William Leonard Higgitt - Knowledge (XXG)

607:

such events to transpire. Simultaneously, critique was also turned toward the Mounties' increasing use of electronic surveillance in the name of 'public safety'. The conflicting interests, then, against the backdrop of ongoing socio-cultural change in Canada, demanded close analysis. The October Crisis and the use of the War Measures Act led to an official critical review of the security and intelligence situation in Canada called the Royal Commission on Security, chaired by Maxwell Mackenzie. Higgitt was questioned, in 1971, by Mackenzie and a House of Commons committee regarding what he knew about the RCMP's law-bending or law-violating methods in intelligence gathering. Higgitt denied having any knowledge of RCMP officers' wiretapping and unlawful break-ins, and the Royal Commission inquiry ultimately produced no evidence that he did know. Globe and Mail journalist Jeff Sallot drew this conclusion: "A trim man even in his fifties, he looked every inch the policeman who had risen to the top because of his intelligence, dedication, and honest hard work. His sharp facial features betrayed no hint that he knew about skeletons in the closet. But in thirty-six years with the force he had learned a lot, especially about how to keep secrets".

594:

tough, very precise, and equally persistent." On October 13, 1970, Trudeau famously told CBC reporter Tim Ralfe, "Well, just watch me", after Ralfe questioned Trudeau on how far he would go in the suspension of civil liberties to maintain order. A day later, in a confidential Ottawa meeting with Trudeau, Deputy Minister of Justice Don Maxwell, and Lieutenant General Michael Dare, Higgitt argued against the Act's use; telling Trudeau it would be a heavy-handed overstep. Higgitt warned that a broad sweep and preventative detention of suspects in Quebec was not likely to lead to the abductors of the Deputy Premier, Pierre Laporte, and the British Trade Commissioner, James Cross, and that " ought not to be allowed to over-rule calmer reaction at the federal level." Only Maxwell agreed with Higgitt. According to security and intelligence scholar, Reg Whitaker, Trudeau and his cabinet deliberately exaggerated the crisis to obtain emergency powers to intimidate Quebec separatists. Trudeau cabinet minister, Don Jamieson, recalled that Higgitt confirmed that the War Measures Act had produced nothing of any consequence to the RCMP's investigations.

316:

threats believed to have been posed by these groups, ensured that the RCMP would carry out of the War an enhanced prestige within the Canadian state and some surety of a continued pre-eminent role in security intelligence in the postwar era. Higgitt remained a key figure in the RCMP's Cold War era security intelligence operations. By the end of World War II, it had become clear that though the Nazi presence in Canada was largely subdued, a Soviet spy ring was operating from the rear wing of the Russian Embassy in Ottawa. A Red Army officer at the Embassy, Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk trained in intelligence work, defected to the RCMP. Gouzenko's briefcase, containing Russian-language cablegrams and copied secret Canadian Government papers, secretly given over to Higgitt and the Intelligence Branch, showed that the Russians had details of matters that only Britain and Canada should have known. Gouzenko's defection was one of the principle catalysts for the rise of the Cold War; obliging Western governments, including Canada, to maintain and even intensify their undercover work.

263:

profession". Interviewed in 1972 by the Winnipeg Free Press, Higgitt said that as a youth he was struck by the dedication RCMP officers seemed to display in coping with the problems and hardships brought on by the Depression: "It wasn't just a matter of enforcing the law. It was a question of helping anyone who was in need. And no one who didn't live through that era can really appreciate what the needs were." After graduating from high school in 1937, at the age of nineteen, and two years before World War II began, Higgitt joined the RCMP at Regina, Saskatchewan, as a sub-constable; a rank later discontinued by the force. In Regina he completed recruit training, winning a medal for marksmanship, and became a stenographer at "F" Division headquarters. In 1937, Higgitt's was the first voice of a Mountie to be heard on the open airwaves, as police cars at the time were not yet equipped with two-way radios and it was necessary for Mounties to use commercial radio stations to send bulletins, including descriptions of wanted men, to detachment personnel twice daily.

325:

they have to request, or at least feel they should request, rather unusual courses of action by our field personnel well knowing that by complying with the request the investigator may be seriously jeopardizing their own futures in the Force if through bad luck or human error their operations are discovered by those persons against whom they are directing the investigation. Such discovery could lead to most embarrassing incidents and possibly legal action against the members concerned. It is to be hoped that some official notice can be taken of this situation and some overall directive laid down for guidance. Again it is to be stressed that extraordinary measures and methods must be used if we are to effectively cope with extraordinary situations. To some extent the axiom of 'the end justifies the means' is very true in Counter-Espionage operations but the personal risk to the operating members must be recognized before they can be expected to extend themselves in connection to these matters.

459:

Chinese Communist presence in Canada would indeed require heightened police vigilance; an answer which displeased Trudeau, who had pressed hard for Canada-China negotiations and a diplomatic exchange between Ottawa and Beijing. Higgitt's opinion was that the presence of a Communist Chinese embassy in Ottawa would increase espionage activity in Canada, even if diplomatic links might outweigh those disadvantages. For many American security officials, this was putting it mildly, as they anticipated that Chinese spies in Canada would be gathering information not so much about Canada as the United States. In this first interview Higgitt was also asked about political movements and political protesting on the domestic front. His stated belief was that anybody has a perfect right to get up on a street corner and advocate a change in government, and the police should only intervene when dissenters resort to subversive tactics.

255:, in 1917, to Percy Higgitt and May Higgitt (née Hall), and grew up in Anerley during the Depression years of the 1930s. Being born the same day that his uncle, Lennie Higgitt, died in World War I, he was given the name William Leonard, and was subsequently known as "Len" Higgitt by acquaintances throughout his life. Percy Higgitt's family traces their roots to Sheffield, Yorkshire, and May Hall to Boston, Lincolnshire. Percy immigrated to Saskatchewan in 1908, meeting May Hall there and starting a farm. Percy gave up his struggling farm when Leonard was four to be an Imperial Oil agent and grain buyer for the Canadian Consolidated Grain Company; later taking over the lone general store and post office in Anerley, which he operated for over forty years. Percy also provided municipal public service in various capacities. After primary schooling, Leonard Higgitt went to high school at 577:

1981 report of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the Trudeau government at the time believed that French intelligence agents in Quebec were funneling money to pro-separatist groups. In June 1970, a bomb had gone off at National Defense Headquarters in Ottawa, killing telecommunications operator Jeanne d'Arc Saint- Germain. The bombing was attributed to the FLQ. Other bombings in Montreal over the month of July increased the pressure on the RCMP to bring to justice those responsible and to identify their supporters. The CBC said that in the fall of 1970, Trudeau met with Higgitt and John Starnes, and approved plans for spying on French diplomats. Trudeau was said to have told Higgitt and Starnes that he would deny any knowledge of the operation if it was ever discovered.

446:

RCMP feats." The Calgary Herald said that Higgitt and the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover have many things in common: "They are relentless civil police officers. They seldom put themselves in public view. And they have reputations for being hard to get to know". Higgitt continued his duties as Commissioner on a one-year extension granted by Canada's Solicitor-General. Upon his promotion to Commissioner, Higgitt told The Los Angeles Times, "I believe Canada has the greatest, most efficient and most human police force in the world". Following his appointment as Commissioner, Higgitt was unanimously elected a vice-president of Interpol, and he received a tipstaff at the 65th annual conference of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, London, Ontario.

376:, an arm of the RCMP that had responsibility for domestic intelligence and security in Canada. While officer in charge of the counterespionage section, Higgitt, along with his colleagues in allied nations, did not believe that security screening at border crossings was alone proof against the penetration into Canada of Communist Bloc spies. As Higgitt wrote to his superiors in 1952, "We feel a person who has been sent to Canada as a Soviet agent, is not likely to be one whose background, upon enquiry, will show any unusual or suspicious circumstances, but will undoubtedly be a person whose background has been well prepared so that nothing abnormal will become visible from even the closest scrutiny." 300: 631:, Indian Association of Alberta. As many Canadian news media outlets of the time reported, Ahenakew went off program after presenting the Queen with a peace-pipe and affirming the Indigenous Peoples of Saskatchewan's ongoing faithfulness to her and the treaties made between Indians and the Canadian Government: Ahenakew told the Queen and Higgitt that Indigenous Peoples "have been prisoners under the yoke of dependency imposed by the Government", and that "over the years some of your representatives have not respected their commitments". Higgitt also met with Chief Joe Crowfoot, 77-year-old member of the Blackfoot tribe at Cluny, Alberta, and grandson of Chief 396:

as coastlines and general topography throughout Eastern Canada. Two months later, in a secret December 1957 meeting at an Ottawa hotel, Higgitt discovered that Soviet agents had been attempting to recruit members of Higgitt's counterespionage unit responsible for surveillance of Soviet-bloc Embassy personnel in Ottawa. Higgitt was subsequently involved in the investigations of KGB agents Rem Krasilnikov and Nikolai Ostrovsky. He was also involved in the coordination of Operation Keystone related to the double-agent Brik, codenamed Gideon, whose whereabouts had become unknown after Brik's rendezvous in Moscow with British SIS officer

602:

philosophical concepts that were a hallmark of various Trudeau administrations, preferring pragmatic, straightforward approaches to solutions. Although he could be articulate what he said usually was couched in unadorned, even blunt, language. Len Higgitt sometimes gave the impression of being a simple man, but he was not. He had an undeveloped natural subtleness of mind that many of his detractors failed to perceive and take into account. He never adapted to the trendy phrases and catchy "buzz words" then much in vogue in the bureaucracy. As a consequence, what he said was sometimes discounted by his peers, and by some ministers.

699:

Kenneth S. Giannoules of the United States Secret Service to discuss Interpol's Narcotics Intelligence Program. Higgitt also sought to keep politics out of Interpol, telling the 45th Annual General Assembly of Interpol in Accra, Ghana, that Interpol operated under no racial discrimination nor political influence. Likewise, Higgitt told the London Sunday Times in 1974 that if Interpol became a political body like the United Nations, debating definitions of terrorism, it would find itself increasingly unsuccessful in its intelligence-gathering operations and eventually break apart. This statement came in the wake of the

388:, Canada's largest urban center at the time, to take charge of the RCMP's Montreal Subdivision and supervise the RCMP's investigation and enforcement of the Canada Customs Act. Higgitt stayed in Montreal for three years. He was the personal escort to Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and her daughter Princess Alexandra during their visit to Quebec, including the Laurentians, in 1954, and went on to receive additional intensive training in undercover and surveillance operations by the RCMP in 1955. He was next posted to the RCMP's Security and Intelligence at RCMP Headquarters in Ottawa in 1957, the year Soviet spy 663:: Chief Leo Pretty Young Man of the Blackfoot Band, Chief Gordon Crowchild of the Sarcee Band, Chief John Snow of the Wesley Band, and Chief Frank Kaquitts of the Chiniquay Band. In her address to Higgitt and the assembled Chiefs, Alberta Indian Princess Jenny Fox said: "I'm very happy to see so many people down here to honor the RCMP and new members of the Kainai Chieftainship. In spite of all the criticism and unfairness that some people give to the RCMP, we have to admit one thing, and that is that they have given us one of the most important things in our society today, that which is law and order". 708:

Higgitt appeared before the Committee on May 29, 1973, to testify. He denied that the RCMP engaged in wiretapping surveillance practices, even though suspicion about the RCMP had prompted Turner to propose Criminal Code amendments which would outlaw all forms of electronic eavesdropping, except by police, who would be required to obtain a search warrant either from a judge in criminal cases or the solicitor-general in national security cases. There was no indication that Higgitt knew at the time of his testifying that the RCMP's Criminal Investigations Branch had used or was using wiretapping.

312:, interning four hundred Nazis. When Soviet Russia entered the war, more than one hundred Communists were interned at Hull, Quebec. Higgitt and his RCMP superiors advised the Canadian Federal Government that Japanese Canadians, for their part, posed relatively little threat as a supposed 'fifth column' of spies and saboteurs. Subsequently, the Government, not believing the RCMP, took the responsibility for evacuating coastal Japanese Canadians to interior British Columbia out of the Mounties' hands and gave it to the BC Security Commission, and in turn, by 1943, to the Department of Labour. 442:

Pierre Elliot Trudeau, on October 1, 1969. This was the RCMP's fourteenth commissioner. Upon his appointment, at the height of the Cold War, The New York Times described Higgitt as being "in the tradition of quiet‐spoken, approachable but tough headed men who hardly ever, by word or deed, draw attention to themselves". This made sense given Higgitt's background in intelligence and counterintelligence going all the way back to WWII: " talked about communist spies like they were the boy next door, implying that he knew them and their methods so well that they can hardly surprise him".

517: 590:

pattern of intelligence targeting of Quebec separatism by the Security Service, which blew up in the face of the government with a series of public scandals of RCMP "wrongdoing"—actions that went beyond lawful limits or were seriously questionable from the standpoint of liberal democratic ethics. Whitaker summarizes the situation like this: In effect, the government blamed the RCMP for originally not doing enough, then later blamed the RCMP for going too far, then took matters into their own hands with the War Measures Act.

417:

order, "Get Klochko, to the KGB's 13th Department. Higgitt remained in Europe for three years, travelling extensively and working closely with police organizations and intelligence agencies throughout the continent. In 1961, while stationed in London, he established RCMP connections in The Hague, Cologne, Rome, Brussels, Malmö, at Interpol in Copenhagen with Danish Minister of Justice, and at NATO headquarters in Paris. In 1962, worked with Interpol in Madrid, and in 1963 in Helsinki. Higgitt made regular visits to

228:

change in Canada, including the Quebec nationalist movement and first-ever diplomatic negotiations in Stockholm between Canada and Communist China. Higgitt's time as Commissioner was marked by his efforts to balance a traditional view of the Mounties in the eye of the public, and a trust in the RCMP attending that view, with more modern, high-tech, and legally complex policing methods, including surveillance and data-gathering practices that found the RCMP facing increasing media and judicial scrutiny.

455:

with the FBI in the United States, processing in seconds information on criminal activity—stolen cars and fugitives—that had formerly taken days. This all came at a time of increasingly tense domestic and global Cold War politics, and indeed in the midst of increasing mutual assistance between the FBI and the RCMP with security information about individuals in both countries apparently conducting subversive or espionage operations with American and/or Canadian significance.

615:), effectively creating a separation of domestic policing and foreign intelligence in Canada similar to the distinction between the FBI and the CIA in the United States. In an address to the Security Panel (a senior interdepartmental committee of officials), Higgitt termed the recommendation for a separate civilian intelligence service "a travesty of justice," and added that "the Soviet Intelligence would be jubilant. They could never hope to duplicate the accomplishment". 42: 508:

and SIS, and meet with leaders of Britain's intelligence community. Priorities for Higgitt and Starnes were separatism and the close international connections that tied revolutionary groups from Cuba to Europe to the Middle East. In the first part of 1970 the police foiled two kidnapping attempts, first against an Israeli consul and then against the US consul in Montreal. Tensions between the RCMP and the Trudeau Government regarding Maoist China continued as well.

267: 733:

Mountie bugler played the Last Post, a troop of scarlet-clad fellow officers and a small gathering of family and friends paid their last respects to a man known by many as a great Canadian". During his eulogy in the RCMP Chapel, Regina, Assistant Commissioner Cortlandt Macdonell praised his former commanding officer as the man who set the standard for his fellow Mounties. "His indeed was a lifetime dedicated not only to the people of Canada but to democracy".

647: 438:

nationalists, coupled with revolutionary and militant support from organizations in Canada sympathetic to the Negroes' cause, could very well result in racial violence in Halifax and other centres in Canada having Negro communities". Community leaders in Halifax expressed concern that this worry, and the surveillance activities it induced, were discriminatory and meant to actually suppress the civil rights movement as opposed to keeping the peace.

235:) engaged in a series of urban bombings and also kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross. These events represented what was perhaps the most serious threat to national security in the history of Canada, and they also saw then Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, to the objection of Higgitt, invoke the War Measures Act, the first time in Canadian history that the Act was invoked during peacetime. 725:, had discussed with Cabinet Ministers, including Turner and other senior Canadian Government officials, the possibility of surveilling foreign agents via electronic eavesdropping, and of similar intelligence-gathering methods in the wake of the bombings during the FLQ crisis. Higgitt maintained that his "political masters" in Ottawa had given their implied consent to the use of wiretapping and other forms of electronic surveillance. 483:

this was not so. "We have conducted no interviews on the FBI's behalf. If the FBI asks if someone is in Canada, we tell them yes or no. After all, they have committed a criminal offence under US law, so this is straight cooperation between police forces. We ask the same from them. But we don't even give the draft dodger's addresses in Canada, only whether they are in the country. William W. Turner, former FBI agent and author of

499:

indicated that they would use the Nixon visit as a peg for demonstrations on Parliament Hill against the Vietnam conflict and US economic doctrines. The question of who was to run the security show during the presidential visit to Canada was a sensitive one at the time because it touched upon Canadian sovereignty. White House Secret Service insisted that Higgitt and the RCMP were calling the shots, but the media disputed this.

581:

Cathedral, the McDonald Inquiry probed the "countering activities" Operation Oddball and Operation Checkmate undertaken by the RCMP Security Service's super-secret 'E Special' unit. When the McDonald Inquiry concluded in 1981, it was recommended that the RCMP's role in intelligence operations be limited, which ultimately resulted in the formation of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service three years later.

491: 487:, claimed that the RCMP were turning over US deserters to American border officials. Turner's remarks were televised on Weekend, a CBC news program. Higgitt denied the allegations the following day: "There is absolutely nothing like this going on. I saw the show... This is the first I've heard of it, and I don't believe it. It's the same old allegations made time after time after time." 275:

counter-intelligence. While assigned field investigations over the War years, Higgitt married a nurse, Evelyn Maude Pyke, of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, in 1944. He also played on the RCMP basketball team in the Ottawa YMCA Basketball league, and on the RCMP soccer team in the Ottawa and District Football Association league. He also represented the RCMP in marksmanship tournaments.

659:

Sides with an honorary RCMP Centenary Winchester Rifle in appreciation of the one hundred years of peaceful association between the Blood Tribe and the RCMP; pledging that the RCMP would continue to work in the service of the Kainai and the Blackfoot Confederacy. Centennial neck medallions were also given to other present-day Chiefs of the tribes involved in the signing of

425:, who was also head of the allied military mission to Berlin, which sought to collect intelligence on the Soviet military. Starnes eventually went on to become the Director of Canada's Security Service, replacing Higgitt in 1969 when Higgitt moved on from the head of the RCMP Security Service to take the job as head of the RCMP. 721:

that the force had burned a barn, stolen dynamite, issued a fake terrorist communique and taken Parti Quebecois membership lists—four of eleven areas of investigation by the Inquiry. In a follow-up testimony in 1980, Higgitt said that in his capacity as RCMP Commissioner, he and Director General of the RCMP's Security Service,

537:(APLQ), intervened to say an improper picture of relations with Communist countries shouldn't be developed, as relations are excellent. Goyer went on to defend the Mounties, maintaining that the RCMP was obliged to often engage in surveillance in order to gather intelligence on foreign and domestic subversive activity. MP 296:. Other such groups, and individuals sympathetic Nazism, remained underground. Higgitt was appointed Government advisor to the Commons Judicial Committee on Internment Operations, a committee set up to identify and mitigate potential security risks to Canada and the Allied effort against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. 695:

national policing organizations across the world. In 1972, at Interpol's 41st Plenary Meeting in Frankfurt, Higgitt was elected President of Interpol. This marked the first time a president from outside Europe was elected. Higgitt's first year as President of Interpol coincided with his final year as RCMP Commissioner.

658:

Higgitt was given the Blackfoot name "Great Chief" and was presented with a head-dress and peace pipe by Joe Chief Body, Bob Black Plume, and Blood Reserve war veteran Pat Eaglechild. In turn, Higgitt and Sgt. B. Thorstad, NCO in charge of the RCMP's Cardston Detachment, presented Chief Jim Shot Both

654:

In late July 1973, in Standoff, Alberta, Higgitt was honored with a Kainai Chieftainship by the Blood Indian Band on the Blood Reserve. The Canadian historian Pierre Berton was also given a Chieftainship at the same ceremony, and in Berton's autobiography Berton said it was one of the greatest honors

482:

and Chief Inspector William C. Sullivan at the FBI headquarters in Washington, in March 1970. Afterward, public criticism emerged that the RCMP, under Higgitt's leadership and acting for the American FBI, was harassing US draft dodgers and deserters seeking refuge in Canada. Higgitt told the UPI that

445:

Reader's Digest described "greying, magnetic" Higgitt as "a tough, 53-year-old lawman who worked his way up through the ranks. Higgitt rarely talks publicly about the RCMP, but he runs his 11,250-man organization with the kind of quiet devotion to duty that filled history books with stories of heroic

433:

Higgitt returned from London to Ottawa in 1963, ending his tenure as RCMP liaison with British Intelligence and taking the position of RCMP Security Service Superintendent. In 1967, Higgitt became RCMP Assistant Commissioner and Director of RCMP Security and Intelligence. In this dual role he worked

395:

In October 1957, at the 27th meeting of the Security Sub-Panel, Higgitt informed Canada's Privy Council that members of the Soviet Military Attache's Office were covertly engaged in making extensive photographic and other records of military, hydro-electric, radio and electronic installations as well

441:

In 1969, Higgitt was promoted to Deputy RCMP Commissioner and became Director of Operations for all Criminal and Security Service matters throughout Canada. He held this position for only twenty-two days before being appointed RCMP Commissioner, over several of his senior officers, by Prime Minister

437:

In the late 1960s, he was also worried about the potential for racial violence in Canada, particularly in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the presence there of radical US Black Panther members. In a secret report to the Government in 1968, Higgitt wrote that "The outside influence and support by US Black

416:

and, later, with Western Europe via the Canadian Delegation to the General Assemblies of Interpol. While in London, a Soviet scientist, Dr. Mikhail A. Klochko, defected to Canada, and shortly thereafter the RCMP Security Service learned that Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev had personally passed the

329:

As Whitaker has written, associated with this, as Higgitt realized, was another disturbing aspect of security intelligence work, especially counterespionage: the work could literally lie at the margins of life and death. "Running secret sources and double agents was a very risky business, especially

319:

But over the course of his career Higgitt, considering himself a police officer first, also showed consistent unease with paramilitary counterespionage operations that brushed against ethical and legal questions. In the early years of his career it seems Higgitt knew what he was facing, and was even

227:

made him the preferred choice as RCMP Commissioner at what was the height of the Cold War. Higgitt's tenure as Canada's top spy, first, and then as RCMP Commissioner, also coincided with the civil rights movement in the United States, which was part of a period of broader political unrest and social

716:

Commissioner Higgitt retired from Interpol in 1976; going on to serve for several years as president of Canada's Safety Council. In May 1978, Higgitt, promoting Child Safety Week, wrote "Whatever we offer to our children will be meaningless if we are unable to offer them the most important thing of

576:

declared a public order emergency in 2022. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between Canada and France were strained because of what was perceived as official French sympathy for those in Quebec who wanted to take the province out of the Canadian confederation. According to an August

498:

There was more tension with President Richard Nixon's visit to Ottawa in April 1972, which was only a month before Higgitt returned to Washington to attend Hoover's funeral. In October of the year prior Soviet Premier Alexei Kosykin was assaulted by a political protester, and a number of groups had

732:

on April 2, 1989, and was buried in the RCMP cemetery in Regina, Saskatchewan. He told the Winnipeg Free Press in 1972, "If I had it to do over again, I would do exactly the same thing I have done. And I wouldn't be the slightest bit concerned whether I ended up as Commissioner or not." "As a lone

720:

In October 1978, just after the Canadian Government expelled thirteen suspected Soviet spies from Ottawa, the largest diplomatic expulsion in Canadian history, Higgitt was called before the Royal Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the RCMP. Higgitt testified that he was unaware

606:

Higgitt called the two kidnappings and murder "probably the most vicious and complicated crimes ever committed in Canada". Many Members of Parliament came to agree, and questions were asked as to both the excessiveness of the War Measures Act and the failures in intelligence gathering that allowed

551:

Less than a year after Higgitt's testimony, in April 1972, the Cuba Trade Commission in Montreal was bombed, killing one Cuban and injuring seven others. Seven Cubans were detained and six were charged with weapons possession and interfering with a police investigation which saw the RCMP locate an

507:

Canada's Cabinet Committee on Security and Intelligence met on 19 December 1969, and suggested that Canada should expand its capacity to gather intelligence abroad. In January 1970, Higgitt and Starnes met with Prime Minister Trudeau, then flew to London for a week to visit the headquarters of MI5

467:

There is no police force in the western world which isn't in trouble today, in one way or another. Solomon himself couldn't avoid it. I suppose people basically don't like policemen. I have said it many times and I'll say it again. This is one of the greatest polices forces in the world. A police

454:

In 1970, Commissioner Higgitt announced the construction of a police computer service that at $ 5 million a year would see the linking of the RCMP to Provincial Police forces in Canada and the end of long rows of grey filing cabinets at RCMP Headquarters. This computer system also had swift relays

274:

Promoted to Constable, in Regina Higgitt supervised general criminal files and engaged in active police investigations, including conducting examinations of witnesses. With the outbreak of the War, and at the age of twenty-two, he was transferred to Ottawa and put immediately into intelligence and

580:

Concerned that things had gotten out of control, by 1977 a Royal Commission was formed by Justice David McDonald titled "Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP" to investigate allegations of vast wrongdoing by the national police force. In addition to the covert Operation

458:

In his first official press interview upon his appointment as RCMP Commissioner, Higgitt was asked whether he thought a Chinese Communist Embassy in Ottawa would pose a new security problem for the federal police. Higgitt's immediate answer, widely circulated throughout Canadian media, was that a

371:

From this point forward, Higgitt was in charge of liaison with the special Crown prosecutors at the series of criminal trials related to Gouzenko and had control of all of the exhibits and documents. Gouzenko's defection was one of the major catalysts for the beginning of the global Cold War, and

324:

To be successful in counterespionage work it is often necessary to adopt very unorthodox methods which do not fit in with our regular mode of operations. In this regard it is a matter of real and constant concern to the members of the Counter-Espionage Section of Headquarters Special Branch, that

307:

Prior to the Allies' pivotal Normandy Landings, the internment operations led to the removal of several hundreds of German- and Italian-born Canadians, Arcand included, to detention camps in Canada's hinterlands until the surrender of the Axis powers. On the first day of World War II, RCMP agents

698:

Higgitt set currency counterfeiting and the growing global narcotics trade as Interpol's top priorities., and in one of his first moves as president, Higgitt and Paul Dickopf, along with Interpol Secretary-General Jean Népote, representing the Interpol Executive Committee, met in Washington with

589:

Federal ministers from Quebec, including Prime Minister Trudeau, believed that the FLQ Crisis only became a crisis because the intelligence on Quebec separatism gathered by the RCMP Security Service was inadequate, if not worse. What followed in the 1970s was a much more aggressive and intrusive

707:

1972 was also the year Canadian Justice Minister, John Turner, and the Commons Justice and Legal Affairs Committee became interested in the intelligence-gathering methods of the RCMP's Security Service and Criminal Investigations Branch; in particular whether any of their methods were unlawful.

593:

Higgitt opposed the use of the War Measures Act by the Government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, which gave the police and military special powers to crack down on the FLQ. According to journalist Peter C. Newman, "nlike most police officers faced by persistent politicians, Higgitt proved to be very

528:

if he maintained his 1969 position that the new embassy would mean an increase in subversion. "That was not quite my statement," Higgitt replied. Higgitt said that he had been asked at a news conference whether a mainland Chinese embassy would result in more agents in Canada. "In 1969," Higgitt

462:

This was also a time when the press were charging that the RCMP was "hung up on its image", that in pursuit of their duties the Mounties were infringing on civil rights, and that some of the RCMP's undercover work was illegal. In a 1970 interview with United Press International (UPI), Higgitt's

315:

Political scientist Reg Whitaker and historian Gregory Kealey have argued that the relative effectiveness of the RCMP's Intelligence Branch in carrying out the responsibility of penetrating and monitoring pro-fascist groups, along with the nullification of the espionage, sabotage, or subversion

262:

Wrote the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix in 1972, from very early on in his life Higgitt believed in the RCMP as a force for good: "Rural Saskatchewan offered little in the 1930s for a young man ready to set out on his own and, in the drought and dust and poverty, the RCMP stood out as a high and noble

379:

In April 1952, Higgitt was commissioned a Sub-Inspector and shortly afterwards became Inspector and Personnel Officer in Ontario. A year later, in 1953, the KGB agent Yevgeni Brik, while living in Canada under the alias of David Soboloff, confessed to the RCMP Security Service that he had been

320:

denied a request to get transferred out of the Intelligence Branch and return to regular policing. By 1950, Higgitt had been promoted to officer in charge of the Counter-Espionage Section of the RCMP Security Service, and he wrote to his superiors about what it meant to "fight fire with fire."

694:

in 1961, in Copenhagen, and 1962, in Madrid. As RCMP Commissioner he also led the Canadian Delegation to Mexico City in 1969. In 1971, while Higgitt was RCMP Commissioner, Canada and the RCMP hosted the 40th General Assembly of Interpol in Ottawa, which featured fifty delegations representing

477:

When Higgitt took office as Commissioner, the Vietnam War was reaching its peak; US President Lyndon Johnson approving an increased maximum of number of US troops. Higgitt, new Security Service Director General John Starnes, and RCMP Inspector Louis G. Pantry, the Mounties' liaison officer in

366:

Armed with the documents had taken from the Military Attaché, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police took the case directly before Prime Minister Mackenzie King, who called in high government advisors. Mr. king then proceeded to Washington and presented the full details to President Truman. Prime

601:

It is difficult, so long after the event, to know why more weight wasn't given to the RCMP Commissioner's views. I suspect it may have been due, in part, to Len Higgitt's style and how he was regarded within the bureaucracy. He was not comfortable with the abstract, often woolly ideas and

610:

Upon completing its report, the Commission recommended that a new civilian non-police agency be established to perform the functions of a security service in Canada instead of the RCMP. This eventually led, in 1984, to the establishment of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service

238:

Higgitt has been the only RCMP commissioner to ever rise to this position after starting from the lowest possible rank—sub-constable, a rank lower than third-class constable and later discontinued by the Force. As Commissioner, Higgitt also presided over the RCMP centenary.

541:

asked Higgitt to define subversive activity. Higgitt's response was that this is a most difficult question that anybody could be asked to answer; that the RCMP and the Canadian Government have argued for years on what a proper definition of subversive activity is.

655:

of both his and Higgitt's lives: "The Commissioner of the RCMP, W.L. Higgitt, who was also being awarded with an eagle feather headdress, turned to me in a deadpan voice and whispered, 'We must be prepared to sell our lives as dearly as possible!'."

546:

Generally speaking, I think probably an acceptable definition is trying to achieve some political purpose by illegal means, or improper means, and trying to destroy the institutions of the country by nondemocratic means, I suppose, if that's

564:

concluded that the electronic firing device was "quite similar" to that which the US Coast Guard recovered from the attempted bombing of the British deep sea freighter Lancastrian Prince three hundred miles east of Miami, Florida in 1968.

703:

in Israel, planned and carried out in 1972 by the Japanese Red Army, a Marxist group that had grown out of the student protest movement at Japanese universities and by the 1970s had expanded its field of operations across the globe.

380:

running a Soviet spy ring inside Canada's top-secret Avro Arrow CF-105 interceptor program, and Brik subsequently became a double-agent, the most valuable spy for the West since World War II. Higgitt moved to western

643:. Higgitt told Crowfoot, "You put us on a pedestal. You gave us a very heavy responsibility then -- one of conducting ourselves so that you will never be sorry you put us up there in the first place." 292:, for special war duties and "disappeared into" the Intelligence Branch. By the late 1930s, various fascist groups across Canada had combined into the National Unity Party under the leadership of 1221: 468:

force is in an indefensible position. We have a trust to the people of Canada -- to keep in confidence things that would embarrass people and affect careers. We will not break that trust.

524:

In May 1971, after Canada and China had agreed to exchange ambassadors, Higgitt was brought before a Commons Judicial Committee to testify about communist espionage. He was asked by MP

259:. As a student in 1935, Higgitt featured in his high school's production of the comedy "So This Is London". In his student years, Higgitt also played hockey, baseball and soccer. 623:

Higgitt organized the RCMP Centennial Celebrations in 1973. In early July of that year, in formal ceremonies marking the Centenary, Higgitt along with Queen Elizabeth met Chief

2592: 330:

for the sources and agents, but that anxiety could extend to their handlers as well, who had to contend with troubling responsibilities, not to speak of moral dilemmas."

2549: 2223: 107: 690:

Higgit served in London as the RCMP Liaison Officer for the United Kingdom and Western Europe, and was a member of the Canadian Delegation to the General Assemblies of

392:

was arrested in New York. With the Security Service, Higgitt became the officer in charge of counterespionage under the Directorate of Security and Intelligence.

2035:

Starnes, John K. (2 January 1992). "The Careful Commissioner: Documents Show Former RCMP Chief Opposed Special Legislation At the Start of the October Crisis".

372:

compelled RCMP leadership to organize a special counter-espionage section of the RCMP, which Higgitt headed until 1952. This was a forerunner of the

1025:

Wood, Alexandra L. (2013). "Challenging History: Public Education and Reluctance to Remember the Japanese Canadian Experience in British Columbia".

367:

Minister Attlee Britain was informed. It was decided to keep everything hushed until a complete or near-complete roundup of spies could be assured.

1410: 354:

who defected on September 5, three days after the official close of the War, with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in Canada and the

612: 362:, which the Soviet Union had been left out of despite the Soviet's status as part of the Allied military coalition against Nazi Germany. 1824: 299: 1597: 231:

Higgitt directed national security operations during the October Crisis of 1970, when members of the Front de libération du Québec (

1987: 2587: 2429: 1775: 773: 256: 2095: 1935: 494:

Higgitt with J. Edgar Hoover, RCMP Security Service Director John Starnes, and RCMP Inspector Louis G. Pantry, Washington DC

667: 212: 223:) from 1972 to 1976. Leonard Higgitt's background in intelligence and counterintelligence with the RCMP during and after 1577:

Mackie, Victor (October 6, 1969). "New RCMP Police Chief: 'Keep Death Penalty For Police Slayers'". Winnipeg Free Press.

2278: 216: 338:

In 1945, Higgitt, along with John Leopold of the RCMP's Intelligence Branch and two other future RCMP Commissioners,

2300: 2249: 2202: 675: 1647:

Bott, Robert D. (11 October 1970). "Mounties Flick Off Press Charges They're 'Hung Up' With Nelson Eddy Image".

1532:

Bott, Robert D. (11 October 1970). "Mounties Flick Off Press Charges They're 'Hung Up' With Nelson Eddy Image".

516: 1488: 750: 679: 538: 2521: 2013: 1458:

Walz, Jay (19 May 1971). "Canada's 'Unknown' Mountie: RCMP Commissioner W.L. Higgitt Shuns the Limelight".

666:

Higgitt was also appointed Commander in the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (

2468:

Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.

1850: 879:

Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.

823:

Blaikie, Dave (20 December 1972). "Profile of the Man Who Runs the RCMP". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 15.

288:

Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939, and Canada followed. Higgitt was posted to

373: 339: 248: 163: 597:

To the question of why Higgitt wasn't listened to by Trudeau in 1970, Starnes put it this way in 1992:

2582: 2577: 722: 700: 422: 51: 1473:

Hillinger, Charles (7 May 1972). "Mounties Still 'Get Their Man': From Spies to Traffic Offenders".

529:

continued, "the obvious answer had to be yes". When Stafford pressed the point, Solicitor-General

41: 2526: 266: 1808:"Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs". 1593: 769: 646: 530: 359: 343: 1249: 2494:

McManus, Patrick (11 April 1989). "Higgitt Had Role in Gouzenko Defection, October Crisis".

2479:

McManus, Patrick (11 April 1989). "Higgitt Had Role in Gouzenko Defection, October Crisis".

2447: 560:, charged the police with “brutal and fascist methods” in their handling of the affair. The 2522:

Policing in Today's "Sophisticated" Society: An Address by Commissioner W. L. Higgitt, RCMP

384:

that same year to serve as Inspector at "C" Division, then in June 1954 was transferred to

2542: 2096:"Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police" 671: 628: 525: 479: 434:

closely with counterparts in the United States and Europe to monitor communist movements.

130: 1995:

Institut de recherche sur l'autodétermination des peuples et les indépendances nationales

639:, who in 1877 negotiated peace with the Mounties' first Commissioner, Lieutenant-Colonel 1956:

Kennedy, Mark (29 January 1992). "Secret Files Show Mounties Opposed War Measures Act".

627:, leader of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, and later with Cree activist 2512: 624: 573: 572:

in Quebec in 1970, which was the last time the War Measures Act would be invoked until

533:, who had authorized the wiretapping operation, Operation Cobra, against the militant 2571: 2559: 640: 636: 355: 347: 293: 142: 1810:

Canada Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs

520:

Higgitt at Lok Ma Chau, Hong Kong, looking across the border to mainland China, 1970

557: 252: 224: 208: 167: 100: 88: 47: 490: 1936:"A Plan for the Future: Direction and Review of the Security Intelligence System" 1428:

Lynch, Charles (8 October 1969). "This Policeman's Lot is Starting Out Happily".

1162:

Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America

1117:

Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America

1102:

Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada From the Fenians to Fortress America

1354:"Mounties May Like New Civilian". Lethbridge Herald. 4 October 1969. p. 28. 397: 389: 2388:"Higgitt Heads Safety Group". Winnipeg Free Press. 30 October 1974. p. 42. 1395:

Jeffers, Alan (11 April 1994). "RCMP Spies Kept a Close Watch on N.S. Blacks".

17: 2112:"Plaidoyer des Indiens auprès de la Reine". Le soleil. 5 July 1973. p. 3. 1613:

Bott, Robert D. (20 December 1970). "Mounties' Commissioner Answers Critics".

569: 2123:"Old Timers Relive Early Days of RCMP: Higgitt Guest at Range Men's Dinner". 2375:

Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man

2360:

Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man

2067:

Nobody Said No: The Real Story About How the Mounties Always Get their Man

1713:

Last Stop, Paris: The Assassination of Mario Bach and the Death of the FLQ

1190:

Desbarats, Peter (15 September 1954). "Duchess 'Canadian' On Departure".

691: 660: 632: 385: 220: 65: 2448:"Certain R.C.M.P. Activities and the Question of Governmental Knowledge" 1988:"Démesures de guerre : Abus, impostures et victimes d'Octobre 1970" 670:), invested with the insignia of that rank in 1971 by Governor General 191: 890:

Jaffe, Ingrid D. (9 October 1971). "TV Panel Show Sparks CBC Debut".

849:

Ketchum, W.Q. (11 October 1969). "Faces of Ottawa: William Higgitt".

729: 553: 409: 381: 351: 289: 187: 171: 1882:

Diggs, Lew (2 February 1978). "Former RCMP Boss Denies Cover-Up".

645: 515: 489: 298: 265: 1696:

Sellar, Don (12 April 1972). "President Will Be Safe in Ottawa".

1443:

Friggens, Paul (July 1970). "The World's Most Versatile Police".

552:

electronic bomb-firing device as well as a Cuban code book. From

418: 2224:"Speech by Mr. Raymond Kendall, Interpol 59th General Assembly" 1089:. St. John's: Canadian Committee on Labour History. p. 15. 1087:

R.C.M.P. Security Bulletins: The War Series, Part II, 1942-1945

561: 413: 358:. Gouzenko had been stationed in Ottawa during the top secret 232: 2328:"Annual General Assembly Meeting of Interpol Held in Ghana". 1590:

Closely Guarded: A Life in Canadian Security and Intelligence

980:

McNeil, Gerard (2 October 1969). "Sask. Officer Heads RCMP".

1973:

Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales of People, Passion, and Power

650:

Higgitt with WWII veteran Pat Eagle Child, Standoff, Alberta

1160:

Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012).

1115:

Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012).

1100:

Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S.; Parnaby, Andrew (2012).

421:

to compare notes with Canada's Ambassador to West Germany,

1745:"Chinese Embassy Will Mean More Agents Here: RCMP Chief". 2362:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. pp. 109–110. 1975:. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Ltd. pp. 318–319. 766:

The Last Guardians: The Crisis in the RCMP, and in Canada

2203:"Royal Canadian Mounted Police: William Leonard Higgitt" 935:"MacLeod Scores 21 When RCMP Cagers Down Majors 40-28". 2069:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. pp. 17–18. 270:

Higgitt (lower left), on RCMP Football team, circa 1940

2399:

Higgitt, William Leonard (4 May 1978). "Safety Week".

463:

response to these charges was that they were invalid:

1592:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 142. 1292:

Shattered Illusions: KGB Cold War Espionage in Canada

207:(10 November 1917 – 2 April 1989) was the 14th 2377:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. p. 153. 1825:"Canada Expresses Regret At Bombing of Cuban Office" 1164:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 222. 1134:. New York: E.T. Dutton & Co., Inc. p. 244. 1119:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 230. 1104:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 229. 1059:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 141. 1044:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 130. 965:"Famed Mountie Marksmen Lose Out to RA Mixed Team". 2168:Thorstad, Sgt. B. (Jan 1974). "Centennial Powwow". 1916:Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". 1897:Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". 1726:Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". 789:Whitaker, Reg (1993). "Apprehended Insurrection?". 412:, England, where he served as Liaison Officer with 219:

of the International Criminal Police Organization (

177: 157: 152: 136: 124: 106: 94: 82: 63: 32: 303:Higgitt at Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1941 2550:Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police 920:"Fireman Claims Kettering's Car Merely Dawdled". 568:Higgitt also directed RCMP operations during the 308:broke the German-financed Canadian fascist group 108:Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1369:. Toronto: James Lewis & Samuel. p. 50. 1294:. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. 2430:"Chief of the Mounties William Leonard Higgitt" 1776:"Chief of the Mounties William Leonard Higgitt" 1275:"Ex-Mountie's Story Sounds Like Spy Thriller". 1175:"Ex-Mountie's Story Sounds Like Spy Thriller". 864:"Higgitt Destined For Top: Joined RCMP at 19". 599: 544: 465: 364: 322: 215:(RCMP), holding office from 1969 to 1973, and 2142:. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Ltd. p. 333. 2082:Men in the Shadows: The RCMP Security Service 1764:. Toronto: Vanguard Publications. p. 25. 1326:Men in the Shadows: The RCMP Security Service 8: 2332:. Vol. 6, no. 13. 1976. p. 3. 120:October 1, 1969 – December 28, 1973 2593:Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners 2054:. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. p. 284. 1057:A War on Ethnicity? The RCMP and Internment 1042:A War on Ethnicity? The RCMP and Internment 350:, a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to 2531: 2414:"I Would Back RCMP Lawbreakers: Higgitt". 1662:"RCMP Deny Handing Draft Dodgers to FBI". 1343:. Don Mills, On.: PaperJacks. p. 146. 1085:Kealey, Gregory S.; Whitaker, Reg (1993). 1055:Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S. (2000). 1040:Whitaker, Reg; Kealey, Gregory S. (2000). 950:"United Rally Sends RCMP Down to Defeat". 408:Three years later Higgitt was assigned to 40: 29: 2301:"Interpol Narcotic Intelligence Program" 2140:My Times: Living With History, 1945-1995 1867:"Report Says Mounties Spied on French". 1793:"China Post Means Spies, Mountie Says". 1562:"Chinese Laying Low in Canada, So Far". 1547:"Beware Spies From China - RCMP Chief". 834:"Audience Is Enthusiastic Over Comedy". 1664:Amex: The American Expatriate in Canada 742: 2187:"Six Outstanding Canadians Inducted". 1365:Brown, Lorne; Brown, Caroline (1973). 2153:"Higgitt made honorary Blood chief". 1411:"Mounties Attacked Over Surveillance" 768:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 478:Washington DC, met with FBI Director 50:at the RCMP Centennial Celebrations, 7: 2050:Kelly, Nora; Kelly, William (1973). 1681:"Higgitt To Attend Hoover Funeral". 1223:The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence 1205:"Police Officers Receive Diplomas". 995:"Faces of Ottawa: William Higgitt". 1823:The New York Times (6 April 1972). 1367:An Unauthorized History of the RCMP 1145:"Security Chief Promoted by RCMP". 247:Higgitt was born in the village of 2012:Plamondon, Bob (9 December 2013). 1074:. Winnipeg: Harlequin. p. 78. 1014:. Winnipeg: Harlequin. p. 77. 485:Hoover's FBI: The Man and the Myth 346:, was a principal investigator of 25: 2347:. New York: Penguin. p. 164. 2084:. Toronto: Doubleday. p. 12. 1328:. Toronto: Doubleday. p. 11. 1851:"Letter to Acting Director, FBI" 1715:. New York: Viking. p. 177. 905:"Higgitt Pioneered RCMP Radio". 808:"Higgitt Pioneered RCMP Radio". 535:Agence de Presse Libre du Quebec 1489:"Former Presidents of Interpol" 1027:Historical Studies in Education 751:"Former Presidents of INTERPOL" 2052:The RCMP: A Century of History 635:of the Blackfoot Confederacy, 556:, an angered Cuban President, 257:Saskatoon Technical Collegiate 1: 2286:The Manchester Evening Herald 213:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1986:Beauséjour, Anthony (2020). 1711:McLoughlin, Michael (1998). 1630:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 1513:"The Year of the Mounties". 1380:"Top Mounties Transferred". 2014:"The Heavy Hand of Trudeau" 1943:Canada Privy Council Office 2609: 2299:United States Government. 1762:RCMP: The Real Subversives 1339:Young, Delbert A. (1968). 1220:Marchetti, Victor (1980). 717:all: a safe, happy life." 2556: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2517:Vol.14, No.1, Winter 2004 1588:Starnes, John K. (1998). 676:Canadian Centennial Medal 429:Promotion to Commissioner 198: 148: 113: 71: 59: 39: 2455:US Department of Justice 2343:Bresler, Fenton (1993). 1971:Newman, Peter C (2004). 1760:Fidler, Richard (1978). 2588:Canadian civil servants 2257:CIA Special Collections 2138:Berton, Pierre (1995). 2080:Sawatsky, John (1980). 1324:Sawatsky, John (1980). 1256:. University of Toronto 1130:Gouzenko, Igor (1945). 1070:Phillips, Alan (1960). 1010:Phillips, Alan (1960). 907:Victoria Times Colonist 868:: 28. 20 December 1972. 810:Victoria Times Colonist 680:RCMP Long Service Medal 539:Donald Stovel Macdonald 205:William Leonard Higgitt 34:William Leonard Higgitt 2416:Waterloo Region Record 2401:Claresholm Local Press 1685:: 62. 11 October 1969. 1290:Mahar, Donald (2017). 1279:: D5. 29 January 1984. 1248:Government of Canada. 1179:: D5. 29 January 1984. 982:The Regina Leader Post 866:Saskatoon Star-Phoenix 836:Saskatoon Star Phoenix 764:Palango, Paul (1998). 651: 604: 549: 521: 495: 473:Relations With The FBI 470: 369: 327: 310:Deutsche Arbeits Front 304: 271: 27:Canadian civil servant 2418:: 2. 26 October 1978. 2373:Sallot, Jeff (1979). 2358:Sallot, Jeff (1979). 2065:Sallot, Jeff (1979). 1884:The Medicine Hat News 1871:: 10. 29 August 1981. 1313:(3): 3. January 1970. 686:President of Interpol 674:. He was awarded the 649: 519: 493: 374:RCMP Security Service 340:Charles Rivett-Carnac 302: 269: 2535:Police appointments 2279:"Interpol Unlike TV" 1958:The Montreal Gazette 1869:The Daily Advertiser 1749:: 21. 17 March 1971. 1305:"New Commissioner". 1250:"Security Sub-Panel" 1209:: 25. 30 April 1955. 969:: 17. 25 March 1947. 723:John Kennett Starnes 701:Lod Airport massacre 619:Kainai Chieftainship 423:John Kennett Starnes 404:British Intelligence 2127:: 21. 11 July 1973. 2016:. The National Post 1812:: 35. 1 April 1971. 1628:"Visitors to FBI". 1254:Canada Declassified 939:: 14. 1 April 1947. 924:: 19. 26 July 1940. 909:: 32. 7 April 1989. 812:: 32. 7 April 1989. 334:The Gouzenko Affair 2496:Regina Leader-Post 2481:Regina Leader-Post 2434:The New York Times 2288:. 27 January 1973. 2191:: 8. 31 July 1973. 2155:The Calgary Herald 1829:The New York Times 1780:The New York Times 1698:The Calgary Herald 1649:Chronicle Telegram 1636:(5): 33. May 1970. 1615:The Times Recorder 1566:: 11. 11 May 1971. 1549:The Ottawa Citizen 1534:Chronicle Telegram 1415:The New York Times 1382:The Ottawa Journal 1307:The RCMP Quarterly 1229:. New York: Laurel 1147:The Ottawa Citizen 1029:. Fall 25 (2): 70. 999:. 11 October 1969. 997:The Ottawa Journal 967:The Ottawa Journal 954:: 14. 29 May 1946. 952:The Ottawa Citizen 937:The Ottawa Journal 838:: 9. 5 April 1935. 652: 585:The October Crisis 522: 503:Cold War Espionage 496: 305: 272: 46:Higgitt and Queen 2566: 2565: 2557:Succeeded by 1918:Queen's Quarterly 1899:Queen's Quarterly 1795:The Vancouver Sun 1728:Queen's Quarterly 1551:. 6 October 1969. 1475:Los Angeles Times 1384:. 24 August 1967. 1149:. 14 August 1969. 1072:The Living Legend 1012:The Living Legend 791:Queen's Quarterly 668:Order of St. John 531:Jean-Pierre Goyer 512:Covert Operations 450:RCMP Commissioner 360:Manhattan Project 344:Clifford Harvison 202: 201: 161:November 10, 1917 16:(Redirected from 2600: 2540:Preceded by 2532: 2527:Interpol History 2500: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1797:. 17 March 1971. 1790: 1784: 1783: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397:Edmonton Journal 1392: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1228: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192:Montreal Gazette 1187: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132:The Iron Curtain 1127: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1007: 1001: 1000: 992: 986: 985: 977: 971: 970: 962: 956: 955: 947: 941: 940: 932: 926: 925: 917: 911: 910: 902: 896: 895: 887: 881: 880: 876: 870: 869: 861: 855: 854: 846: 840: 839: 831: 825: 824: 820: 814: 813: 805: 799: 798: 786: 780: 779: 761: 755: 754: 747: 728:Higgitt died in 184: 153:Personal details 139: 127: 118: 97: 85: 76: 44: 30: 21: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2553: 2545: 2543:Malcolm Lindsay 2513:RCMP Museum -- 2509: 2504: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2157:. 16 July 1973. 2152: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1445:Reader's Digest 1442: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1207:The Leader-Post 1204: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1008: 1004: 994: 993: 989: 979: 978: 974: 964: 963: 959: 949: 948: 944: 934: 933: 929: 922:The Leader-Post 919: 918: 914: 904: 903: 899: 889: 888: 884: 878: 877: 873: 863: 862: 858: 848: 847: 843: 833: 832: 828: 822: 821: 817: 807: 806: 802: 788: 787: 783: 776: 763: 762: 758: 749: 748: 744: 739: 714: 688: 672:Roland Michener 629:Harold Cardinal 621: 587: 547:understandable. 526:Harold Stafford 514: 505: 480:J. Edgar Hoover 475: 452: 431: 406: 336: 290:Ottawa, Ontario 286: 281: 245: 186: 182: 162: 137: 131:Malcolm Lindsay 125: 119: 114: 95: 83: 77: 72: 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:William Higgitt 15: 12: 11: 5: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515:Friendly Notes 2508: 2507:External links 2505: 2502: 2501: 2486: 2471: 2460: 2457:. August 1981. 2439: 2436:. 17 May 1971. 2421: 2406: 2391: 2380: 2365: 2350: 2335: 2320: 2291: 2270: 2240: 2215: 2194: 2179: 2170:RCMP Quarterly 2160: 2145: 2130: 2125:Calgary Herald 2115: 2104: 2101:. August 1981. 2087: 2072: 2057: 2042: 2037:Ottawa Citizen 2027: 2004: 1978: 1963: 1948: 1945:. August 1981. 1927: 1908: 1889: 1874: 1859: 1841: 1815: 1800: 1785: 1782:. 17 May 1971. 1767: 1752: 1747:Ottawa Journal 1737: 1718: 1703: 1688: 1683:Ottawa Journal 1673: 1670:(1): 31. 1971. 1654: 1639: 1620: 1605: 1598: 1580: 1569: 1564:Aiken Standard 1554: 1539: 1524: 1505: 1480: 1465: 1460:Calgary Herald 1450: 1435: 1420: 1417:. 17 May 1971. 1402: 1387: 1372: 1357: 1346: 1331: 1316: 1297: 1282: 1277:Calgary Herald 1267: 1240: 1212: 1197: 1182: 1177:Calgary Herald 1167: 1152: 1137: 1122: 1107: 1092: 1077: 1062: 1047: 1032: 1017: 1002: 987: 972: 957: 942: 927: 912: 897: 882: 871: 856: 851:Ottawa Journal 841: 826: 815: 800: 781: 774: 756: 741: 740: 738: 735: 713: 710: 687: 684: 625:David Ahenakew 620: 617: 586: 583: 574:Justin Trudeau 513: 510: 504: 501: 474: 471: 451: 448: 430: 427: 405: 402: 335: 332: 285: 282: 280: 277: 244: 241: 200: 199: 196: 195: 185:(aged 71) 179: 175: 174: 159: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 128: 122: 121: 111: 110: 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 86: 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2605: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2561: 2560:Maurice Nadon 2552: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1924:(2): 383–406. 1923: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1905:(2): 383–406. 1904: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1599:0-8020-0975-1 1595: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1521:(1): 3. 1973. 1520: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1006: 1003: 998: 991: 988: 983: 976: 973: 968: 961: 958: 953: 946: 943: 938: 931: 928: 923: 916: 913: 908: 901: 898: 893: 886: 883: 875: 872: 867: 860: 857: 852: 845: 842: 837: 830: 827: 819: 816: 811: 804: 801: 797:(2): 383–406. 796: 792: 785: 782: 777: 771: 767: 760: 757: 752: 746: 743: 736: 734: 731: 726: 724: 718: 711: 709: 705: 702: 696: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 656: 648: 644: 642: 641:James Macleod 638: 637:Kainai Nation 634: 630: 626: 618: 616: 614: 608: 603: 598: 595: 591: 584: 582: 578: 575: 571: 566: 563: 559: 555: 548: 543: 540: 536: 532: 527: 518: 511: 509: 502: 500: 492: 488: 486: 481: 472: 469: 464: 460: 456: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 428: 426: 424: 420: 415: 411: 403: 401: 399: 393: 391: 387: 383: 377: 375: 368: 363: 361: 357: 356:United States 353: 349: 348:Igor Gouzenko 345: 341: 333: 331: 326: 321: 317: 313: 311: 301: 297: 295: 294:Adrien Arcand 291: 283: 278: 276: 268: 264: 260: 258: 254: 250: 242: 240: 236: 234: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 197: 193: 189: 181:April 2, 1989 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 160: 156: 151: 147: 144: 143:Maurice Nadon 141: 135: 132: 129: 123: 117: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 93: 90: 87: 81: 75: 70: 67: 64:President of 62: 58: 53: 49: 43: 38: 31: 19: 2548: 2514: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2454: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2323: 2311:. Retrieved 2307: 2294: 2285: 2273: 2261:. Retrieved 2256: 2243: 2231:. Retrieved 2227: 2218: 2206:. Retrieved 2197: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2107: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2018:. Retrieved 2007: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1883: 1877: 1868: 1862: 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1828: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1614: 1608: 1589: 1583: 1572: 1563: 1557: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1515:Canada Today 1514: 1508: 1496:. Retrieved 1492: 1483: 1474: 1468: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1430:The Province 1429: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1390: 1381: 1375: 1366: 1360: 1349: 1341:The Mounties 1340: 1334: 1325: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1291: 1285: 1276: 1270: 1258:. Retrieved 1253: 1243: 1231:. Retrieved 1222: 1215: 1206: 1200: 1191: 1185: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1155: 1146: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1086: 1080: 1071: 1065: 1056: 1050: 1041: 1035: 1026: 1020: 1011: 1005: 996: 990: 981: 975: 966: 960: 951: 945: 936: 930: 921: 915: 906: 900: 892:Star-Phoenix 891: 885: 874: 865: 859: 850: 844: 835: 829: 818: 809: 803: 794: 790: 784: 765: 759: 745: 727: 719: 715: 706: 697: 689: 665: 657: 653: 622: 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 579: 567: 558:Fidel Castro 550: 545: 534: 523: 506: 497: 484: 476: 466: 461: 457: 453: 444: 440: 436: 432: 407: 394: 378: 370: 365: 337: 328: 323: 318: 314: 309: 306: 287: 284:World War II 273: 261: 253:Saskatchewan 246: 237: 230: 225:World War II 209:commissioner 204: 203: 183:(1989-04-02) 168:Saskatchewan 138:Succeeded by 115: 101:Carl Persson 96:Succeeded by 89:Paul Dickopf 73: 48:Elizabeth II 2583:1989 deaths 2578:1917 births 2233:20 December 2208:20 December 2189:Kainai News 398:Daphne Park 390:Rudolf Abel 126:Preceded by 84:Preceded by 2572:Categories 2554:1969-1973 2330:Ghana News 2313:7 February 2263:7 February 2250:"No Title" 1498:6 February 1260:7 February 775:0771069065 737:References 712:Retirement 570:FLQ Crisis 243:Early life 2001:(7): 102. 1734:(2): 393. 217:President 116:In office 78:1972–1976 74:In office 2345:Interpol 2228:Interpol 2176:(1): 84. 1493:Interpol 692:Interpol 678:and the 661:Treaty 7 633:Crowfoot 386:Montreal 221:Interpol 194:, Canada 66:INTERPOL 2020:10 June 249:Anerley 211:of the 192:Ontario 164:Anerley 2039:: A11. 1856:. FBI. 1834:27 May 1651:: C-5. 1617:: 7-B. 1596: 1536:: C-5. 1477:: 159. 1447:: 136. 1233:27 May 772: 730:Ottawa 554:Havana 410:London 382:Quebec 352:Canada 279:Career 188:Ottawa 172:Canada 54:, 1973 52:Regina 2498:: A3. 2483:: A3. 2451:(PDF) 2304:(PDF) 2282:(PDF) 2259:. CIA 2253:(PDF) 2248:CIA. 2099:(PDF) 1991:(PDF) 1939:(PDF) 1886:: 10. 1854:(PDF) 1849:FBI. 1700:: 81. 1227:(PDF) 1194:: 19. 894:: 13. 2403:: 5. 2315:2024 2265:2024 2235:2022 2210:2022 2022:2023 1960:: 1. 1836:2023 1594:ISBN 1500:2023 1462:: 5. 1432:: 4. 1399:: 3. 1262:2024 1235:2023 853:: 2. 770:ISBN 613:CSIS 419:Bonn 342:and 178:Died 158:Born 2308:CIA 1922:100 1903:100 1732:100 795:100 562:FBI 414:MI6 233:FLQ 2574:: 2453:. 2432:. 2306:. 2284:. 2255:. 2226:. 2174:39 2172:. 1997:. 1993:. 1941:. 1920:. 1901:. 1827:. 1778:. 1730:. 1666:. 1634:39 1632:. 1517:. 1491:. 1413:. 1311:35 1309:. 1252:. 793:. 682:. 400:. 251:, 190:, 170:, 166:, 2317:. 2267:. 2237:. 2212:. 2024:. 1999:7 1838:. 1668:3 1602:. 1519:4 1502:. 1264:. 1237:. 984:. 778:. 753:. 611:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index