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intermediary authorities. During this period he began work on various telegraph instruments and systems. After briefly returning to
England in 1852, O'Shaughnessy was appointed Superintendent of Telegraphs in 1852. During the years 1853-5 3500 miles of telegraph were installed across India and he wrote numerous manuals and reports on his telegraph inventions. O'Shaughnessy was on leave in England during the mutiny year but in the same year Morse code was introduced into India and a message from Delhi to Punjab helped in moving troops in time. In 1858 a cable was laid in the Gulf of Mannar between India and Ceylon. O'Shaughnessy introduced a coil of fine wire in the circuit to protect the cables from lightning. His successor in the telegraphs department, Charles Adley, became a fierce critic of O'Shaughnessy's work.
314:. He validated folk uses of cannabis in India, discovered new applications, and ultimately recommended cannabis for a great variety of therapeutic purposes. O'Shaughnessy established his reputation by successfully relieving the pain of rheumatism and stilling the convulsions of an infant with cannabis. He eventually popularized its use back in England. His most famous success came when he quelled the wrenching muscle spasm of tetanus and rabies with resin. While he could not cure tetanus, he observed that the cannabis mixture reduced their symptoms of
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in the treatment of cholera. O'Shaughnessy analyzed the urine and blood of cholera patients and came to the conclusion that oxygen in the blood could reverse the actions. He found the blood deficient in water, salt, and "free alkali" and suggested that injecting salts would help. The method used by
212:
O'Shaughnessy was born at
Limerick in 1809 to Daniel O'Shaughnessy and Sarah Boswell. His mother was a Protestant and many in the family were clergymen. An uncle of his was the Dean of Ennis and a great uncle the Roman Catholic Bishop of Killaloe. William studied briefly at Trinity College, Dublin
337:
on 16 March 1843. The
Candidature for Election to Fellow of the Royal Society stated that he was "distinguished for his acquaintance with the science of Medicine and Chemistry, eminent as a Physician and as a promoter of education among the natives of Bengal". O'Shaughnessy was a supporter of the
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became interested in the establishment of a telegraphic network and he learnt of the work of O'Shaugnessy and found that he could work on the scheme. Dalhousie informed the
Military Board that O'Shaugnessy was to work directly under Dalhousie's supervision and report directly without any other
338:
idea of education in native languages in medicine. He also wanted locally available sources of medicine to be utilized to provide inexpensive aid. As a teacher, he took students on field trips to the
Botanical Garden to introduce them to the local medicinal plants. In 1837 he prepared a
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258:
in
Calcutta. He served on the committee of the Materia Medica until 1840 and later was Chemical Examiner to the government. As chemical examiner he developed methods for forensic studies for detecting arsenic poisoning as well as botanical toxins (such as from
301:
and recognized the role of nitrogen and correctly identified the role of sulphuric acid in removing water from the cotton. He also developed a silver chloride electrode and experimented on adding colour tones to the
Daguerre photographic process. At
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and serving initially at Gyah and
Cuttack before joining the 72nd Bengal Native Infantry. He joined the 10th Regiment Bengal Light Cavalry in 1835 and was an assistant to the Opium Agent in Bihar till 5 August 1835 when he became Professor of the
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and their suffering. In 1837 he published his independent design of an electric motor. In 1839, O'Shaughnessy conducted experiments on an experimental telegraphy system that he set up in the
Botanical Garden at Calcutta with the assistance of
296:
and the use of tanned leather semi-permeable membranes in them. He identified the use of zinc to reduce the rusting of iron before the process of galvanizing had been established. O'Shaughnessy also analyzed the gun-cotton developed by
404:
He adopted the surname Brooke by Royal
Licence in 1861 on the death of a relative. He was married three times. His second wife was the daughter of Francis O'Shaughnessy and his third was Julia Greenly, daughter of Captain Sabine.
400:
telegraphy. In 1860, O'Shaughnessy returned to Europe for sick leave where he remained in obscurity until his death from senile asthenia at Southsea on 8 January 1889. He was buried at Highland Road Cemetery, Portsmouth.
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for his work on the telegraph in India. He was appointed Director-General of Telegraphs at this time. During the following years O'Shaughnessy wrote on telegraphy-related subjects, including a book of private codes for
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Report on the chemical pathology of the malignant cholera : containing analyses of the blood, dejections, &c. of patients labouring under that disease in Newcastle and London, &c. &c. &c
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2194:
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1953:
1938:
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used as an abortifacient). He went on furlough to England in 1841 to 1844 and returned to join as Chemical Examiner and additionally as Deputy Assay Master of the Calcutta Mint.
2006:
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O'Shaughnessy failed to obtain a position Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the University of London and his first marriage forced him to join the service of the
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which included an appendix on the "improvement of Bengal pottery" (1840) since earthenware imports from Europe were proving to be expensive. The
903:
Bridge, J.A. (1998). "Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., F.S.A.: A Biographical Appreciation by an Electrical Engineer".
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1990:
984:"Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy (1808–1889), MD, FRS, LRCS Ed: Chemical pathologist, pharmacologist and pioneer in electric telegraphy"
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229:. In 1831, at the age of 22, as a result of his analysis of the blood of cholera victims, O'Shaughnessy laid the foundation, along with
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454:"Ancestral Line - Sir William O'Shaughnessy Brooke, Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, William O'Shaughnessy, William Sands, Marijuana"
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1985:
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In 1844, O'Shaughnessy returned to India, where he worked in various government positions in the fields of pharmacology and assay.
323:. A length of 22 miles of wire was laid by zigzagging them over bamboo posts. In 1841, he returned to England, where he introduced
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of which a thousand copies were printed for use in Calcutta. A second edition was produced in 1842. Another major book was the
2041:
1980:
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481:
Moon, J. B. (1967). "Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy: The foundations of fluid therapy and the Indian telegraph service".
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Gorman, Mel (1971). "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India".
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Memoir of Surgeon-Major Sir W. O'Shaughnessy Brooke in connection with the early history of the telegraph in India
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Turner, I.M. (2011). "The contribution of Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy (1809–1889) to plant taxonomy".
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O'Shaughnessy, W.B. (1838–1840). "Case of Tetanus, Cured by a Preparation of Hemp (the Cannabis indica.)".
600:
Gorman, Mel (1984). "Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, F.R.S. (1809-1889), Anglo-Indian Forensic Chemist".
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included descriptions of several plant species that were made or overseen by Wallich including those of
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830:"Memoranda relative to experiments on the communication of telegraphic signals by induced electricity"
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Gorman, Mel (1969). "Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy: Pioneer chemist in a colonial environment".
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His first stint in India was marked by work in the subjects of botanical pharmacology, chemistry,
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famous for his wide-ranging scientific work in pharmacology, chemistry, and inventions related to
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matriculating in 1825 but moved to Scotland before graduating. O'Shaughnessy studied
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Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific
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to Western medicine and continued his scientific writings. He was a member of the
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Thomas, G. (1 April 1986). "O'Shaughnessy's experiments in colour photography".
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W. B. O’Shaughnessy and the Introduction of Cannabis to Modern Western Medicine
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366:. These descriptions have often been overlooked by botanists in the past.
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O'Shaughnessy, W.B. (1837). "On the employment of the Electromagnet...".
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310:, where he published one of his first papers on medical applications of
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853:"On the preparations of the Indian hemp, or Gunjah, (Cannabis Indica)"
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2252:
List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
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2247:
List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
25:
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238:
O'Shaughnessy on a dog and was developed further by Latta.
757:
Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bengal
2328:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry
793:
Gorman, Mel (1968). "An Early Electric Motor in India".
1125:
The Life & Work of Sir William O'Shaughnessy Brooke
427:"William O'Shaughnessy - an innovator and entrepreneur"
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in Scotland, and graduated in 1829 with an MD from the
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intravenous fluid and electrolyte-replacement therapy
776:
Journal of the Calcutta Medical and Physical Society
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468:"William Brooke O'Shaughnessy - from There to Now"
292:, among others. He worked on modifications to the
196:. His medical research led to the development of
2115:1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances
905:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
602:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
2200:Rescheduling per the Controlled Substances Act
2195:Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the US
1165:
184:(October 1809 – 8 January 1889) was an Irish
8:
1657:Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome
1082:"Obituary. Sir William O'Shaughnessy Brooke"
1035:. Simla: Government Central Printing Office.
2080:Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking
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2120:1998 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking
1135:Works by William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
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225:. In 1829 he was a clinical assistant of
2432:British East India Company Army officers
2110:1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
834:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
308:Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta
160:Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta
420:
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961:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 23–25.
693:
691:
689:
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545:O'Shaughnessy, William Brooke (1832).
223:University of Edinburgh Medical School
200:and introduced the therapeutic use of
2447:Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
2427:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1197:Recreational and medical applications
590:, Marijuana Medical Papers, 1839-1972
7:
2482:Medical doctors from County Limerick
435:Indian Journal of History of Science
344:Bengal Dispensatory and Pharmacopeia
518:Critical Care of the Burned Patient
2457:19th-century Irish medical doctors
2346:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
2130:Legal history in the United States
564:"Dr. William Brooke O'Shaughnessy"
14:
2472:19th-century Irish businesspeople
245:on 8 August 1833 and he moved to
2412:Irish people of Scottish descent
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2163:Rescheduling of cannabis in 2020
1651:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
1142:
705:Dictionary of National Biography
383:Knighthood and return to England
172:Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
30:William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
2477:Scientists from Limerick (city)
2336:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
700:"O'Shaughnessy, William Brooke"
483:New England Journal of Medicine
734:10.1080/03087298.1986.10443104
1:
2085:Effects of legalized cannabis
2037:Adult lifetime use by country
1253:Chemical defenses in Cannabis
657:Journal of Chemical Education
516:Rylah, Lindsey T. A. (1992).
299:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
2437:Fellows of the Royal Society
2175:German cannabis control bill
1687:Occupational health concerns
1458:The Emperor Wears No Clothes
988:Journal of Medical Biography
851:O'Shaughnessy, W.B. (1843).
828:O'Shaughnessy, W.B. (1839).
176:William O'Shaughnessy Brooke
2452:British forensic scientists
2422:People from Limerick (city)
1452:Hemp Industries Association
1356:Religious and spiritual use
1141:(public domain audiobooks)
1086:The British Medical Journal
982:MacGillivray, Neil (2015).
698:Pollard, Albert Frederick.
495:10.1056/NEJM196702022760509
335:fellow of the Royal Society
16:Irish physician (1809–1889)
2498:
2442:Irish expatriates in India
2225:Cannabis political parties
857:Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci
522:Cambridge University Press
243:British East India Company
2467:Irish healthcare managers
2356:
2135:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
1692:Medical cannabis research
1187:
331:London Electrical Society
306:, he was a member of the
233:, for what was to become
165:
134:
42:
2462:Irish cannabis activists
2341:Endocannabinoid enhancer
2205:Hemp Farming Act of 2018
2140:Timeline of cannabis law
2065:Bootleggers and Baptists
1332:Cannabis product testing
1000:10.1177/0967772015596276
571:The Old Limerick Journal
1742:List of cannabis hoaxes
1202:Industrial applications
562:Cosnett, J. E. (1992).
352:Abelmoschus longifolius
156:Medical College, Bengal
94:University of Edinburgh
2285:Kyllo v. United States
2277:Leary v. United States
2090:Global Marijuana March
1667:Endocannabinoid system
1635:Amotivational syndrome
1440:List of hemp varieties
1218:Autoflowering cannabis
1098:10.1136/bmj.1.1464.164
1048:Technology and Culture
917:10.1098/rsnr.1998.0038
795:Technology and Culture
722:History of Photography
707:, 1885-1900, Volume 42
614:10.1098/rsnr.1984.0004
360:Hebradendron pictorium
281:
231:Thomas Aitchison Latta
2042:Annual use by country
1645:Cannabis use disorder
1640:Cannabis in pregnancy
1401:List of hemp products
1396:List of hemp diseases
1347:Medical cannabis card
551:. London: S. Highley.
425:Ghose, Saroj (1994).
276:
204:to Western medicine.
2417:Cannabis researchers
2095:Legality of cannabis
1737:Cannabis Social Club
1513:Cannabis concentrate
588:Mikuriya, Tod H., MD
286:galvanic electricity
2323:Drug liberalization
2105:Regulatory agencies
1710:Cannabis by Country
1373:Marijuana Anonymous
1192:Outline of cannabis
1092:(1464): 164. 1889.
709:. pp. 310–311.
670:1969JChEd..46...99G
348:Bengal Dispensatory
340:Manual of Chemistry
215:forensic toxicology
198:intravenous therapy
1814:Operation Overgrow
1563:Quasi-psychedelic
1553:Marihuana prensada
1304:Synthetic cannabis
356:Pharbitis caerulea
333:and was elected a
282:
279:Colesworthey Grant
2389:
2388:
2311:
2310:
2293:Gonzales v. Raich
2269:Ker v. California
2181:Return to class B
2169:2018 Cannabis Act
2025:
2024:
1809:KBUD-AM (defunct)
1682:Long-term effects
1559:Phytocannabinoids
1467:
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1029:Adams, M (1889).
782:: 27–40, 108–110.
364:Garcinia pictoria
321:Nathaniel Wallich
288:, and underwater
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1731:Cannabis Culture
1672:Impaired driving
1662:Entourage effect
1496:Cannabis smoking
1446:Hemp for Victory
1327:Medical cannabis
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524:. pp. 2–3.
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1119:External links
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1054:(4): 581–601.
1038:
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994:(3): 186–196.
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968:978-1439102602
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70:8 January 1889
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269:Work in India
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83:
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69:
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60:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
27:
22:
19:
2368:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2235:of Minnesota
2161:Treaty law:
2126:In the U.S.
2030:Demographics
1894:Dagga Couple
1776:
1752:Competitions
1729:
1575:
1567:
1552:
1489:Cannabis tea
1456:
1444:
1368:Drug testing
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1051:
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1031:
1024:
991:
987:
977:
958:
949:
908:
904:
898:
889:
885:
879:
863:(123): 1–7.
860:
856:
846:
837:
833:
823:
798:
794:
788:
779:
775:
769:
760:
756:
750:
725:
721:
715:
703:
661:
655:
608:(1): 51–64.
605:
601:
595:
583:
574:
570:
557:
547:
540:
517:
511:
486:
482:
476:
462:
448:
439:
433:
403:
386:
373:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
324:
294:Daniell cell
283:
277:Portrait by
260:
240:
211:
175:
171:
170:
152:Institutions
135:
72:(1889-01-08)
55:October 1809
18:
2407:1889 deaths
2402:1808 births
2332:Substances
2261:Legal cases
2218:and parties
2216:Politicians
2153:Major legal
1829:Video games
1794:Restaurants
1771:Stoner film
1263:Cultivation
1258:Consumption
955:Lee, Martin
2396:Categories
1778:High Times
1508:Vaporizing
1391:Hanfparade
840:: 714–731.
763:: 462–469.
442:(1): 9–22.
409:References
316:spasticity
290:conduction
208:Early life
190:telegraphy
128:Knighthood
2230:of the US
2185:Uruguay:
2173:Germany:
2075:Activists
1924:GLM India
1824:Stoner TV
1804:Head shop
1762:Etiquette
1757:Cookbooks
1725:Budtender
1406:hempcrete
1342:In the US
1289:marijuana
1238:ruderalis
886:Phytotaxa
742:0308-7298
664:(2): 99.
398:encrypted
219:chemistry
186:physician
84:, England
82:Hampshire
61:, Ireland
2381:Category
2369:Cannabis
2301:ADPF 187
2240:of Spain
2167:Canada:
2051:Politics
1819:Smoke-in
1789:Religion
1545:Tincture
1533:Hash oil
1472:Variants
1277:cannabis
1268:Glossary
1224:Cannabis
1181:Cannabis
1139:LibriVox
1016:19070162
1008:26385975
957:(2012).
941:42138710
933:11619939
892:: 57–63.
638:32050016
630:11615980
577:: 13–16.
389:knighted
312:cannabis
304:Calcutta
262:Plumbago
247:Calcutta
146:Medicine
78:Southsea
59:Limerick
2316:Related
2155:reforms
2058:General
2000:Science
1747:Columns
1702:Culture
1627:Effects
1578:-10-THC
1528:Hashish
1411:jewelry
1361:Chalice
1337:History
1320:General
1299:Strains
1211:General
1107:2154565
1068:3102572
870:2490264
815:3102151
666:Bibcode
503:5333950
2371:portal
2304:(2011)
2296:(2005)
2288:(2001)
2280:(1969)
2272:(1963)
2017:ICEERS
1959:France
1799:Sports
1599:Other
1570:-8-THC
1523:Charas
1245:sativa
1231:indica
1104:
1066:
1014:
1006:
965:
939:
931:
925:532080
923:
867:
813:
740:
636:
628:
622:531575
620:
528:
501:
130:(1856)
125:(1843)
119:Awards
109:Saline
1976:SAFER
1954:NORML
1914:FAAAT
1909:ENCOD
1884:CLEAR
1784:Music
1767:Films
1720:Books
1653:(CHS)
1647:(CUD)
1576:delta
1568:delta
1501:Joint
1484:Bhang
1426:paper
1313:Usage
1293:slang
1285:ganja
1281:dagga
1273:Names
1064:JSTOR
1012:S2CID
937:S2CID
921:JSTOR
811:JSTOR
634:S2CID
618:JSTOR
567:(PDF)
430:(PDF)
251:India
194:India
142:Field
2191:US:
2179:UK:
2012:ICRS
2007:IACM
1991:VMCA
1986:SSDP
1949:NCIA
1939:MAPS
1934:LEAP
1899:DFCR
1864:AMMA
1859:ALCP
1613:CBDP
1608:CBDH
1593:THCP
1588:THCH
1540:Kief
1416:milk
1383:Hemp
1004:PMID
963:ISBN
929:PMID
738:ISSN
626:PMID
526:ISBN
499:PMID
362:and
217:and
67:Died
52:Born
1981:SCC
1944:MPP
1929:GMM
1919:FCA
1904:DPA
1889:CRC
1879:CBN
1874:CAN
1869:ASA
1854:ACT
1715:420
1603:CBD
1583:THC
1421:oil
1137:at
1102:PMC
1094:doi
1056:doi
996:doi
913:doi
865:PMC
803:doi
730:doi
674:doi
610:doi
491:doi
487:276
391:by
181:FRS
123:FRS
35:FRS
26:Sir
2398::
1969:UK
1964:NZ
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1100:.
1088:.
1084:.
1062:.
1052:12
1050:.
1010:.
1002:.
992:25
990:.
986:.
935:.
927:.
919:.
909:52
907:.
890:15
888:.
859:.
855:.
836:.
832:.
809:.
797:.
778:.
759:.
736:.
726:10
724:.
702:.
686:^
672:.
662:46
660:.
646:^
632:.
624:.
616:.
606:39
604:.
575:29
573:.
569:.
520:.
497:.
485:.
440:29
438:.
432:.
417:^
358:,
354:,
178:)
98:MD
80:,
1773:)
1769:(
1295:)
1275:(
1173:e
1166:t
1159:v
1110:.
1096::
1090:1
1070:.
1058::
1018:.
998::
971:.
943:.
915::
873:.
861:5
838:8
817:.
805::
799:9
780:1
761:8
744:.
732::
680:.
676::
668::
640:.
612::
534:.
505:.
493::
456:.
100:)
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
