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socialism was the natural economic expression of christian life." He sought to rid socialism of its philosophical materialism because he believed
Christianity was the most effective way to bring socialism to fruition in America. As Bliss mentioned in a speech, his socialist radicalism was grounded not in Marx but in the teachings of Jesus Christ more than anything else. Despite this understanding of Christianity, Bliss originally believed that Christians did not necessarily have to pick a particular political party or organization in order to be genuine socialist. He did argue, however, that if Christians were to truly live according to the Gospel and the words of Jesus, they would intuitively advocate for a socialist society in America. Moreover, the socialist aspect of Christian Socialism for Bliss was not hampered by the word Christian preceding it. He defined socialism as “that mode of social life which, based upon the recognition of the natural brotherhood and unity of mankind would have land and capital owned by the community collectively, and operated cooperatively for the good of all. He was not interested in merely implementing more state intervention or cooperatives. He, like the scientific socialist, believed that in order to create a just society, where the children of God were all treated with dignity and respect, it would require a complete overhaul of the economic system. Reform was merely a halfway measure for Bliss. Therefore for Bliss, Christian socialism was a fundamentally socialist ideology rooted in Christian principles. He hated the idea that people who tried to apply Christianity to social problems would even try to apply the label Christian Socialism to their work.
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work and have not considered the entire trajectory of his work as a preacher and activist. Most notably, his years with the
Christian Socialist Fellowship. According to Dressner, not only was Bliss pushing socialist principles from the pulpit, he was also trying to destigmatize the anti-religious nature of the socialist party itself. During his time with the Fellowship, Bliss along with many of the other Christian socialists moved away from their gradualist perspective and pushed for more immediate political change by writing approvingly not just of workers demanding improved conditions, but of labor strikes that became violent in order to achieve their radical ends. Furthermore, once elected to the executive committee of the Christian Socialist Fellowship, Bliss approved of the fellowship's full endorsement of the socialist party and even advocated Christians to vote the socialist party ticket. Dresser argues that to suggest that Bliss was merely lukewarm to socialism is to not understand the complexity of Bliss. Although early on he frequently worked with moderate progressive reformers, as the times and circumstances changed, Bliss saw his view of Christian socialism directly in line with even the most radical socialist of the day.
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progressive reform, many scholars still do not want to label Bliss's ideology to be socialist because it lacked real radicalism. Despite condemning capitalism as a dangerous plutocracy founded on economic individualism and his demands for an entirely new political economic order, many historians still find Bliss to be too moderate for socialist standards because of his wiliness to work with progressive reform centered institutions. These scholars argue that Bliss and other
Christian socialists of the day offered watered-down versions of socialism due to their practical goals, respect for unions and the insentience on gradualism. Bliss's willingness to work with the Knights of labor, the populist and other less radical political affiliations push critics to assert that Bliss was not only comfortable with simply achieving small piecemeal reform but that he thought this was the most effective way to achieve a socialist society.
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253:, Edward Bellamy, the English Christian socialist, and most notably George E. McNeil. While all these writers were important to Bliss's foundational understanding of Christianity's role in social and economic life, it was George E. McNeil who had the greatest impact. According to Bliss “McNeil was the one man living from whom in spirit as well as economic wisdom he had learned the most”.
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340:, which he later bought in 1891 in order to bring a more socialist message to the paper. Much like his more general philosophy in regards to Christian Socialism, the goal of these projects were to the show that “the aim of socialism is embraced in the aim of christianity” and that the” teachings of Jesus Christ lead directly to some specific form of socialism”.
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Once Bliss adopted the ideas of
Christian Socialism he began to create a very clear distinct understanding of what it meant. While Bliss recognized that the label Christian Socialism on its surface seemed to be a paradox, he believed that "christianity and socialism were not only compatible, but that
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minister where he was forced to deal with, first hand, the serious labor problems that faced working-class people in
America. After witnessing the effects that working unbearably long hours had on family life, the limited amount of food, and the harsh conditions working-class people faced in Boston,
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There has been some push back on the idea that Bliss was too moderate to be classified within the socialist movement of the Gilded Age. Richard
Dressner, in particular, argues that scholars who have labeled Bliss as a moderate have limited the scope of their analysis to the first few decades of his
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beginning in 1897. This was the definitive reference work on social movements published during the
Progressive Era. Not only did it describe social movements, The Encyclopedia of Social Reform further articulated Bliss's belief that the church and organized religion were viable vehicles of social
300:
Bliss’s understanding of
Christian Socialism and its fit with “genuine political socialism” is a point of contention, however, for many radical Marxist historians. Although his ideas were distinctively separate from and more radical than the popular social gospel thinkers who merely wanted
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and articles in the
Christian Union. His immediate work after seminary also greatly impacted the trajectory of his future career as a socialist preacher who engaged in activism. Following his graduation from Hartford Theological Seminary in 1882, Bliss was ordained a
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Bliss played an integral role within the
Christian Socialist Fellowship. As the Fellowship convention, Bliss was elected to the Committee on Constitution, and his entire speech was included in the Christian Socialist Report of the conference.
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After 1910 he accepted a position within the Committee on Literature to write a series of Sunday school lessons through a socialist lens. That same year he also became one of the contributing editors to the newspaper of the fellowship called the
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Bliss was convinced that the church had a direct duty to improve such terrible conditions. According to Bliss, every person was a part of the kingdom of God regardless of religion and therefore should be treated as such.
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For one his first political projects, Bliss helped found the American branch of the leftist-leaning Christian Social Union to condemn capitalism and push Christianity to take on a socialist agenda (1884 to 1887).
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at the turn of 20th century. As a devout churchman, organizer, public speaker and an editor of numerous publications for over 40 years, Bliss became a central figure for the entire Christian socialist movement.
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Bliss also served as member of the Knights of Labor, beginning in 1886, advocating more moderate reform he believed would be a necessary foundation in order to achieve his socialist vision for America.
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Hartford Theological Seminary was where Bliss first learned about religion in relation to social problems. The most notable influencers during his time of theological study being
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on October 25, 1885. On June 16, 1886, he was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church, and became a priest on June 8, 1887. He then served at
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Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak, eds. (2000). "An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians".
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634:"Bliss, William Dwight Porter". In Carey, Patrick W.; Leinhanrd Joseph T. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians
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The Anglican Left: Radical Social Reformers in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1846–1954
649:"Bliss, William Dwight Porter". In Djupe, Paul A.; Olson, Laura R. Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics
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Armentrout, Donald S. (2000). "Bliss, William Dwight Porter". In Carey, Patrick W.; Lienhard, Joseph T. (eds.).
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The Social Faith of the Catholic Church: Or, the Lesson of Fellowship in Unity; A Sermon for Trinity Sunday
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332:, but lost the election. Shortly after his political campaign for lieutenant Governor, Bliss founded the
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Eisenach, Eldon J. (2003). "Bliss, William Dwight Porter". In Djupe, Paul A.; Olson, Laura R. (eds.).
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Bliss had a lengthy and diverse political career while serving as a minister in the Episcopal church.
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336:(SCS) in 1889. During that same time he also helped to create a Christian socialist newspaper called
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Webber, Christopher L. (1959). "William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856–1926): Priest and Socialist".
482:
684:
Webber, Christopher (1959). ""William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856-1926): Priest and Socialist"".
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His radical views on Christianity eventually pushed him to leave Congregationalism to join the
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These thinkers along with Bliss's experiences helping working-class folk eventually led him to
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Webber, Christopher (1959). "William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856–1926): Priest and Socialist".
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Webber, Christopher (1959). "William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856-1926): Priest and Socialist".
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Webber, Christopher (1959). "William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856-1926): Priest and Socialist".
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in Boston from 1887 until 1890, and finally, he helped organize an inner-city ministry, the
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Robert H. Gardiner and the Reunification of Worldwide Christianity in the Progressive Era
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from 1907 to 1909 to highlight and eventually improve working conditions for laborers.
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Knights of the Golden Rule: The Intellectual as Christian Social Reformer in the 1890s
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During this same time, Bliss also become interested in the writings of people such as
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During these years Bliss also edited and compiled many publications, including the
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Dressner, Richard B. (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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Dressner, Richard (1978). ""William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism"".
392:, and served as a pastor and YMCA worker in that country until 1921. During the
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Dressner, Richard (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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Dressner, Richard (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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Dressner, Richard (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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Dressner, Richard (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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Dressner, Richard (1978). "William Dwight Porter Bliss's Christian Socialism".
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and eventually was elected as the General Treasurer of the fellowship in 1911.
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1438:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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A Plea for the Union of the Reform Forces with the Democratic Party
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After the war, Bliss returned to the United States and preached in
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A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880–1940
491:"What Is Socialism?" Roslindale, Massachusetts: The Dawn. 1894.
389:
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Following his time with the Society of Christian Socialists and
1301:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 76–77.
566:"What Is Done for the Unemployed in European Countries".
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Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America
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Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America
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Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America
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Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America
800:
Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America
1106:. Westwood, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 2–3.
802:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 2–3.
1455:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
1276:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
742:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
723:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
686:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
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636:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 76.
1518:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
1490:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
1248:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. pp. i.
1210:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5.
570:. Vol. 16, no. 76. 1908. pp. 741–934.
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Arbitration and Conciliation in Industrial Disputes
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American Episcopal priest and socialist (1856–1926)
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1337:The Life and Death of the Radical Historical Jesus
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619:The Life and Death of the radical historical Jesus
183:priest and one of the most famous and influential
1624:19th-century American Congregationalist ministers
416:until his death in that city on October 8, 1926.
355:, Bliss took on a job as an investigator for the
1348:The early days of Christian Socialism in America
1299:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians
1261:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
1226:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
1193:The Early Days of Christian Socialism In America
1046:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
1008:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
993:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
708:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
673:. New York: Octagon Books inc. pp. 102–103.
671:The Early Days of Christian Socialism in America
621:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 64.
453:. Boston: Society of Christian Socialists. 1890.
1171:. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood. p. 104.
1639:Converts to Anglicanism from Congregationalism
1413:Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics
547:What to Do: A Programme of Christian Socialism
995:. New York: Octagon Book inc. pp. 26–27.
8:
776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
363:Bliss and the Christian Socialist Fellowship
1415:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 49–50.
508:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1895.
1228:. New York: Octagon Book inc. p. 108.
1195:. New York: Octagon Books inc. p. 96.
766:. New York: Church Publishing. p. 51.
710:. New York: Octagon Book Inc. p. 104.
439:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
18:
1361:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1048:. New York: Octagon Book inc. p. 23.
1010:. New York: Octagon Book inc. p. 98.
762:Armentrout, Donald, Boak, Robert (2000).
1029:. New York: Octagon Books.inc. pp.
326:Lieutenant Governorship of Massachusetts
196:William Dwight Porter Bliss was born in
1614:20th-century American Episcopal priests
1609:19th-century American Episcopal priests
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609:
579:. Edited with Binder, Rudolph Michael;
555:. New York: Commercial Printing House.
534:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1897.
287:Bliss’s thoughts on Christian Socialism
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651:. New York: Facts on File. p. 49.
583:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1908.
432:
1318:An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church
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1181:Armentrout & Slocum 2000, p. 92.
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1025:The Early Days of Christian Socialism
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764:An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church
576:The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform
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1339:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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524:. Boston: Church Social Union. 1896.
516:. Boston: Church Social Union. 1895.
348:and economic revolution in America.
487:. Boston: Office of the Dawn. 1894.
477:. Boston: Office of the Dawn. 1894.
469:. Boston: Office of the Dawn. 1894.
427:Socialism in the Church of England
404:soldiers interned in Switzerland.
283:, where he served for four years.
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1245:The encyclopedia of social reform
531:The Encyclopedia of Social Reform
475:Objections to Christian Socialism
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1527:. New York: Carlson Publishing.
1263:. New York: Octagon. p. 97.
139:Episcopal Church (United States)
1523:Markwell, Bernard Kent (1991).
1320:. New York: Church Publishing.
568:Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor
334:Society of Christian Socialists
228:Religious and social influences
1352:. New York: Octagon Books inc.
1:
1619:American Christian socialists
1242:Bliss, William D. P. (1897).
556:
345:Encyclopedia of Social Reform
218:Hartford Theological Seminary
151:
102:Hartford Theological Seminary
1514:Frederick, Peter J. (1976).
1482:Woolverton, John F. (2005).
549:. San Francisco: Rembaugh. .
459:The Communism of John Ruskin
450:What Is Christian Socialism?
179:(1856–1926) was an American
647:Eisenach, Eldon J. (2000).
632:Armentrout, Donald (2000).
467:What Christian Socialism Is
384:In 1914, Bliss traveled to
177:William Dwight Porter Bliss
28:William Dwight Porter Bliss
1670:
1430:Phillips, Paul T. (1996).
1344:Dombrowski, James (1966).
1021:Dombrowski, James (1966).
380:Final public service years
208:there. He was educated at
1259:Dobrowski, James (1966).
1224:Dobrowski, James (1966).
1191:Dobrowski, James (1966).
1044:Dobrowksi, James (1966).
1006:Dobrowski, James (1966).
991:Dobrowski, James (1966).
706:Dobrowski, James (1966).
669:Dobrowski, James (1966).
251:Frederick Denison Maurice
210:Phillips Academy, Andover
170:
110:
1644:Hartford Seminary alumni
1649:Phillips Academy alumni
748:: 14 – via JSTOR.
729:: 35 – via JSTOR.
692:: 13 – via JSTOR.
594:William Reed Huntington
505:A Handbook of Socialism
462:. Editor. Boston. 1891.
281:Church of the Carpenter
163:1887 (Episcopal priest)
160:1886 (Episcopal deacon)
1629:Amherst College alumni
396:, Bliss ministered to
328:as a candidate of the
324:In 1887 Bliss ran for
206:Christian missionaries
1335:Burns, David (2013).
617:Burns, David (2013).
522:American Trade Unions
222:Hartford, Connecticut
1357:Dorn, Jacob (1998).
1206:Dorn, Jacob (1998).
1167:Dorn, Jacob (1998).
1102:Dorn, Jacob (1998).
798:Dorn, Jacob (1998).
185:Christian socialists
1654:Writers from Boston
1634:Anglican socialists
581:Gaston, Edward Page
374:Christian Socialist
258:Christian socialism
157:(Congregationalist)
1534:978-0-926019-26-3
1445:978-0-271-04383-8
1422:978-1-4381-3020-0
1327:978-0-89869-701-8
1308:978-0-313-29649-9
388:to work with the
296:Scholarly dispute
262:industrialization
239:Congregationalist
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24:The Reverend
1604:1926 deaths
1599:1856 births
1461:(1): 9–39.
560: 1900
386:Switzerland
330:Labor Party
155: 1882
82:Nationality
1593:Categories
600:References
216:, and the
192:Early life
40:1856-08-20
1583:Socialism
1571:Biography
1467:2377-5289
1404:154775272
1388:1755-2613
1154:154775272
1089:154775272
978:154775272
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772:cite book
605:Footnotes
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497:152425588
435:cite book
181:Episcopal
1475:42972716
588:See also
353:The Dawn
338:The Dawn
145:Ordained
128:Anglican
115:Religion
85:American
74:New York
1545:Portals
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831:JSTOR
420:Works
126:
1529:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1463:ISSN
1440:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1384:ISSN
1322:ISBN
1303:ISBN
778:link
536:OCLC
493:OCLC
441:link
400:and
390:YMCA
264:and
76:, US
59:Died
34:Born
1376:doi
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