592:
on the bay would be "blown about his ears". Kaiana returned with several swimmers who dived to a depth of 20 fathoms and attached a rope to the loose anchor. Before
Douglas set sail the next day Kamehameha and several chiefs came aboard unabashedly to say farewell. Kaiana decided to stay on Hawaii with Kamehameha, who promised him a rich life of honor and security, instead of returning to his native Kauai. Kaiana correctly feared that the political situation on Kauai would make his return dangerous. He became an important lieutenant of Kamehameha, leading troops into battles in support of Kamehameha, but the two had a falling out. Kaiana and his warriors eventually changed sides and fought against Kamehameha in the 1795 climactic
624:, who were rivals with Meares and Douglas in the maritime fur trade business. Hearing this, Douglas gave Kamehameha and Kaiana firearms and ammunition, and had a swivel gun mounted on one of Kamehameha's largest canoes. When Meares published an account of his adventures in 1790 he included Douglas's statement about Dixon and Portlock supplying weapons to the Hawaiians. Dixon denied the allegation, along with numerous others in a "pamphleteer war" between Dixon and Meares in London.
715:, under Thomas Hudson, sailed from China to the Pacific Northwest coast—but did not arrive until July 1789. Because the Etches brothers had proper licenses with the East India Company and South Sea Company, so the ships sailed with British instead of Portuguese flags. Captain Colnett was given overall command of both ships as well as Douglas's
338:. According to Meares, on 25 May 1788 Maquinna sold or granted a tract of land to Meares as a site for the construction of a trading post house. Whether Maquinna actually did this became a point of contention between Britain and Spain, and in 1792 Maquinna denied in an affidavit that he had. This was one of the key issues of the
520:, under Douglas and Funter, left Nootka Sound for the Hawaiian Islands, where they spent the winter. The purpose was to avoid the unpleasant winter storms of the Pacific Northwest coast and for "refreshment". They arrived off the Hawaiian island of Maui on December 6. From there they sailed to the island of
454:, which left Nootka Sound on 24 September 1788. In October, Meares stopped at a few places in the Hawaiian Islands, communicating and trading with the Hawaiians but not going ashore. He discovered that the political situation on Kauai might prove dangerous for Kaiana, who was to return with Douglas on
828:
to San Blas. However, Douglas's
British and Asian crew refused to cooperate with the Spanish. On May 22, the day when they were supposed to depart, MartĂnez suddenly changed course, saying his interpreters had read the papers again and found them quite acceptable. MartĂnez dropped the charges against
1143:
and a few did. Some of the
Chinese crewmen were able to communicate via written notes. They said they had been driven to port by the storm and would not stay more than three to five days, but also that they carried trade goods, especially sea otter furs. Kendrick and Douglas soon discovered that the
1101:
strictly limited foreign trade. Meares and company had intended to attempt to open
British trade with Japan, but the Nootka Crisis had put an end to that. Douglas agreed to join Kendrick in the venture, but he leaked word of the plan to the British. An officer of the Royal Navy who was in Macau sent
784:
to seize any
English, Russian, or Spanish ships found on the Northwest Coast and take them to Macau for piracy. Douglas responded by saying the papers had been misinterpreted. They were in Portuguese, which neither Douglas nor MartĂnez could read. But MartĂnez said his interpreters, Spanish-speaking
688:
with supplies for establishing a trading post in Nootka Sound and possibly elsewhere. He did not know that events in China, India, and London had caused significant changes in the plan. In Macau Meares's
Portuguese partner, the merchant Carvalho, had gone bankrupt, and the governor of Macau, who was
615:
from island to island over the winter, visiting Kauai and returning to Oahu and Hawaii. In Hawaii they visited Kaiana and
Kamehameha who asked to be supplied with firearms. They said that rival chiefs, including the king Kaeo of Kauai, had formed an alliance against Kamehameha and that Kaeo had been
1018:
The Nootka Crisis effectively ended Meares's and the
Associated Merchants fur trading ventures. Meares returned to England. Douglas, however, continued to work in the maritime fur trade but with American rather than British partners. In the spring of 1790, in Macau, Douglas left Meares's Associated
591:
anchor raised only to discover that the line had been cut. Kamehameha and his chiefs, who were on board, immediately left and paddled quickly to the shore, making it clear they were to blame for the sabotage. Douglas sent Kaiana to tell
Kamehameha if the anchor was not returned the Hawaiian village
840:
Although MartĂnez was suspicious, Douglas convinced him that his only desire was to sail to China. MartĂnez supplied
Douglas with what he thought was a minimal amount of equipment, food, and other supplies for a direct voyage to Macau via Hawaii. Douglas promised both the Spanish and the Americans
246:
and down the coast of North America to Nootka Sound, collecting furs along the way. The ships would rendezvous in Nootka Sound or, failing that, Hawaii. While Douglas was exploring the coast from Alaska to Nootka Sound, Meares would explore south along today's Washington and Oregon coasts. By this
1151:
When the daimyo at Wakayama Castle received the messages about the ships, a few days after they arrived, he mobilized his troops. Kendrick and Douglas, perhaps having heard about the troops, left on May 17, about ten days after they had arrived. The troops arrived two days later. In the aftermath
662:
on a cruise to the south but returned to Nootka Sound within a few days of Douglas's arrival. Douglas found that over the winter Kendrick had built a trading outpost, which he called Fort Washington. It had a house, a gun battery, a blacksmith forge, and various outbuildings. Douglas also learned
631:
from the fore-top. Douglas fired a pistol over his head and threatened to fire again unless he surrendered. Jones was given the choice of punishment or immediate banishment ashore. He chose banishment. Douglas sailed for Niihau while other mutinous plans were made by crew members. On March 15 the
503:
Douglas traded some cannons to Kendrick in exchange for additional provisions. Kendrick's longboats towed Douglas's ships out of Nootka Sound. After the British ships left, the local natives who had been very skittish since the Americans arrived, suddenly came in great numbers and soon a friendly
1023:, a schooner from New York. The American fur trader John Kendrick was having some difficulties in Macau and was unable to leave. He approached Douglas for assistance and the two captains arranged to work with each other. Kendrick's first mate, Davis Coolidge, joined Douglas as first officer of
1038:
to the Pacific Northwest Coast to trade for furs. On the way back to Macau he stopped in Hawaii and picked up Kendrick's cargo of sandalwood and the two men who had been left to collect it. Douglas found that warfare was intensifying in Hawaii and the islands were becoming more dangerous. The
940:
to "Tartanee", which Douglas described as a populous Haida village of "great wooden images". For several days the crew traded with the Haida, during which time Douglas noted a garden that had probably been planted by the American Robert Gray. Douglas assisted by planting beans. By late June
779:
was seized and Spanish colors hoisted. The crew was taken to the two Spanish warships and the ship was emptied of supplies, cannons, trade goods, charts, and essentially all removable objects. MartĂnez charged that the ship was violating Spanish sovereignty and had illegally entered Spanish
823:
was careened and the Spaniards spent considerable time and effort repairing and refitting the ship in preparation for the voyage to San Blas. MartĂnez did not have enough men of his own to spare and had planned to have Douglas's crew, under Spanish officers, sail
653:
Douglas arrived at Nootka Sound on 20 April 1789 and anchored near the Nuu-chah-nulth village of Yuquot. He discovered that the Americans Kendrick and Gray had spent the winter on the coast of Vancouver Island. Captain Kendrick visited Douglas and told him that
1105:
Just before Douglas and Kendrick left Macau, in the spring of 1791, China declared a complete embargo on the trade in sea otter furs, due to a war between China and Russia. This further justified the risk of trying to open the sea otter fur trade with Japan.
932:(or "Blakow-Coneehaw"). Upon arrival the chief, who had met Douglas the year before, came aboard while 200 villagers sang songs. Cuneah honored Douglas by "exchanging names". Despite some tension and dangerous incidents between the Haida and the crew of
1088:. The work had drained Kendrick's funds. The sandalwood shipment Douglas brought turned out to be a type low in aromatic oils and therefore not worth very much. To help Kendrick with provisioning and buying trade goods Douglas lent him $ 2,320.
1163:
to Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) and apparently secured a fair number of sea otter skins. At the end of the 1791 trading season Douglas returned to China but died during the voyage. R.D. Coolidge replaced him as captain of
1144:
Japanese had no interest in sea otter fur and regarding the wearing of fur as barbaric. The persistent rumor that there was a rich, untapped fur market in Japan proved false. The villagers dissuaded Kendrick and Douglas from visiting
945:
was completely out of trade goods and all other items desired by the Haida, such as clothes, pots, kettles, and metal items in general. Most of Douglas's trade goods had been seized by MartĂnez at Nootka Sound. Nonetheless when
504:
trading relationship was established. According to the journals and logs of the Americans, Douglas and his men had treated the local natives very poorly—repeatedly taking food and provisions from them under the threat of force.
140:
sail under the Portuguese flag. The ships were registered in Macau under a Portuguese merchant named João Carvalho. They sailed under the titular Portuguese command of Francisco José Viana, who pretended to be the captain of
845:, flying Portuguese colors, was sailing southwest from Nootka Sound, as though headed for Hawaii. At midnight, however, Douglas ordered the ship to change course and head north. He knew that MartĂnez was not ready to send
853:
was ready. Douglas wrote "the interval was therefore mine". He did not have enough furs to turn a profit in China and "my people had been accustomed to short allowances". So he went north to collect more sea otter furs.
1002:
had left before the other British ships had arrived and been seized. Nonetheless, Douglas's report helped set Britain on the course toward an international crisis. Not long after Douglas reached Macau the American ship
644:
had no anchor. Therefore, Douglas decided to sail directly to Nootka Sound where he hoped to meet Meares and another ship from China. On 17 March 1789 Douglas and Funter left the Hawaiian Islands for Nootka Sound.
639:
In March Douglas was ready to sail back to the Pacific Northwest coast. The plan had been to sail to Alaska and cruise south, like he had done the year before. But the two ships lacked some necessary supplies and
749:
581:
1155:
A few days after leaving the Kii Peninsula Douglas and Kendrick found a group of islands they named the Water Islands. They decided to separate at that point. Both ships made for the Pacific Northwest Coast.
663:
that the Americans had already taken the winter's furs, arranged trading commitments from the village of Nootka Sound, gathered furs to the south, and were about to head north. Douglas knew he had to send
987:
on Oahu. Completely out of articles of trade the crew began cutting up rudder chains to exchange for provisions. After cruising to other islands and stocking up on fresh water and yams, Douglas had
670:
On April 21 Douglas recorded the death of Acchon Aching. His body was taken ashore for burial—the first known case of an Asian, probably Chinese, dying and being buried in the Pacific Northwest.
132:—required for British merchant ships trading across the Pacific Ocean—and to evade the high port costs China demanded of foreign ships other than those of Portugal, Meares and his partners had
572:
over most of the islands, but in 1788 was still struggling to gain control over the island of Hawaii. Kamehameha gave Douglas a large fan and two full-length cloaks made from the feathers of
833:
and its crew. He did, however, make Douglas sign a paper stating that the British had been well treated. He also said that if the Viceroy Flores later ruled that it had been valid to seize
308:
on 22 February 1788. Because of the delay he decided to sail first to the Pacific Northwest coast, instead of Hawaii, in order to arrive in time for the fur trading season. Douglas sailed
179:. To assist with building and running the posts 50 Chinese men were hired and sailed with the expedition. They became the first Chinese known to have visited the Pacific Northwest and
1139:, as did the headman of Koza village. After the storm passed a few villagers approached the ships, despite the law forbidding contact with foreigners. Kendrick invited them on board
486:. He also had his men tear down the "house" that Meares had built, not knowing, or not caring that Meares had promised to give it to the natives. Douglas gave some of the planks to
342:. Another issue was what kind of "house", if any, Meares built. By Meares' account it was finished on 28 May 1788 and boasted two floors, an attached blacksmith shop, a surrounding
255:. At the time the Pacific Northwest coast was still largely unexplored. Only its general shape and a few small harbors such as Nootka Sound had been charted. The possibility that a
723:, which were now owned by the Associated Merchants company. Until they learned about the new situation, Douglas and Funter continued to fly Portuguese flags in Nootka Sound.
1639:
861:, but they missed each other. On June 8 Funter entered Nootka Sound and found it occupied by MartĂnez. In a series of events similar to what had happened to Douglas and
394:
in Alaska, then cruised south, trading for furs along the way. Meares wrote that Douglas's voyage had confirmed that there was a "Great Northern Archipelago"—today's
607:, where yet again anchors were cut. They were recovered after Douglas threatened the local chief that "his town should be laid in ashes". Douglas and Funter sailed
363:
had not arrived at Nootka Sound by June and Meares decided to sail south to collect furs, leaving a group of men and officers at Nootka Sound under the command of
950:
reached the open ocean on 28 June 1789 Douglas had 760 prime sea otter skins in the hold—far more than the 60-70 he had when leaving Nootka Sound a month before.
636:
but were stopped by Friday, the friendly native of Niihau. Friday arranged for the two sailors to be returned, but the quartermaster escaped and was left behind.
689:
supportive of Carvalho and Meares, had died. In January 1789 Meares and his remaining partners had decided to merge their business with their former rivals, the
1624:
478:
was ready for sea a few weeks after Meares had left Nootka Sound. Captain Douglas, in preparing to sail, had all the tools and supplies on shore loaded onto
1644:
421:
was ready for sea, then the two vessels would sail to Hawaii and spend the winter there. The following spring they would return to the Northwest Coast.
998:
In Macau Douglas met with Meares and gave him his first report about the clash with the Spaniards in Nootka Sound. It was an incomplete report because
1180:(the Queen Charlotte Islands), Coneehaw Rock is named for a Haida chief with whom Douglas traded and exchanged names. Douglas Rock is located nearby.
1102:
word to London and the British court launched new efforts toward opening trade with Japan, but not before Kendrick and Douglas made their attempt.
979:
arrived at Kealakekua Bay in Hawaii on July 20, where the Hawaiians attempted to capture the ship, probably with Kamehameha's approval. By July 28
1649:
405:
Between the two of them Douglas and Meares had collected a valuable cargo of hundreds of furs. Meares decided that as soon as the new schooner,
1619:
627:
Douglas returned to Oahu and Kauai near the end of winter. Mutiny broke out among the crew. One sailor, named Jones, attempted to get a loaded
524:. News of the return of Kaiana spread and many of his friends and relatives came to the ships to visit with him. Douglas anchored the ships in
1585:
1463:
1330:
1223:
1634:
487:
44:
841:
that he had no intention of remaining on the Northwest Coast to collect furs. On June 1 he was allowed to depart. By the late afternoon
188:
617:
535:
153:. This tactic of sailing under false colors was not uncommon at the time and was used by other British maritime fur traders such as
953:
Douglas set sail for Hawaii, unaware that during the month since he left Nootka Sound two other ships of the Associated Merchants,
730:
was ready for sea again Funter set out on a trading voyage to the north, departing on 28 April 1789. Two days later Gray left with
102:
and second in command of the expedition, noting in his later account that Douglas "was well acquainted with the coast of America".
293:
was repaired. Meares did not want to wait for the repairs to be finished. He transferred Kaiana and the other native Hawaiians to
1072:(Canton) and sold a rich cargo of furs. Then he sailed back down the river to join up with Kendrick, who had been working on
690:
1609:
109:
710:
693:, owned by the Etches brothers of London. In the new "Associated Merchants" company Meares stayed in Macau. His ship,
530:
890:
800:
should either appear. Maquinna offered to help Douglas escape in a canoe, but the captain decided not to attempt it.
37:
of 1789, which brought Britain and Spain to the brink of war. A few years later he was captain of the American ship
343:
429:
442:
was launched on 20 September 1788. Robert Funter was given command of the schooner and a crew was selected from
1048:
463:
327:
1556:
1485:
772:
761:
1614:
580:
birds (both now extinct). Later, Douglas gave these cloaks to Captain Robert Gray, who in turn gave them to
540:
204:
154:
767:
At first MartĂnez, Douglas, and Kendrick established cordial relations. But with the arrival of the 16 gun
75:, China, Meares formed a partnership of several merchants and captains, and purchased two new vessels, the
966:
399:
1542:
1522:
1502:
913:
811:
while the British and American crews watched. Preparations were made for taking the captive British and
395:
212:
775:
on May 12 MartĂnez's attitude changed. He arrested Douglas and his Portuguese "capitan de ruse" Viana.
29:
39:
1629:
1604:
1176:
Iphigenia Bay, in Alaska, is named for Douglas's ship, as is Iphigenia Point in British Columbia. In
632:
quartermaster and two sailors escaped in native canoes. They were apparently planning to set fire to
593:
391:
1126:
1065:
364:
330:
on 13 May 1788. Comekela returned to his people. A few days later Meares was visited by the chiefs
920:(the Queen Charlotte Islands), trading with the natives for sea otter furs. On the north coast of
587:
On December 19 Douglas, wanting to find an anchorage more protected from squally weather, ordered
744:
621:
545:
352:
125:
20:
1455:
792:, Douglas managed to send a message to the native chief Maquinna, asking that he warn Meares's
1581:
1459:
1326:
1219:
894:
816:
569:
492:
367:. Meares left on 11 June 1788 and returned on 26 July. Douglas had still not yet arrived with
335:
256:
220:
129:
68:
1320:
1007:
arrived, under Robert Gray, who brought an account of the later events of the Nootka Crisis.
1114:
243:
216:
180:
658:
was anchored a few miles away in what is now called Kendrick Inlet. Captain Gray had taken
1215:
Almost a hero: the voyages of John Meares, R.N., to China, Hawaii, and the Northwest Coast
1136:
1044:
804:
521:
468:
434:
376:
263:
248:
184:
849:
north to patrol the coast, and he did not think Kendrick would be allowed to leave until
837:, then the firm of the Portuguese merchant Carvalho would have to pay a proper forfeit.
458:. Hoping to warn Douglas and Kaiana, Meares left a letter to Douglas with a Hawaiian of
402:—and that earlier voyages had been exploring offshore islands rather than the mainland.
1448:
1186:, between British Columbia and Alaska, was given the name Douglass Entrance by Meares.
1183:
1118:
1040:
909:
808:
525:
317:
282:
889:. The small vessel was used by the Spanish for several exploration voyages, including
386:
As planned, Douglas had crossed the North Pacific to the Aleutian Islands. He entered
1598:
1574:
1537:
1517:
1497:
1122:
1110:
1052:
970:
961:, had been detained by MartĂnez at Nootka Sound, and within a week James Colnett and
921:
905:
702:
339:
231:. Wynee became ill shortly after the ships left Macau. On 5 February 1788, she died.
34:
1109:
As the two ships approached Japan they were caught in a storm and swept toward the
764:, to take control of Nootka Sound and assert Spain's claim to the Northwest Coast.
577:
561:
176:
438:. The British and American captains were suspicious of each other from the start.
1213:
1125:, then moved into a protected bay behind the island, near the fishing village of
1177:
917:
628:
313:
286:
116:
of 200 tons (bm). Meares described them as having bottoms sheathed with copper.
76:
24:
1027:, and Douglas agreed to pick up some men Kendrick had left in Hawaii to gather
1019:
Merchants company and joined with an American venture. He was given command of
175:
carried materials for constructing a house and a schooner, both to be built at
1085:
1028:
936:, Douglas and Cuneah departed on very friendly terms. On June 23 Douglas took
807:
at the entrance to Nootka Sound. He ceremonially claimed Nootka Sound for the
557:
387:
252:
192:
146:
472:). Meares left Hawaii on 27 October 1788 and arrived at Macau on 5 December.
167:
sailed from Macau on 22 January 1788. Meares intended to establish permanent
1069:
757:
326:
reached America first, anchoring in Nootka Sound near the native village of
297:, charging Douglas with taking them to their homeland. Comekela remained on
168:
23:
during the late 18th century. He worked with the British trader and Captain
1152:
Japan established a new system of alarms and patrols for coastal villages.
1131:
1557:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Dixon Entrance
462:, who both captains had met before and called Friday (after the character
1486:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Iphigenia Bay
1091:
Kendrick was planning to return to the Pacific Northwest Coast by way of
347:
331:
991:
set sail for China on August 10. The voyage to Macau was uneventful and
277:
sprang her foremast and began to leak, and also suffered an outbreak of
1322:
Morning of Fire: John Kendrick's Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific
984:
753:
1051:
had been killed along with all but one of his crew, and his schooner,
873:
as security for payments for the repairs and supplies he had given to
211:, a boy and a man who Douglas referred to as Tawnee. There was also a
1097:
929:
925:
881:
was never returned to the British, it became a Spanish ship, renamed
459:
278:
207:
had brought to Macau in 1787. The ships also carried two natives of
383:
was spotted. Captain Douglas anchored in Nootka Sound on the 27th.
234:
Meares, Douglas, and their partners had planned for Meares to sail
1145:
1117:. Seeking shelter they entered the channel between the village of
1092:
200:
196:
72:
247:
plan the two ships would be able to explore the whole coast from
1450:
The Nootka connection: Europe and the Northwest coast, 1790-1795
1081:
604:
573:
281:. For these reasons the two ships sailed to the Spanish port at
208:
413:
to Macau, China, with the combined cargo of furs. Douglas and
124:
40. In order to avoid the cost of acquiring licenses from the
1148:, saying they would be arrested and their ships confiscated.
677:
was hauled up on the beach for repairs while refurbishing of
19:(died 1791) was a Scottish ship captain and an oceanographer
556:
were the first European ships to visit Kealakekua Bay since
320:, then crossed the Pacific directly to the northwest coast.
599:
Douglas sailed to Maui, where Hawaiians again tried to cut
238:
to Nootka Sound, on Vancouver Island, while Douglas sailed
259:
might exist was taken seriously. Meares hoped to find it.
379:. He returned to Nootka Sound on 24 August. On August 26
183:. Also sailing with Meares and Douglas were a number of
1129:. The village headman, Kichigo, sent a message to the
780:
territory. He claimed that the ship's papers directed
1218:. Washington State University Press. pp. 41–46.
734:. Thus the only ships in Nootka Sound were Douglas's
1076:
in Dirty Butter Bay near Macau. Kendrick had remade
752:, entered the harbor. MartĂnez had been sent by the
904:
north to the area he had traded in the year before—
568:on December 10. In 1795 Kamehameha established the
301:, which sailed from Zamboanga soon after arriving.
269:proved to be a "heavy" sailer and much slower than
199:, who Meares had brought from Hawaii to Macau, and
1573:
1447:
496:, which had arrived at Nootka Sound shortly after
450:. The combined cargo of 750 furs was loaded into
195:– also spelled Tyaana & Tyanna), a chief of
67:during Meares's first fur trading voyage to the
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1412:
428:was finished, the American maritime fur trader
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1043:had massacred hundreds of Native Hawaiians at
701:was purchased and placed under the command of
346:and a cannon emplacement. Work was begun on a
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
900:After changing course on June 2 Douglas took
865:, Funter and his crew were soon arrested and
785:padres, had translated the papers correctly.
8:
857:Douglas hoped he might encounter Funter and
375:on another fur trading cruise, this time to
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
819:, New Spain's Pacific naval headquarters.
684:Douglas expected Meares to arrive soon in
667:trading to the north as soon as possible.
223:. Kaiana, Wynee, and Comekela were aboard
1640:History of the foreign relations of Japan
47:in an attempt to open trade with Japan.
1195:
1034:During the summer of 1790 Douglas took
312:from the Philippines north through the
803:MartĂnez put his men to work building
171:posts on the Pacific Northwest coast.
965:would also be seized, triggering the
71:coast from 1786 to 1787. In 1788, in
7:
893:'s discovery and exploration of the
673:Captain Funter arrived on April 24.
596:. Kaiana was killed in that battle.
43:. In 1791 he partnered with Captain
1625:Scottish explorers of North America
1060:When Douglas reached China he took
417:would remain at Nootka Sound until
145:, while Meares pretended to be the
1454:. Douglas & McIntyre. p.
742:when on May 6 the Spanish warship
14:
1645:Scottish explorers of the Pacific
928:, the village of the Haida chief
508:Wintering in the Hawaiian Islands
1095:. At the time Japan's policy of
1080:into a heavily armed two-masted
869:seized. MartĂnez wanted to hold
681:continued on aboard and ashore.
203:(or Winee), a Hawaiian girl who
1121:on the mainland and the island
1047:. In a separate event his son,
304:Douglas left with the repaired
1650:Explorers of the United States
1:
1620:Explorers of British Columbia
1325:. HarperCollins. p. 83.
616:given arms and ammunition by
432:arrived at Nootka Sound with
424:On 17 September 1788, before
409:, was launched he would sail
356:, and launched in September.
98:. He made Douglas captain of
350:, which was finished, named
1635:History of Vancouver Island
995:arrived on 5 October 1789.
691:King George's Sound Company
1666:
1212:Nokes, J. Richard (1998).
490:, the American captain of
63:Douglas was an officer on
697:was sold and a new ship,
108:was of 230 tons burthen (
94:. Meares took command of
33:. He was involved in the
1264:Nokes, pp. 61–63, 80, 87
1049:Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe
883:Santa Gertrudis la Magna
371:. In August Meares took
1572:Robinson, Mike (1996).
1446:Pethick, Derek (1980).
205:Charles William Barkley
155:Charles William Barkley
59:Trading voyages of 1788
1319:Ridley, Scott (2010).
967:international incident
649:Trading voyage of 1789
400:British Columbia Coast
27:, commanding the ship
1543:BC Geographical Names
1523:BC Geographical Names
1503:BC Geographical Names
1057:, had been captured.
914:Alexander Archipelago
829:Douglas and released
773:Gonzalo LĂłpez de Haro
762:Manuel Antonio FlĂłrez
750:Esteban JosĂ© MartĂnez
582:Esteban JosĂ© MartĂnez
396:Alexander Archipelago
227:. The others were on
1610:American fur traders
1039:maritime fur trader
392:Prince William Sound
191:, including Tianna (
1436:Ridley, pp. 221–226
1420:Ridley, pp. 218–220
1406:Ridley, pp. 190–191
924:Douglas stopped at
512:On 27 October 1788
262:While crossing the
21:maritime fur trader
1379:Nokes, pp. 123-137
1309:Nokes, pp. 113-121
1289:Nokes, pp. 106–108
955:North West America
891:JosĂ© MarĂa Narváez
879:North West America
871:North West America
867:North West America
859:North West America
798:North West America
728:North West America
721:North West America
675:North West America
665:North West America
656:Columbia Redivivia
642:North West America
622:Nathaniel Portlock
613:North West America
560:was killed there.
554:North West America
546:Nathaniel Portlock
518:North West America
484:North West America
476:North West America
440:North West America
426:North West America
419:North West America
407:North West America
353:North West America
249:Spanish California
126:East India Company
120:had a crew of 50,
86:—generally called
1587:978-1-896209-18-0
1498:"Iphigenia Point"
1465:978-0-88894-279-1
1388:Ridley, pp. 97–98
1332:978-0-06-170012-5
1225:978-0-87422-155-8
895:Strait of Georgia
594:Battle of Nuʻuanu
570:Kingdom of Hawaii
493:Columbia Rediviva
257:Northwest Passage
130:South Sea Company
114:Iphigenia Nubiana
106:Felice Adventurer
84:Iphigenia Nubiana
80:Felice Adventurer
69:Pacific Northwest
30:Iphigenia Nubiana
1657:
1591:
1579:
1576:Sea Otter Chiefs
1559:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:Nokes, pp. 89-94
1278:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1252:Nokes, pp. 49–58
1250:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1209:
1115:Kuroshio Current
983:was anchored at
817:San Blas, Mexico
788:Held captive on
534:, under Captain
244:Aleutian Islands
217:Vancouver Island
189:Native Americans
185:Native Hawaiians
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:. Bayeux Arts.
1571:
1568:
1566:Further reading
1563:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1518:"Coneehaw Rock"
1516:
1515:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1197:
1192:
1174:
1159:Douglas sailed
1137:Wakayama Castle
1074:Lady Washington
1016:
887:Santa Saturnina
805:Fort San Miguel
738:and Kendrick's
732:Lady Washington
660:Lady Washington
651:
603:cable, then to
531:Queen Charlotte
510:
498:Lady Washington
469:Robinson Crusoe
466:from the novel
435:Lady Washington
377:Clayoquot Sound
264:South China Sea
61:
56:
17:William Douglas
12:
11:
5:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Ancient Hawaii
1612:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1538:"Douglas Rock"
1529:
1509:
1489:
1478:
1464:
1438:
1422:
1408:
1399:
1397:Ridley, p. 112
1390:
1381:
1345:
1331:
1311:
1291:
1282:
1266:
1254:
1238:
1224:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1184:Dixon Entrance
1173:
1170:
1041:Simon Metcalfe
1015:
1009:
959:Princess Royal
910:Dixon Entrance
809:Spanish Empire
712:Princess Royal
650:
647:
526:Kealakekua Bay
509:
506:
318:Philippine Sea
213:Nuu-chah-nulth
60:
57:
55:
49:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1662:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Kii Peninsula
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1054:Fair American
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
972:
971:Nootka Crisis
969:known as the
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:Graham Island
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:Hecate Strait
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
796:and Funter's
795:
791:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
719:and Funter's
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
703:James Colnett
700:
696:
692:
687:
682:
680:
676:
671:
668:
666:
661:
657:
648:
646:
643:
637:
635:
630:
625:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
528:. Other than
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
501:
499:
495:
494:
489:
488:John Kendrick
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Robert Funter
362:
357:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
340:Nootka Crisis
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:—a native of
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
48:
46:
45:John Kendrick
42:
41:
36:
35:Nootka Crisis
32:
31:
26:
22:
18:
1575:
1552:
1541:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1449:
1441:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1336:. Retrieved
1321:
1314:
1285:
1229:. Retrieved
1214:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
988:
980:
976:
975:
962:
958:
954:
952:
947:
942:
937:
933:
901:
899:
886:
885:and, later,
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
850:
846:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
812:
802:
797:
793:
789:
787:
781:
776:
768:
766:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
720:
716:
711:
706:
698:
694:
685:
683:
678:
674:
672:
669:
664:
659:
655:
652:
641:
638:
633:
626:
618:George Dixon
612:
608:
600:
598:
588:
586:
565:
562:Kamehameha I
553:
549:
539:
536:George Dixon
529:
517:
513:
511:
502:
497:
491:
483:
479:
475:
474:
467:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
433:
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
404:
385:
380:
372:
368:
360:
359:Douglas and
358:
351:
323:
322:
309:
305:
303:
298:
294:
290:
274:
270:
266:
261:
239:
235:
233:
228:
224:
177:Nootka Sound
172:
164:
160:
159:
150:
142:
137:
133:
121:
117:
113:
105:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
64:
62:
52:
38:
28:
16:
15:
1630:Fur traders
1605:1791 deaths
1178:Haida Gwaii
1066:Pearl River
1011:Captain of
918:Haida Gwaii
629:blunderbuss
601:Iphigenia's
589:Iphigenia's
541:King George
430:Robert Gray
314:Celebes Sea
287:Philippines
169:fur trading
51:Captain of
25:John Meares
1599:Categories
1190:References
1141:Washington
1123:Kii ĹŚshima
1086:brigantine
1078:Washington
1029:sandalwood
851:San Carlos
847:San Carlos
769:San Carlos
558:James Cook
388:Cook Inlet
344:breastwork
253:Bering Sea
147:supercargo
1127:Kushimoto
1070:Guangzhou
1000:Iphigenia
993:Iphigenia
989:Iphigenia
981:Iphigenia
977:Iphigenia
948:Iphigenia
943:Iphigenia
938:Iphigenia
934:Iphigenia
902:Iphigenia
897:in 1791.
875:Iphigenia
863:Iphigenia
843:Iphigenia
835:Iphigenia
831:Iphigenia
826:Iphigenia
821:Iphigenia
813:Iphigenia
782:Iphigenia
777:Iphigenia
758:New Spain
736:Iphigenia
717:Iphigenia
679:Iphigenia
634:Iphigenia
609:Iphigenia
566:Iphigenia
550:Iphigenia
514:Iphigenia
480:Iphigenia
456:Iphigenia
448:Iphigenia
415:Iphigenia
381:Iphigenia
369:Iphigenia
361:Iphigenia
310:Iphigenia
306:Iphigenia
295:Iphigenia
291:Iphigenia
283:Zamboanga
275:Iphigenia
267:Iphigenia
240:Iphigenia
229:Iphigenia
165:Iphigenia
143:Iphigenia
138:Iphigenia
122:Iphigenia
100:Iphigenia
92:Iphigenia
53:Iphigenia
1471:5 August
1005:Columbia
963:Argonaut
790:Princesa
748:, under
745:Princesa
740:Columbia
707:Argonaut
699:Argonaut
564:came to
544:, under
348:schooner
336:Callicum
332:Maquinna
316:and the
289:, where
221:Comekela
219:—called
1338:30 July
1231:27 July
1113:by the
1064:up the
1045:Olowalu
985:Waikiki
754:viceroy
285:in the
251:to the
242:to the
193:Kaʻiana
1584:
1462:
1329:
1222:
1172:Legacy
1132:daimyĹŤ
1098:sakoku
930:Cuneah
926:Kiusta
916:, and
912:, the
794:Felice
771:under
695:Felice
686:Felice
538:, and
522:Hawaii
464:Friday
460:Niihau
452:Felice
444:Felice
411:Felice
373:Felice
328:Yuquot
324:Felice
299:Felice
279:scurvy
271:Felice
236:Felice
225:Felice
181:Hawaii
173:Felice
161:Felice
151:Felice
134:Felice
118:Felice
112:) and
96:Felice
88:Felice
65:Nootka
1166:Grace
1161:Grace
1146:Osaka
1093:Japan
1062:Grace
1036:Grace
1025:Grace
1021:Grace
1013:Grace
726:When
709:and
201:Wynee
197:Kauai
77:snows
73:Macau
40:Grace
1582:ISBN
1473:2012
1460:ISBN
1340:2012
1327:ISBN
1233:2012
1220:ISBN
1119:Koza
1082:brig
957:and
620:and
611:and
605:Oahu
578:ʻŌʻō
576:and
574:mamo
552:and
516:and
482:and
446:and
398:and
390:and
334:and
209:Maui
187:and
163:and
136:and
128:and
90:and
82:and
1135:at
1084:or
1068:to
815:to
756:of
149:of
1601::
1540:.
1520:.
1500:.
1458:.
1456:75
1425:^
1411:^
1348:^
1294:^
1269:^
1257:^
1241:^
1198:^
1168:.
1031:.
973:.
908:,
877:.
760:,
705:.
584:.
548:,
500:.
273:.
157:.
110:bm
1590:.
1546:.
1526:.
1506:.
1475:.
1342:.
1235:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.