465:'s using that agency power to enrich himself and his family. For example, in 1727 King Carter himself patented 11,000 acres in 1727, another 19,000 in 1729, and his sons George took grants for 6,243 acres in and Landon Carter took grants for 14,419 acres in June 1731. Moreover, Thomas Lord Fairfax visited the Virginia colony in 1737 to secure a survey to determine the proprietary's boundaries, then returned to England to argue his case before the Privy Council, despite conflicting land grants and over the opposition of several of the colony's leaders. In 1739, Lord Fairfax granted William Fairfax the power to make land grants, after reserving for his own use 12,588 acres on the Potomac River near the Great Falls (which contained mineral deposits and after William Fairfax had confirmed that claim by obtaining a survey). William Fairfax then started to build his legacy, albeit not as boldly as had King Carter. He granted an adjacent 5,560 acres to John Colville, who in turn granted that land to William Fairfax. Catesby Cocke, who had begun as clerk of Stafford County in 1728 and who became the Prince William County clerk in 1738 (and would become the first Fairfax County Clerk in 1742) in May 1739 acquired 13,089 acres in 18 separate grants from William Fairfax. From 1738 to 1741, William Fairfax and his second wife Deborah Clark lived along the lower Potomac River. He picked out a site for a home overlooking the river adjacent to the Washington family's estate, which was later known as
37:
534:. As such, he was entitled to be called a "Virginia colonel." This county rank was largely honorary and carried no pay or benefits, and did not extend to a higher echelon. Formally, the entire Virginia colonial militia fell under command of the resident governor, as colonel. Day-to-day command of the militia was exercised by the Adjutant (at the rank of major). But, at the county-level, all the local militia officers adopted a separate "colonel-major-captain-lieutenant" rank structure for use at the local level.
357:
410:(80 guns). In 1745 Washington took Green to court over his actions with Anne Fairfax; he and the senior Fairfax tried to have the priest deposed for the scandal, but were unsuccessful. Green rallied support in the county, and the trial was aborted. Lawrence and Anne Washington had four children together. Only one, a daughter Sarah, survived to inherit that estate upon Lawrence's death in 1752. The widow remarried, to George Lee. Her sister Sarah married
508:
slaves, or about the same number as Daniel French Jr., Catesby Cocke, Gedney Clark (a clerk in
Barbadoes who was this man's brother-in-law), or Henry Fitzhug Jr. The largest slaveowner by far was Thomas Lee Jr. (with 122 slaves), and the second largest was William Fitzhugh Jr., with John Colvil and Lawrence Washington also owning about twice as many slaves as Lord Fairfax, and this man not even making the list (of men owning 20 slaves or more).
348:, and learning of the vast personal wealth Carter had amassed, Lord Fairfax decided to place a trusted member of the family in charge of his 5-million-acre (20,000 km) Northern Neck proprietary. He arranged for William Fairfax to be transferred from Massachusetts to Virginia, to be assigned as that colony's customs collector for the Potomac River and to act as his land agent.
496:. Despite the grandeur of their surroundings and the refinement of their furnishings, planters such as the Fairfaxes, Masons, McCartys, and Washingtons did not lead indolent lives. Conscious of their civic duty and of the elite class, they were the political, social, economic, and religious leaders of their immediate neighborhood and of the colony at large.
394:. At age 25 in 1742, Washington had recently returned to Virginia from two years at war in the Caribbean. Washington was appointed Adjutant (commander) of the Virginia militia, at the colonial rank of major. In the spring of 1743, the young Anne disclosed to her parents that she had been sexually molested by Charles Green, the Anglican priest of
499:
In 1741, William
Fairfax was elected a member of the House of Burgesses representing then-vast Prince William County, and traveled to Williamsburg early in the new year. He introduced the bill that created Fairfax County as a separate political jurisdiction in 1742 (carved out of the northern portion
507:
At the same time, he managed his own large properties throughout
Fairfax County and served as the land agent for his cousin, Lord Fairfax. Thus, William Fairfax managed the Northern Neck estate until his death in 1757. In 1747, Thomas, Lord Fairfax was one of the area's largest slaveholders, with 30
425:
William
Fairfax's first two sons by his second wife both died in combat while serving the Crown: Thomas (1726–1746) was killed in action on 25 June 1746 (Old Style) against the French Navy off the coast of India, aged about 20, while serving as a newly enrolled midshipman in the Royal Navy aboard
484:
artifacts found at
Belvoir Manor attest to the elegant lifestyle enjoyed by the Fairfax family. The mansion, described in a 1774 rental notice, was spacious and well-appointed. Its furnishings consisted of "tables, chairs, and every other necessary article ... very elegant." The Fairfaxes had
514:
Fairfax resigned his position as
Burgess when he was appointed to the Governor's Council, the upper chamber of the Virginia General Assembly. He rose to become President of the Governor's Council in Williamsburg, a position equivalent to today's
500:
of Prince
William County, and probably named for Thomas, Lord Fairfax). John Colville would succeed William Fairfax as one of the Prince William representatives for the remainder of the long assembly session (that lasted through 1747) and
398:. Surviving court documents suggest Lawrence Washington may have been staying with the Fairfax family at Belvoir before the marriage, awaiting the completion of his new home at nearby Little Hunting Creek. Washington named his home
527:, in 1753. New York and Virginia officials worked to gain agreement with the Iroquois to allow passage and settlement of colonists in the Shenandoah Valley, which had been an area of their warring with southern Indians.
504:
would become one of
Fairfax County's new burgesses. William Fairfax subsequently served as presiding Justice of the County Court, and as County Lieutenant, the county's chief law-enforcement officer.
577:
to look after the estate and put it up for rent. However, in 1783, the unoccupied mansion was destroyed by fire. Rev. Bryan
Fairfax also eventually sailed to England to secure his inheritance.
321:. He served as governor of the Bahamas after Rogers' departure. However, the despite marrying, climate did not agree with him, so in 1725 he secured an appointment as customs collector at
1363:
269:
was created. Appointed to the
Governor's Council, he rose to become its president (effectively the colony's lieutenant governor). Fairfax also commissioned the construction of his
492:, the first member of the British nobility to reside in the colonies, lived at Belvoir briefly, in 1747. He then moved to the Shenandoah Valley and established an estate at
293:. His elder brother was in line to inherit the title. The family also included a daughter, Mary Fairfax, who married this brother's friend William Philip Warder in 1730.
562:
of 3,250 acres (13.2 km) and 1,100 acres (4.5 km) to his daughter Hannah. George William Fairfax and his wife Sally Cary, both members of became known as the
438:. The youngest son, Bryan Fairfax became an Anglican priest and would return to England to claim his inheritance, the title of Lord Fairfax of Cameron from his cousin
344:, Lord Fairfax used a succession of land agents to manage his vast Virginia property. As discussed below, upon reading the 1732 obituary of his last resident agent,
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1247:
731:
Nan Netherton, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricial Hickin, Patrick Reed, Fairfax County, Virginia: a History (Fairfax County Board of Supervisors 1978) p. 15
511:
Fairfax became George Washington's patron and surrogate father, and Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.
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to construct parts of Belvoir and other projects, and his friend may have also served in the long session of the House of Burgesses discussed below.
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406:, under whom he has served for two years as "Captain of the Soldiers acting as Marines" of the American Regiment, aboard the admiral's flagship
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454:. The governor's Council appointed him to the Westmoreland County Court in 1734, to the King George County Court in 1737, and to the
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249:
In the Virginia Colony, Fairfax acted as a land agent for his cousin's vast holdings in the colony's northeast corner, known as the
386:
The widower Fairfax then married Deborah Clarke, of Marblehead. Together they had three sons: Thomas, William Henry ("Billy") and
379:, followed by a daughter Anne (discussed below) and another daughter Sarah before Mrs. Sarah Fairfax died on January 21, 1731, in
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430:(50 guns). Lieutenant William Henry "Billy" Fairfax died of wounds received during the British Army's capture of
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771:
Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 16190-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978), p. 79
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in 1972, and were subsequently excavated by high school students and professional archeologists engaged by the
493:
390:, and a daughter Hannah. In June 1743, the eldest Fairfax daughter, Anne (then aged 15) was hastily married to
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254:
69:
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Fairfax lacked authority to issue land grants for the proprietary because Thomas Lord Fairfax had learned of
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As the senior colonial official in Fairfax County, William Fairfax was nominally in command of the county's
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under his kinsman, Capt. Fairfax, as well as in the army in Spain. Sailing to the English colonies in the
206:
1332:
686:"Major Lawrence Washington versus the Reverend Charles Green: A Case Study of the Squire and the Parson"
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473:. He and his descendants lived there for the next 32 years. He commissioned master carpenter
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469:. Fairfax commissioned a two-story brick home, which was completed in 1741 and named
422:; they had no children, but would inherit the main estate, Belvoir, discussed below.
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1302:
900:
Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution
596:, whose national headquarters is now on the estate once administered from Belvoir.
519:. In this position, he represented the colony at an important conference with the
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Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915) vol. 1, p. 156
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disrupted society. George William Fairfax wrote his good friend and neighbor
488:
Prominent citizens of the colony, including Washington, visited frequently.
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286:
569:
In 1773, they sailed to England on business and never returned after the
418:. Meanwhile, William Fairfax's eldest son George William Fairfax married
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235:
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685:
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987:(Leeds Castle Foundation: 1992), "Part II: The Virginia Proprietary".
431:
142:
289:
in 1691, the second son of Henry Fairfax (d. 1708) and grandson of
355:
997:
542:
In his will of 1757, Fairfax left Belvoir and his plantation of
1001:
485:
imported ceramics from Europe and China to grace their tables.
230:
in several colonies as well as a planter and politician in the
648:. Duke University Libraries. London : Saunders and Otley.
787:. New York Public Library. New York, The Knickerbocker press.
371:– January 21, 1731), the daughter of a former justice of the
375:
and acting deputy governor of the Bahamas. They had a son,
784:
An historic sketch of the two Fairfax families in Virginia
546:, containing 1,400 acres (5.7 km), to his eldest son
781:
Cartmell, T. K. (Thomas Kemp); Fairfax, Lindsay (1913).
751:"The Eighteenth Century: Fairfax County's "Golden Age""
940:"The Eighteenth Century:Fairfax County's "Golden Age""
265:
within the proprietary, which he helped split so that
554:, with 5,500 acres (22 km), to his youngest son
246:, before being reassigned to the Colony of Virginia.
992:
Virginia Baron: The Story of Thomas 6th Lord Fairfax
966:. Dept. of the Army U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Belvoir
946:. Dept. of the Army U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Belvoir
926:. Dept. of the Army U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Belvoir
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277:in what became Fairfax County to honor his family.
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27:
897:
871:
1059:Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron
994:(Chesapeake Book Company: Berryville, VA: 1965)
1248:Nicholas Fairfax, 14th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
690:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
364:In the Bahamas, Fairfax married Sarah Walker (
1364:English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
1013:
645:The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage
226:(1691–1757) was a political appointee of the
8:
1232:Thomas Fairfax, 13th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1216:Albert Fairfax, 12th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
580:British cannonballs fired from ships in the
336:inherited an extensive grant of land on the
234:. Fairfax served as Collector of Customs in
16:For other people named William Fairfax, see
1169:Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1127:Robert Fairfax, 7th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1122:Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1106:Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1080:Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1043:Thomas Fairfax, 1st Lord Fairfax of Cameron
679:
677:
675:
673:
566:, lived at Belvoir. They had no children.
490:Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
440:Robert Fairfax, 7th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
334:Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
285:Fairfax was born in London and baptized in
1200:John Fairfax, 11th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1153:Bryan Fairfax, 8th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1085:Henry Fairfax, 4th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1020:
1006:
998:
584:completed Belvoir's demolition during the
291:Henry Fairfax, 4th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
35:
24:
309:, Fairfax served as the Customs agent in
985:History of Leeds Castle and Its Families
588:. However, the ruins were placed on the
810:
806:
605:
194:Henry Fairfax and Anne Harrison Fairfax
611:
609:
594:United States Army Corps of Engineers
590:National Register for Historic Places
7:
1379:People from Fairfax County, Virginia
920:"Belvoir in the Seventeenth Century"
340:of Virginia. Residing in England in
257:himself, Fairfax was elected to the
238:, Chief Justice and governor of the
960:"Belvoir in the Antebellum Period"
14:
301:As a young man, he served in the
833:"Courts and Legal | Topics"
622:Dictionary of Virginia Biography
48:Member of the Governor's Council
18:William Fairfax (disambiguation)
360:Coat of Arms of William Fairfax
74:Prince William County, Virginia
1389:18th-century American planters
332:Meanwhile, his titled cousin,
1:
365:
59:16 April 1744 – 1757
684:Henriques, Peter R. (1992).
904:. Oxford University Press.
450:Fairfax initially lived in
446:Life in the Virginia colony
1415:
1384:House of Burgesses members
571:American Revolutionary War
564:First Families of Virginia
550:. He left his plantation
145:, Kingdom of Great Britain
15:
1399:Tobacco plantation owners
1262:Fairfax family residences
1256:
381:Marblehead, Massachusetts
251:Northern Neck Proprietary
244:Marblehead, Massachusetts
217:
202:Midshipman Thomas Fairfax
120:
79:
52:
43:
34:
434:in fall 1759 during the
313:and as Chief Justice of
1195:Charles Snowdon Fairfax
990:Brown, Stuart E., Jr.,
979:Will of William Fairfax
480:Historic documents and
242:; and Customs agent in
1190:Donald McNeill Fairfax
1148:George William Fairfax
983:Cleggett, David A.H.,
642:Lodge, Edmund (1838).
548:George William Fairfax
377:George William Fairfax
361:
207:George William Fairfax
964:Historic Fort Belvoir
944:Historic Fort Belvoir
924:Historic Fort Belvoir
870:Chernow, Ron (2010).
856:Netherton pp. 686-687
837:www.fairfaxcounty.gov
740:Netherton pp. 5-6, 17
456:Prince William County
408:HMS Princess Caroline
359:
88:Serving with
1374:English slave owners
1298:Lee-Longsworth House
753:. United States Army
521:Iroquois Confederacy
373:Vice admiralty court
346:Robert "King" Carter
327:Salem, Massachusetts
1225:Eleventh generation
809:, pp. 10, 19;
517:Lieutenant Governor
502:Lawrence Washington
452:Westmoreland County
402:, to honor Admiral
392:Lawrence Washington
352:Marriage and family
263:King William County
90:Lawrence Washington
1394:People from London
1241:Twelfth generation
1174:Ferdinando Fairfax
1162:Seventh generation
874:Washington: A Life
558:; he left land in
362:
259:House of Burgesses
232:Colony of Virginia
177:unknown first wife
164:Colony of Virginia
66:House of Burgesses
1341:
1340:
1099:Fourth generation
1052:Second generation
911:978-0-19-513409-4
885:978-1-59420-266-7
878:. Penguin Press.
813:, pp. 14–15.
618:"William Fairfax"
575:George Washington
475:Richard Blackburn
253:. Also a tobacco
221:
220:
204:Lt. Billy Fairfax
166:, British America
157:(aged 65–66)
1406:
1264:
1209:Tenth generation
1183:Ninth generation
1141:Sixth generation
1115:Fifth generation
1073:Third generation
1036:First generation
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538:Death and legacy
525:Albany, New York
436:Seven Years' War
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125:Personal details
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103:Valentine Peyton
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552:Towlston Grange
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458:Court in 1741.
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696:(2): 233–264.
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180:Sarah Walker
155:(1757-00-00)
110:Succeeded by
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1359:1757 deaths
1354:1691 births
1318:Nunappleton
1313:Mount Eagle
1308:Leesylvania
1283:Denton Hall
757:11 February
627:15 November
586:War of 1812
544:Springfield
463:King Carter
428:HMS Harwich
369: 1700
315:the Bahamas
98:Preceded by
1348:Categories
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600:References
420:Sally Cary
412:Alexandria
323:Marblehead
303:Royal Navy
281:Early life
271:plantation
1268:Ash Grove
842:3 October
702:0042-6636
414:merchant
307:Caribbean
287:Yorkshire
199:Relatives
191:Parent(s)
86:1742–1744
82:In office
55:In office
1333:Vaucluse
1323:Oak Hill
896:(2002).
722:Ragsdale
311:Barbados
236:Barbados
1273:Belvoir
864:Sources
710:4249277
532:militia
275:Belvoir
273:called
255:planter
240:Bahamas
171:Spouses
160:Fairfax
135: (
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432:Quebec
317:under
213:(sons)
143:London
706:JSTOR
388:Bryan
972:2008
952:2008
932:2008
906:ISBN
880:ISBN
844:2022
759:2016
698:ISSN
629:2021
325:and
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72:and
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