".
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1012:(April 2013). "Why Did Anne Boleyn Have to Die".
1125:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
676:, History Extra, Rick Turner, September 4, 2015
273:Elizabeth's first husband was the grandson of
895:; Fellows, William; Chaloner, Thomas (1882).
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988:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
334:Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset
1016:. Vol. 14, no. 4. pp. 18–24.
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1046:(1875). Hamilton, William Douglas (ed.).
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30:For other people with the same name, see
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637:, Ives states that he was the sixth son.
494:His character appeared in the 1972 film
985:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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674:Looking inside the medieval Holt Castle
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260:Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester
920:"The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered"
468:, a 2015 TV mini-series adaptation of
242:, William was also the great uncle of
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1026:The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Countdown
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381:his fate was political expediency.
362:Anne Boleyn was accused of adultery
178:family who served as a courtier to
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1140:Executions at the Tower of London
877:"Calendar of State Papers, Spain"
476:, William Brereton was played by
248:Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet
223:, Knight Chamberlain of Chester,
32:William Brereton (disambiguation)
27:Courtier to Henry VIII of England
1130:People executed under Henry VIII
1115:Prisoners in the Tower of London
238:Apart from being the brother of
145:Elizabeth Somerset (Lady Savage)
1052:. Vol. I. Printed for the
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52:c. 1487 - 1490, (or even 1501)
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924:The English Historical Review
531:) and Brereton was played by
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424:Church of St Peter ad Vincula
372:. The king's chief minister,
1074:Sir William Brereton, Knight
1002:UK public library membership
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402:hanged, drawn and quartered
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132:Groom of the Privy Chamber
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1028:. MadeGlobal Publishing.
948:Ives, E. W., ed. (1976).
485:Anne of the Thousand Days
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867:. Vol. 23. London:
92:, London, United Kingdom
18:William Brereton (groom)
879:. British-history.ac.uk
859:Amyot, T., ed. (1831).
190:along with her brother
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869:Society of Antiquaries
112:51.508611°N 0.076944°W
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555:) to try and prevent
210:Family and background
1044:Wriothesley, Charles
1014:BBC History Magazine
965:Blackwell Publishing
561:Jonathan Rhys Meyers
470:the historical novel
117:51.508611; -0.076944
959:Ives, Eric (2005).
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412:Thomas Wyatt (poet)
163:Sir Randle Brereton
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229:knight of the body
217:Sir Urian Brereton
1000:(Subscription or
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1090:1480s births
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881:. Retrieved
865:Archaeologia
864:
852:Bibliography
843:Ridgway 2012
838:
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791:
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734:Ridgway 2012
729:
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704:ambassador,
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619:Rylands 1882
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517:Henry Norris
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204:Mark Smeaton
196:Henry Norris
171:
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81:Decapitation
36:
1095:1536 deaths
1076:Family tree
916:Ives, E. W.
549:Anne Boleyn
529:David Alpay
279:Lancastrian
184:Anne Boleyn
115: /
1084:Categories
1004:required.)
963:. Oxford:
831:Amyot 1831
814:, p.
798:, p.
782:, p.
766:, p.
621:, p.
571:References
504:The Tudors
420:Tower Hill
180:Henry VIII
136:Henry VIII
128:Occupation
100:51°30′31″N
70:Tower Hill
749:Ives 1992
710:Charles V
708:informed
662:Ives 2005
647:Ives 1976
635:Ives 2008
602:Ives 2008
583:Ives 1992
465:Wolf Hall
457:Eric Ives
450:Eric Ives
378:Eric Ives
366:courtiers
350:Eric Ives
321:Eric Ives
233:Henry VII
160:Parent(s)
103:0°04′37″W
1024:(2012).
943:in JSTOR
883:20 March
702:imperial
176:Cheshire
150:Children
72:, London
56:Cheshire
899:(ed.).
426:in the
348:large.
188:treason
1032:
998:
971:
290:Career
221:Malpas
155:Thomas
142:Spouse
816:39–40
623:43–44
406:Tower
153:Henry
1030:ISBN
969:ISBN
885:2014
527:by (
519:by (
227:and
63:Died
49:Born
990:doi
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515:),
472:by
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231:of
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