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fields of Earth and other planets with magnetic fields. Planetary fields are caused by convection of electrically conducting fluids in their interiors, most of which in Uranus and
Neptune is hydrogen. Because the electrical conductivity of fluid H approaches metallic at ~100 GPa, the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are primarily generated close to their outer surfaces, which implies the existence of nondipolar contributions to their fields, as observed. Because Uranus and Neptune are fluids, no strong rotating rock layers exist in their interiors to couple the existence of planetary rotational motion into the convective currents that generate the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. His experiments on liquids expected at high pressures and temperatures in deep planetary interiors have major implications for developing pictures of the interiors of giant planets both in this and in other solar systems.
31:
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and calculated temperature of 3000 K. Similar electrical conductivities of H under multiple-shock compression have been measured by Fortov et al. Celliers et al at the NIF pulsed laser have measured optical reflectivity of dense fluid metallic D of ~0.3 under multiple-shock compression, which value
306:
Nellis has also been involved with the
International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology, AIRAPT, for the greater part of his career serving as the vice president from 1999 to 2003 and as the president from 2003 to 2007. From 1998 to 2007, he served as the editor
315:
Nellis is most well-known for the first experimental observation of a metallic phase of dense hydrogen, a material predicted to exist by Wigner and
Huntington in 1935. Dynamic compression generates temperature T and entropy S on rapid compression and the product TS controls phase stability via the
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Through his research, Nellis also discovered that at very high dynamic shock pressures and temperatures, electrons in metals and strong insulators have a common uniform behavior in shock velocity space, which is analogous to
Asymptotic Freedom in sub-nuclear High-Energy Physics. The mechanism in
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Once the pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity of semiconducting and metallic fluid H was measured, those conductivities were used to address the likely cause of the unusual external magnetic fields of the planets Uranus and
Neptune, which are neither dipolar nor axisymmetric as the
279:
and in reacted high explosives. Those temperatures, pressures and densities were generated by impact of a high-velocity projectile onto a target material. Impactors were accelerated with a two-stage light-gas gun to velocities as large as 8 km/s (18,000 mph). Impactors were typically
320:
dissociates to H at sufficiently large density that measured electrical conductivities of fluid H cross over from semiconducting to degenerate metal with Mott’s
Minimum Metallic Conductivity at pressure 1.4 million bars (140 GPa), nine-fold H atom density in liquid
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25 mm in diameter and 2–3 mm thick. Samples were 25 mm in diameter and 0.5 – 3 mm thick. Experimental lifetimes were around 100 nanoseconds. Fast electrical and optical measurements were made with detectors having sub-ns resolution time.
558:
W. J. Nellis and M. B. Brodsky, "Magnetism in
Palladium-Actinide Alloys," in Plutonium 1970 and Other Actinides, edited by W. N. Miner (Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, 1970), pp.
381:
Nellis, W. J., Mitchell, A. C., van Thiel, M., Devine, G. J., Trainor, R. J. and Brown, N. (1983) Equation-of-state data for molecular hydrogen and deuterium at shock pressures in the range 2-76 GPa (20-760 kbar), Journal of
Chemical Physics, 79,
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Fortov, V. E., Ternovoi, V. A., Zhernokletov, M.V., Mochalov, M. A., Mikhailov, A. L., et al. (2003). Pressure-produced ionization of nonideal plasma in a megabar range of dynamic pressures. Journal of
Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 97,
385:
Nellis, W. J., Maple, M. B. and
Geballe, T. H. (1988). Synthesis of metastable superconductors by high dynamic pressure. In SPIE Vol. 878 Multifunctional Materials, ed. R. L. Bellingham: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
434:
Kanel, G. I., Nellis, W. J., Savinykh, A. S., Razorenov, S. V. and Rajendran, A. M. (2009). Response of seven crystallographic orientations of sapphire crystals to shock stresses of 16-86 GPa, Journal of Applied Physics, 106,
341:
His technique to recover solids as thin as a micron intact from shock pressures up to a million bars has facilitated synthesis of metastable materials for characterization of material structures and physical properties.
274:
and solids compressed dynamically to pressures in the range 20-500 GPa with associated temperatures up to as much as several 1000 Kelvins. Those molecular fluids are representative of fluids in the interiors of
631:
Rillo, G., Morales, M. A., Ceperley, D. M. and Pierleoni, C. (2019). Optical properties of high-pressure fluid hydrogen across molecular dissociation. Proceedings of National Academy of Science (U. S.), 116,
641:
Zhong, X. F., Liu, F. S., Cai, L. C., Xi, F., Zhang, M. J., Liu, Q. J., Yang, Y. P. and Hao, B. B. (2014). Electrical resistivity of silane multiply shock-compressed to 106 GPa. Chinese Physics Letters, 31,
392:
Chau, R., Mitchell, A. C., Minich, R. W. and Nellis, W. J. (2003). Metallization of fluid nitrogen and the Mott transition in highly compressed low-Z fluids, Physical Review Letters, 90, 245501-1-245501-4.
681:
Ozaki, N., Nellis, W. J., Mashimo, T., Ramzan, M., Ahuja, R. et al. (2016). Dynamic compression of dense oxide (Gd3Ga5O12) from 0.4 to 2.6 TPa: Universal Hugoniot of fluid metals. Scientific Reports, 6,
143:. His work has focused on ultra-condensed matter at extreme pressures, densities and temperatures achieved by fast dynamic compression. He is most well-known for the first experimental observation of a
169:
Nellis is an author or coauthor of more than 250 published papers. Most of his research has been focused on materials during or after dynamic compression at high pressures for properties including
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Hubbard, W. B., Nellis, W. J., Mitchell, A. C., Holmes, N. C., Limaye, S. S. and McCandless, P. C., (1991). Interior structure of Neptune: Comparison with Uranus, Science, 253, 648-651.
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Granzow, K. D. (1983). Spherical harmonic representation of the magnetic field in the presence of a current density. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 74, 489-505.
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Celliers, P. M., Millot, M., Brygoo, S., McWilliams, R. S., Fratanduono, D. R., Rygg, J. R., et al. (2018). Insulator-metal transition in dense fluid deuterium. Science, 361,677-682.
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In 2003, Nellis retired from LNLL and joined the Department of Physics at Harvard University as an Associate. Since leaving LLNL, Nellis has collaborated with scientists in
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insulators is a crossover from strong localized directional electronic bonds to a more-compressible delocalized electronic band structure characteristic of metals.
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Nellis, W. J., Weir, S. T. and Mitchell, A. C. (1999). Minimum metallic conductivity of fluid hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Physical Review B, 59, 3434-3449.
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Weir, S. T., Mitchell, A. C. and Nellis, W. J. (1996). Metallization of fluid molecular hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Physical Review Letters, 76, 1860-1863.
413:
Nellis, W. J., Weir, S. T. and Mitchell, A. C. (1999). Minimum metallic conductivity of fluid hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Physical Review B, 59, 3434-3449.
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Weir, S. T., Mitchell, A. C. and Nellis, W. J. (1996). Metallization of fluid molecular hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Physical Review Letters, 76, 1860-1863.
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Arko, A. J., Brodsky, M. B. and Nellis, W. J. (1972). Spin fluctuations in Plutonium and other Actinide metals and compounds, Physical Review B, 5, 4564-4569.
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Trunin, R. F., ed. (2001). Experimental Data on Shock Compression and Adiabatic Expansion of Condensed Matter. Sarov: Russian Federal Nuclear Center VNIIEF.
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W. J. Nellis and S. Legvold, "Thermal Conductivities and Lorenz Functions of Gadolinium, Terbium, and Holmium Single Crystals," Phys. Rev. 180, 581 (1969)
267:(LNLL), where he performed computational simulations of condensed matter under dynamic compression driven by shock waves generated with high explosives.
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Nellis, W. J., Louis, A. A. and Ashcroft, N. W. (1998). Metallization of fluid hydrogen. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 356, 119-138.
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up to 106 GPa under multiple-shock compression with a two-stage light-gas gun are in good agreement with the electrical conductivity data measured in.
761:
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Nellis has been President of the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT) and Chairman of the
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mixed with non-magnetic Transition Metals. The experiments at ISU and ANL were performed at cryogenic temperatures in the range of 2 – 300 Kelvin.
352:
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Helled, R., Anderson, J. D., Podolak, M. and Schubert, G. (2011). Interior models of Uranus and Neptune.Astrophysical Journal, 726, 15-1 – 15-7.
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Nellis, W. J., Weir, S. T. and Mitchell, A. C. (1996) Metallization and electrical conductivity of hydrogen in Jupiter, Science, 273, 936-938.
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484:
Wigner, E. and Huntington, H. B. (1935). On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen. Journal of Chemical Physics, 3, 764-770.
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Zhou, X., Nellis, W. J., Li, Jiabo, Li Jun, Zhao, W., et al (2015). Optical emission, shock-induced opacity, temperatures, and melting of Gd
263:(ILL) where he taught undergraduate physics courses and was Director of the College’s Computer Center. In 1973, he left Monmouth to join
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In 1976, Nellis moved within LLNL to the High-Dynamic-Pressure Experimental Group, in which he measured properties of approximately 30
771:
709:
Nellis, W. J. (2017). Metastable ultracondensed hyrogenous materials. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 29, 504001-1-504001-5.
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Gross, D. J. and Wilczek, F. (1973). Ultraviolet behavior of non-abelian gauge theories. Physical Review Letters, 30, 1343-1346.
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Nellis, W. J. (2015). The unusual magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. Modern Physics Letters B, 29, 1430018-1-1430018-29.
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in 1968. His Ph.D. thesis research included measurements of electrical and thermal conductivities of single crystals of the
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agrees with the inception of metallization of D calculated by Rillo et al. Measured electrical conductivities of fluid SiH
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Politzer, H. D. (1973). Reliable Perturbative results for strong interactions. Physical Review Letters, 30, 1346-1349.
239:(ANL), where he measured electrical and magnetic properties of ordered and disordered alloys of the Actinide elements
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Nellis, W. J. (2019). Dense quantum hydrogen. Low Temperature Physics/Fizika Nizhikh Temperatur, 45, 338-341.
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single crystals shock-compressed from 41 to 290 GPa, Journal of Applied Physics, 118, 055903-1 -055903-9.
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Following graduate school, Nellis was a postdoctoral researcher in the Materials Science Division of
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of AIRAPT, the Duvall Award of APS and is a Fellow of the APS Division of Condensed Matter Physics.
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free energy. By tuning the magnitude and temporal shape of a reverberating shock pressure pulse, H
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W. J. Nellis (2017). Ultracondensed Matter by Dynamic Compression. Cambridge University Press.
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of the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology
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209:, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, in 1963 and his Ph.D. degree in Physics from
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1998 - Duvall Award of American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression
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162:(APS) Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. He has received the
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Nellis, W. J. (2000). Making metallic hydrogen. Scientific American, 282, 84-90.
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Liu, H., Tse, J. S. and Nellis, W. J. (2015). The electrical conductivity of Al
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of International Association of High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT)
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under shock compression. Scientific Reports, 5, 12823-1-12823-9.
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From 1970 to 1973, Nellis was Assistant Professor of Physics at
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2000 - Teller Fellow, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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in 1941. He received his B.S. degree in Physics from
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Fellow, Division of Condensed Matter Physics of APS
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509:"George E. Duvall Shock Compression Science Award"
139:. He is an Associate of the Physics Department of
83:Duvall Award of American Physical Society (APS)
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70:Making metallic hydrogen in the fluid state
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787:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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762:Loyola University Chicago alumni
145:metallic phase of dense hydrogen
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767:Iowa State University alumni
537:"William J. Nellis - Scopus"
307:of the journal Shock Waves.
207:Loyola University of Chicago
495:"Bridgman Award recipients"
237:Argonne National Laboratory
87:Edward Teller Fellow (LLNL)
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575:"William Joel Nellis, PhD"
171:electrical conductivities
160:American Physical Society
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117:Loyola University Chicago
91:
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772:Scientists from Illinois
230:Ames National Laboratory
193:Early life and education
181:profiles to investigate
311:Significant discoveries
189:in liquids and solids.
153:Hillard Bell Huntington
175:equation-of-state data
782:Rare earth scientists
211:Iowa State University
121:Iowa State University
757:Writers from Chicago
720:"APS Fellow Archive"
299:, as well as in the
777:American physicists
469:"William J. Nellis"
435:043524-1-043524-10.
215:Rare Earth elements
197:Nellis was born in
96:Academic background
141:Harvard University
16:American physicist
373:Selected articles
346:Awards and honors
272:cryogenic liquids
187:phase transitions
183:compressibilities
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451:References
382:1480-1486.
218:Gadolinium
179:shock-wave
112:Alma mater
104:BS Physics
44:1941-06-25
245:Neptunium
241:Plutonium
155:in 1935.
137:physicist
101:Education
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559:346-354.
203:Illinois
59:Illinois
642:126201.
364:2001 -
351:1987 -
249:Uranium
228:in the
226:Holmium
222:Terbium
199:Chicago
55:Chicago
297:Sweden
289:Russia
177:, and
75:Awards
722:. APS
293:China
285:Japan
728:2020
295:and
247:and
224:and
185:and
151:and
38:Born
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