William DeVries - Knowledge (XXG)

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and eventually death. Unfortunately Mr. Clark never recovered well enough to leave the hospital. In this period DeVries and his team had to face a series of issues due to the pressure of the media and the public. He was constantly obsessed with critics and legal issues concerning about what he was doing whether it was right or wrong. With the success of the first patient, DeVries wanted to go on with his trials, but there were not enough funds and medical insurance was never going to pay for such an experimental transplant. Consequently, DeVries found himself on a quest for fund raising, which, at the beginning did not succeed until

383:, DeVries decided to move to Louisville in order to continue with his work on the TAH although he knew that the reason why the Humana Inc. had given him such a generous offer was mainly due to the publicity that this project was to offer them. "Our name is now on every single newspaper in the world. This is the type of advertisement that you cannot buy. As far as I am concerned, you have made your money for the next hundred patients" (Wendell Cherry). And even knowing this, DeVries accepted the deal because it was for medical advancement. 460:, considering it to have special and emotional meanings which could not be substituted by any human-made machine. The question asked by Una Loy, the wife of Barney Clark, is an example of this skepticism. Before her husband underwent surgery, she asked the doctor if after the transplant her husband would still be able to love her. Many were also disturbed by the fact that Clark was never able to leave the hospital. His life was extended somewhat, but he spent it in bed. The 371:

heart, through a tube coming out of the patient body. In order to give the patients the ability to move, it was also invented a portable power console which was the size of a briefcase. Since 1982, 350 patients have used the Jarvik-7 heart model, and its original design is still used for the modern Jarvik-7, although due to propriety passages the device name is now "SynCardia". In October 2004, the Jarvik-7 model was the first medical device to receive a full-FDA approval.

33: 324:". The patient lived, but DeVries found much harder to manage the device on a patient rather than on a healthy animal. This carried to some complications which led part of the researchers to ask DeVries to turn off the device. In fact they did not want to lose the NIH approval and consequently their funds. DeVries refused to shut down the device, this caught the attention of the media, and made DeVries achieve the cover of 295:(NIH) approval. At the beginning, nobody really paid much consideration to the work, but after a while it started to acquire new attention, things changed, and even the NIH started to be interested in the project. Therefore, DeVries started to look for a suitable patient for the first attempt. In 1982, the FDA gave the approval to experiment the device on a human, and so a panel of six members at the 363: 456:

Throughout the time between the implant and the death of Barney Clark, the media followed the case so intensively that teams of reporters and television crews besieged the medical center, hankering for information on the patient. Criticism came not only from the medical world, but also from the public. Indeed, many people were disturbed by the idea of replacing the

901:"Biomaterial-centered sepsis and the total artificial heart. Microbial adhesion vs tissue integration." ; Gristina A.G., Dobbins J.J., Giammara B., Lewis J.C., DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; 871:"A clinical estimation model for noninvasive determination of atrial pressure in total artificial heart patients." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Jung S., Frederick M.G., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1987 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "American Society of Artificial Internal Organs" ; 986: 997: 851:"Thromboembolic and infectious complications of total artificial heart implantation." ; Ward R.A., Wellhausen S.R., Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Annals of the New York Academy of Science" ; 831:"Vein graft arteriovenous fistula for long-term venous access in a heart transplant recipient lacking superficial veins: a case report." ; Girardet R.E., Masri Z.H., Barbie R.N., Attum A.A., Yared S., DeVries W.C., Lansing A.M. ; November–December 1986 ; "The Journal of Heart Transplantation" ; 249:. The day of the interview, on his way to the hospital, he witnessed a person being stabbed by another man, and helped the victim until he was carried to the emergency room. This episode was probably one of the reasons why he decided not to start his residency in Boston. The second interview he attended was at the 951:"Nine Year Experience with the Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Cardiac Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Cabrol C., Griffith B.P., Copeland J.G., DeVries W.C., Keon W.J., Wolner E., Frazier O.H., Bucherl E.S., et al. ; July–September 1988 ; Minneapolis Heart Institute ; " 455:

Throughout his career, DeVries had to face a series of philosophical, religious, and practical objections to the artificial heart program. The media attention to the first implant was the largest ever directed to a medical case. Never before had a medical innovation aroused such a contentious debate.

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dental surgeon named Barney Clark, affected with an end-stage congestive heart failure. The seven-hour surgery was carried out on December 2, 1982, and it was successful. Doctor William DeVries, 38 years old at that time, was known to listen occasionally to rock music while performing surgery. In his

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magazine (December 10, 1984). Eventually, they had to deal with the issue of money. To keep Mr. Clark alive, he decided to sell the rights of his story to a newspaper for $ 1 million . Mr. Clark lived for 112 days after the surgery, as complications kept occurring and this led to multiorgan failure

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The pumping action came from air, compressed by an electrical unit located outside of the patient's body. The human-made organ had two separate ventricles grafted with Dacron sleeves to the native atria and great vessels. It was powered by a 400-pound (180 kg) air compressor, connected to the

731:"Indexes of Hemolysis in Human Recipients of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart: a Cooperative Report of Fifteen Patients" ; Levinson M.M., Copeland J.G., Smith R.G., Cork R.C., DeVries W.C., Mays J.B., Griffith B.P., Kormos R., Joyce L.D., Pritzker M.R., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " 213:

By the time he had finished with school, he had already built a family. He married his first wife, Ane Karen, during the last year of college and had four children. During college he was able to hold down three or four jobs and yet he graduated top of his class and received the award for the most

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During 1987, 49 diseased hearts had been substituted by surgeons all over the world with a Jarvik-7 model. In January 1988 DeVries was close to performing his fifth implantation, when a human donor heart was found for the patient. In January 1990 the approval was withdrawn, and the FDA ended the

979: 931:"Immunologic complications of long-term implantation of a total artificial heart." ; Wellhausen S.R., Ward R.A., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Journal of Clinical Immunology" ; 269:

In 1979 Doctor DeVries went back to the University of Utah to become the chairman of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery; there, he used to perform two to five open-heart operations a week. At that time the university was known for being one of the country's few pioneering centers for advanced

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magazine called it "the Bill Schroeder's show". After the death of DeVries' second patient, the critics began to charge that the mechanical heart brought more complications than benefits. In fact, both Clark and Schroeder never fully recovered from the surgery and eventually died due to

616:"Determinants of pannus formation in long-surviving artificial heart calves, and its prevention." ; Jarvik R.K., Kessler T.R., McGill L.D., Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Deneris J., Blaylock J.T., Kolff W.J. ; 1981 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; 745:"Summary of the World Experience with Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Heart Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Pierce W.S., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Copeland J.G., Griffith B.P., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., Cabrol C., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " 401:

that left him unable to speak. He lived for 620 days after the operation, during which he was able to leave the hospital and do a series of normal activities like traveling, attending a basketball game and even fishing. Over the following years DeVries implanted a total of four

646:"Response of the Human Body to the First Permanent Implant of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart" ; Joyce L.D., DeVries W.C., Hastings W.L., Olsen D.B., Jarvik R.K., Kolff W.J. ; 1983 ; "Transaction-American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; 476:. Thanks to the Humana Inc. funds, DeVries implanted another artificial heart at the Humana Human Heart Institute International in a patient called Bill Schroeder. The whole case was followed by the media, and DeVries and the Humana were accused of publicity seeking; 982: ; Robotham J.L., Mays J.B., Williams M.A., DeVries W.C. ; October 1990 ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland ; "Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anestesiologists, Inc." 881:"Postmortem microbiological findings of two total artificial heart recipients." ; Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., Kunin C.M., DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Beliamine College, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; 286:

were able to live up to six, seven, even eight months. These results inspired him to take on with the work and so he started a series of long-term animal experiments. After two years of experiments, doctor DeVries and his colleagues tried to obtain the U.S.

811:"Diagnostic monitoring and drive system management of patients with total artificial heart." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; September 1986 ; "Heart and Lung: the Journal of Critical Care" ; 989:" ; Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Sean P. Bannister, Philip C. Corcoran, Robert W. Stewart, Charles R. Mulligan, and William C. DeVries ; June 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; " 891:"Surgical technique for implantation of the Jarvik-7-100 total artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ;"The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; 532:"Changes in pulmonary capillary filtration and ventilatory dead space during exposure to 95 per cent oxygen." ; Wolfe W.G., Devries W.C., Anderson R.W., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; April 1974 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ; 941:"The Role of Nuclear Medicine in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Recipients" ; Zenger G.H., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "Seminars in Nuclear Medicine" ; 721:"The Role of Nuclear Imaging in the Management of the First Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Taylor A. Jr., Milton W., Christian P.E., Datz F.L., Joyce L., DeVries W.C. ; June 1985 ; "Clinical Nuclear Medicine" ; 759:"Surgical Positioning of the Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart" ; Jarvik R.K., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Koul B., Copeland J.G., Levinson M.M., Griffith B.P., Joyce L.D., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; " 861:"Alterations in select immunologic parameters following total artificial heart implantation." ; Stelzer GT, Ward RA, Wellhausen SR, McLeish KR, Johnson GS, DeVries WC. ; February 1987 ; "Artificial Organs" ; 921:"The physician, the media, and the 'spectacular' case." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; 911:"The permanent artificial heart. Four case reports." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ; 821:"Atrial endocrine function in humans with artificial hearts." ; Schwab T.R., Edwards B.S., DeVries W.C., Zimmerman R.S., Burnett J.C. Jr. ; November 27, 1986 ; "The New England Journal of Medicine" ; 626:"Indeterminate circulatory support with the artificial heart." ; Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Kolff J., Frazier O.H., Rahimtoola S.H. ; 1982 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Journal" ; 670:" ; William C. DeVries, M.D., Jeffrey L. Anderson, M.D., Lyle D. Joyce, M.D., Fred L. Anderson, M.D., Elizabeth H. Hammond, M.D., Robert K. Jarvik, M.D., and Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D. ; February 2, 1984; " 1621: 636:"Impact of regulations on artificial organs research." ; Morton W.A., DeVries W.C., Dobelle W.H., Serkes K.D., Sheridan R., Dennis C. ; 1983 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; 602:"Artificial heart implantation, later cardiac transplantation in the calf." ; Olsen D.B., Devries W.C., Oyer P.E., Reitz B.A., Murashita J., Kolff W.J., Daitoh N., Jarvik R.K., Gaykowski R. ; 1981 ; " 562:"Unilateral pulmonary emphysema created by ligation of the left pulmonary artery in newborn puppies." ; DeVries W.C., Seaber A.V., Sealy W.C. ; February 1979 ; "The Annals of Thoracic Surgery" ; 677:"Nutrition for the First Total Artificial Heart Patient: Implications for Future Patients" ; Raymond J., DeVries W.C., Joyce L.D. ; May 1984 ; "Journal of the American Dietetic Association" ; 783:"Drive System Management of Emergency Conditions in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Patients" ; Mays J.B., Hastings W.L., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1986 ; " 1000:" ; Charles R. Mulligan Jr, Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Robert Stewart, and William C. Devries ; July 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; " 797:"The Microscopic Evaluation of Skin Buttons used in a Long-Term Human Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Murray K.D., Abbott T., DeVries W.C., Gaykowski R., Olsen D.B. ; July–September 1986 ; " 241:. Doctor Cooley's work would be an inspiration for doctor DeVries, who would later succeed in the transplant of the TAH. After he left Utah, he attended a series of job interviews. The first one was at the 1281:

DeVries, William C.; Anderson, Jeffery L.; Joyce, Lyle D.; Anderson, Fred L.; Hammond, Elizabeth H.; Jarvik, Robert K.; Kloff, Williem J. (February 2, 1984). "Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart".

841:"Multigated Radionuclide Study of the Total Artificial Heart" ; Datz F.L., Christian P.E., Taylor A. Jr, Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; "European Journal of Nuclear Medicine" ; 483:

complications. DeVries felt that the best way to concede the dilemma was to have people understand that the TAH was not a permanent solution but just a temporary substitution for a diseased heart.

701:"Preparing an institution for clinical device experimentation." ; Hastings W.L., Mays J.B., Elzy P., DeVries W.C. ; 1985 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; 409:

Thanks to his work, the TAH was used in many hospitals, not as a permanent solution for diseased heart patient, but as a "bridge" in order to assist the heart and wait for a final transplant.

582:"Pulmonary tissue volume in isolated perfused dog lungs." ; Crapo R.O., Crapo J.D., Morris A.H., Berlin S.L., Devries W.C. ; May 1980 ; "Journal of Applied Physiology" ; 572:"Transvascular fluid and protein dynamics in the lung following hemorrhagic shock." ; Anderson R.W., DeVries W.C. ; April 1979 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ; 492:"Consumptive coagulopathy, shock, and the artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C., Kwan-Gett C.S., Kolff W.J. ; 1970 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ; 464:

questioned whether the artificial heart research was useful or just a "Dracula" sucking funds away from other programs. DeVries felt that all this attention was slowing his work in

711:"The ethical implications of the artificial heart: an interview with Dr. William DeVries." ; DeVries W.C. ; May–June 1985 ; "Federation of American Hospital" ; 1586: 965:"Circulatory Support 1988. Bleeding and Anticoagulation" ; Jack G. Copeland III, Laurence A. Harker, J. Heinrich Joist, and William C. DeVries ; January 1989 ; " 437: 522:"Ventilatory dead space in diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism." ; Duranceau A., DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; 1974 ; "Surgical Forum" ; 592:"The management of spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous emphysema." ; DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G. ; August 1980 ; "The Surgical Clinics of North America" ; 1596: 552:"Physiologic and pathologic responses of the pulmonary circulation to high flow shunts." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1975 ; "Surgical Forum" ; 773:"Results of artificial heart implantation in man." ; Yared S.F., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; June 1986 ; "Transplantation Proceedings-Journal" ; 512:"Pulmonary capillary filtration following oxygen exposure." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W., Wolfe W.G., Alexander L.G. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ; 162:, where he had enrolled as a naval surgeon. When his father died William was only six months old. He was raised by his grandmother and his mother who was a member of 1007:"Who was William Ray Rumel?" ; Welling D.R., Rich N.M., Burris D.G., Boffard K.D., Devries W.C. ; September 2008 ; "World Journal of Surgery" ; 441: 163: 1611: 1636: 1591: 760: 746: 732: 420:

program. Before his retirement, in 1999, doctor DeVries decided, in 1988, to go back to traditional cardiovascular surgery. On December 29, 2000, he joined the

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phoned him, a week after the implant, he asked why his social security check was late. Unfortunately two weeks later mister Schroeder suffered of a series of

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Dr. William DeVries and his surgical team replaced a diseased heart with the Jarvik-7, the first permanent artificial heart ever used for a human patient.

1606: 1581: 687:"Evaluation of Total Artificial Heart Performance in Man" ; Anderson F.L., DeVries W.C., Anderson J.L., Joyce L.D. ; August 1, 1984 ; " 1616: 1529: 1143: 316:

first Jarvik-7 implant the operating room was hushed, except for the voice communications to the medical team and the quietly played strains of

502:"Airway pressure and pulmonary edema formation." ; Alexander L.G., DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ; 1446: 1390: 1323: 1191: 1174: 1092: 182:. Because the family was meeting financial difficulties, William had to work throughout his high school years to help out. He also won the 1062: 1576: 1499: 1454: 1284: 1246: 671: 179: 688: 1626: 296: 1105: 952: 798: 784: 603: 1411: 429: 1601: 1001: 990: 966: 242: 1631: 1030: 292: 225:

during his work and during night he was paid to watch over the animals in the lab. In 1969 after some advice from doctor

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