William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

606:: a belief that possibly stems from a situation arising in connection the Bridge Inn, a Port Sunlight temperance "pub" that was opened in 1900. Lever was a lifelong teetotaller, and he naturally assumed that the Bridge would be "dry". Within two years of its opening, however, representations were made to change its status to a licensed house. Lever promptly announced that he would not impose his own views, and that the issue would be decided by a referendum; insisting somewhat unconventionally for that time that women would take part. With the added proviso that the Bridge would only become a true British "pub" if a supermajority of 75% was in favour, Lever probably felt confident that the outcome would support his abstemious sentiments, but in the event more than 80% voted for an alcohol licence and even though some people petitioned Lever urging him to use his absolute authority in Port Sunlight and ignore the referendum, he refused to do so. 631:

spending power and improved education of that large section of the British population, the skilled workers. For inspiration, Lever turned to the United States and he seems to have had no reservations in adopting American methods in Above The Line (ATL) and Below The Line (BTL) advertising. One subtle proposition introduced from America was designed to persuade women that the toil of housework was responsible for an accelerated aging process, and that Sunlight Soap offered a form of liberation. This, and other similarly cautionary messages, were posted on hoardings and on the sides of buses together with pictures that underscored the slogans. Promotional literature, in the form of instructions about the best ways of using the company's products, was widely distributed, as well as allegorical accounts of their successful adoption by stylish – and totally fictional – upper-class ladies.

1264:, as he had become the previous year, addressed the Stornoway Council and the Lewis District Council at a meeting which he had asked to be specially convened on that date. Lord Leverhulme asked them to take the land and make their system work, but only Stornoway, always on Leverhulme's side, accepted the gift, set up the Trust, and to a large extent made it work for the benefit of the town. Left with so much of the Island he no longer wanted, Leverhulme sold off as much as he could, but many of the buyers were interested principally in shooting and fishing. Leverhulme died in May 1925. Very soon thereafter, the Board of Lever Brothers gave orders for all development on Harris to stop, and so Leverhulme's scheme for the Western Isles perished with almost nothing achieved there. 1151:; the fleet of fishing vessels the MacLine Company. Mac Fisheries was a success, and it grew rapidly until there were over four hundred shops all purchasing fish from many different wholesale suppliers. Other food industry enterprises were acquired including Wall's, a manufacturer of ice-cream and sausages, and various companies specialising in different segments of the fish business, as well as several fishing fleet owners and operators. Although these developments brought tangible benefits to the people of Lewis, Leverhulme's plans did not suit everyone, and this anomaly created severe obstacles for his ambitious plans for the Western Isles. 1240:

were taken aback when he voiced his complete condemnation of their actions and asked them to withdraw from his land. Some left, but others erected shelters for their families on the stolen plots. Leverhulme was evidently not willing to prosecute ex-servicemen who were trying to secure homes for their families, and it seems unlikely that, under the circumstances, legal action would have succeeded. Instead, he toured Lewis trying to persuade them that their future lay with him and not in the crofting system. They were, however, extremely reluctant to abandon old ways and most of them continued to espouse the crofting way of life.

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erudite plans for his eldest son and thus, not long after his fifteenth birthday, he started work in the family grocery business. By then, the Lever family had moved from Wood Street to a larger house adjacent to the grocery business. In the celebrated Victorian manner, the boss's son was, initially at least, shown no preferential treatment, being required to sweep the floor and tidy up before the staff arrived. Other tasks included various practical assignments more to do with the fundamentals of the wholesale grocery trade, almost certainly designed to prepare the youth for management in later years. His remuneration was "a

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value; other members of the Combine experienced similarly devastating declines. Such conditions inevitably led to a reassessment of the position and, following a meeting of all firms involved in the alliance, but without the wholehearted approval of Lever himself, a decision was made to bring the organization to an end. Most of the members of the failed cartel found their reputations seriously tarnished, and none escaped financial damage; Lever estimated his losses at "considerably over half a million". For Northcliffe, this was clearly a victory of liberty over iniquity, a view reflected in the

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honour and integrity" and express their deepest regrets for having made such malicious attacks upon him. There followed a scene on the floor of the court wherein the legal teams literally haggled over the size of the financial settlement. In the end, the sum agreed to was £50,000, plus around £40,000 which was eventually awarded from individual newspapers. This victory was celebrated with a day's holiday at Port Sunlight, where Lever blithely addressed the employees and other spectators who cheered and applauded their hero.

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friends tended to comprise children of similar backgrounds and beliefs. Among these was Elizabeth Ellen Hulme (Dec 1850 – 24 July 1913) whose family also resided on Wood Street. In the tradition of the nineteenth-century well-to-do middle classes, William paid court to Elizabeth over several years and, when the financial circumstances allowed, he formally proposed marriage. On 17 April 1874, after a two-year engagement, they were married at the Church of St Andrew and St George (then Congregational, now

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exacerbate an already critical situation. Lever himself considered, and then rejected, some rather drastic alterations to the Sunlight formula; eventually deciding on reducing the weight of the standard bar. In July 1906 he was asked to attend a meeting in Liverpool, called by a group of soap-makers based in the north of England. The result was an accord to put in motion changes that would effectively cartelise the industry by stifling competition and controlling prices to the consumer.

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Brothers position within the cartel included takeovers and share issues, but as more people became aware of their plans, it was inevitable that information would be leaked to the press. Nevertheless, retrenchments were set in motion, including the cancellation of several substantial press advertising campaigns. By October, several newspapers were publishing articles about the Soap Trust, and some began to represent Lever as the leading character in an infamous conspiracy.

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appointing local agents to safeguard the firm's interests. At this time, his flair for advertising and branding began to emerge as he successfully differentiated the Lever brand from generic commodities. By the end of 1879, the business' prospects were good enough to convince William and Elizabeth to invest in a new home in Bolton and by 1881 the expanding Wigan business warranted the commissioning of new premises; Lever and Company was expanding steadily.

655:. Other schemes adopted from the USA included competitions with cash prizes, coupons and tokens included in soap packaging, and sponsorship of worthy causes such as a lifeboat named Sunlight. The success of these schemes soon led to their adoption by Lever's competitors, although they eventually became difficult to sustain as raw material costs began to increase during the first decade of the twentieth-century, inducing most soap makers to phase them out. 1215:

could greatly improve living standards to an extent that crofting would become a forgotten way of life. He was also impatient with politicians' machinations and the laborious indolence of the political system that persisted with the "futile land reform" instead of adopting what he considered the most sensible course of action; to forget about new crofts and allow him, in the interests of expediency, to behave like the 'monarch' of the

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posters located at public places throughout northern England. But at that time, Lever had to rely for supplies on "soap-boilers" – independent firms that specialised in producing soap to order – who were expected to work to his proprietary formula. The reliability of these suppliers was however apparently questionable, as variations in the end product gave rise to complaints about the effectiveness, and even the smell, of Self-Washer.

480:, Lancashire, England. He was the eldest son and the seventh child born to James Lever (1809–1897), a grocer, and Eliza Hesketh, daughter of a cotton mill manager. From age six to age nine William attended a small private school run by the Misses Aspinwall in a house on Wood Street, not far from the Lever family home. At the age of nine he was sent to another of Bolton's private schools before finishing his formal education at 787:, Lord Northcliffe, the principal witness for the defence, was overseas and, according to Jolly, "had no intention of returning within range of any writ server while the case was on." It seems clear, therefore, that Northcliffe was in the wrong and, moreover, he knew that he would most probably lose the case: he reportedly offered Lever a public apology shortly before the start of the trial. For the plaintiff, Carson accused 1643: 538:

his experiences with butter and other commodity products. Thus, instead of selling soap by weight, he had it cut into small, manageable tablets which were individually wrapped. The Trade Mark Registration Act 1875 protected trade names from counterfeiters and imitators, and this opened the way for brand name recognition and consumer loyalty. Within 12 months, Lever had registered a series of trade marks, among them

1273: 4753: 930: 1163:, on the other hand, were mainly subsistence farmers and many of them were squatters; and it was this section of the population that Leverhulme hoped to develop and recruit. The crofters were poor, but they were used to an independent lifestyle that was both long established and deeply ingrained in their psyche. Nevertheless, Leverhulme planned to entice them into becoming carbon copies of his 991: 1088: 33: 1206:, to acquire certain farms in the Highlands and Islands by compulsory purchase and to have them divided up to provide more crofts. In 1913, four farms on Lewis had been scheduled for take-over, but the action had been opposed by the proprietor at that time, and when the war with Germany broke out it was left in abeyance. Towards the end of the war, in the summer of 1918, the 667:, Lever's District Agent in Switzerland who used the fledgling cinema industry as an advertising tool. The success of this venture led, by 1900, to the establishment of factories in Switzerland, Germany, Canada, the United States, Holland, and Australia with several others planned, while the Sunlight brand had been strengthened by the addition of Lifebuoy, Vim and Lux. 122: 4765: 521:. In 1907 he became Worshipful Master, going on to found many Lodges and hold various offices at national level. In 1907, while sitting as an MP, he was a founder of the Phoenix Lodge 3236, and in May 1912 he founded St. Hilary Lodge No. 3591. He then became Past Pro-Grand Warden (P.P.G.W) and Immediate Past Master (I.P.M). In 1919, he was appointed 882:, as he had become in December 1911, firmly believed that paid labour alongside the schools, hospitals and rations his company promised to provide would attract workers. However, "the harshness and danger of the labour demanded from them, living in camps away from their homes, as well as the poor remuneration HCB offered, failed to interest them." 676: 1123:

Lord Leverhulme intended that the port should be improved and enlarged to attract landings of fish from visiting vessels to supplement catches made by local boats and his own fleet of modern drifters and trawlers. There would be an ice-making factory, and cargo vessels with refrigerated holds to take

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had a good harbour, there were many disadvantages to Lord Leverhulme's plans for the port. Its remoteness led to additional transport costs for ice, fuel, packaging, and anything else that had to be imported, as well as for the fish products, almost all of which was sold on the Scottish mainland. The

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proclaimed: "Soap Trust Arithmetic – How 15 ounces make a pound", "Dismissal of employees begins", and "Trust Soap Already Dearer". Other allegations included claims that the Trust was trying to control the available supplies of raw materials and that it was preparing to use 'unsavoury substances' in

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In reality, workers' social lives were policed from the head office, and some of Lever's employees clearly resented his paternalism. However well intentioned, the power it afforded the company, even though it was rarely exercised, was viewed as an attack on workers' liberty and human rights. Although

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In 1884, having developed Lever and Company to a point where it was virtually self-governing, William resolved to capture a large share of the international soap trade. In essence, he planned to manufacture and market a range of high quality, price differentiated products, using a strategy based upon

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Typically, Leverhulme's business strategies were comprehensive and meticulously set out. His plans for the island called for a reliable workforce, but although the inhabitants of Stornoway were generally well educated and hardworking, they were for the most part regularly employed and well paid. The

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The campaign had a surprisingly rapid and strikingly negative impact on the member companies, particularly on Lever Brothers' businesses. By November 1906, Lever sales had fallen by sixty per cent compared with the previous year and Lever Brothers shares had lost around twenty-five per cent of their

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In 1879 the Lever family business acquired a failing wholesale grocer in Wigan, affording young William an opportunity to prove his ability as a quasi-autonomous administrator. The expanded activity necessitated a search for new suppliers, taking William to Ireland, France and other parts of Europe,

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In early March 1919, men started to take over Leverhulme's farms on Lewis. They drove off the farmers' livestock, demolished boundary walls, and staked out six-acre plots: by the summer sixteen out of the twenty-two farms on the island had been affected. Expecting Leverhulme's approval, the raiders

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was apparently one of Leverhulme's main strategies for the island fisheries venture, and to this end he acquired retail fishmonger's shops in most of the UK's larger towns and cities: all were modernised and refitted, and their previous proprietors were installed as managers. This aspect of Lever's

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Lever attempted to rationalise the formation of the Soap Trust by claiming that the industry would become more efficient, thus making cost savings that could be passed on to the consumer; assertions that could never be realised. Financial manoeuvres made by Lever were designed to maximise the Lever

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Lever's desire to directly influence the consumer led to the employment of "District Agents" whose tasks involved engaging directly with members of the public in order to advance the merits of the company's products, as well as to act as undercover agents who reported on anything they observed that

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The Lever soap campaign began with a range of Sunlight branded soaps differentiated mainly by colour: Pale, Mottled and Brown, with a fourth variant presented as a product that was especially formulated for washing clothes. This 'Sunlight Self-Washer Soap' was widely advertised using billboards and

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Attitudes began to harden and polarise, culminating in politicians pressing ahead with land reform and Leverhulme demanding a ten-year moratorium coupled with a thinly veiled threat to withdraw from his schemes. In early 1920, upon his return from a business trip to the US, Leverhulme learned that

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should take possession of certain of his farms and create something fewer than a hundred and fifty crofts. He was against this, even though some local politicians believed that Leverhulme's project and the provision of more crofts were not mutually exclusive, but Leverhulme firmly believed that he

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artisans by offering them an attractive alternative to their meagre smallholdings. He did not actively oppose the crofter's way of life, but neither did he support it as some thought he, as their patron, ought to have done. When the crofters learned about the money that was being expended on other

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Such was the impression of Lever's demeanour and testimony on the defence team that, as soon as the court was assembled on the following day, they capitulated completely. They also stated that, on behalf of their clients that they wished to retract completely "every imputation made upon Mr Lever's

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of conducting a malicious campaign "with the object of smashing up Lever Brothers". Speaking for more than five hours, he listed a number of complaints and asked the jury to award punitive damages. He then called Lever as his first witness, inviting the leader of the defence team to "cross-examine

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The success of the Sunlight brand, especially after Lever assumed full responsibility for the product's quality, was exceptional; so much so that by the end of 1887 it had become impossible to squeeze any more capacity from the Warrington plant. Having failed to either extend the site or find more

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was unlikely to tolerate any departure from the implementation of land reform, but he saw no reason why Lewis should not have Leverhulme's industrial schemes as well as more crofts. Leverhulme refused to budge, believing that the break-up of his farms would lead to seriously inefficient, probably

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The private habits of an employee have really nothing to do with Lever Brothers providing the man is a good workman. At the same time, a good workman may have a wife of objectionable habits, or he may have objectionable habits himself, which make it undesirable to have him in the (Port Sunlight)

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from 1864 to 1867. Not a particularly bright scholar, he was nevertheless keen to acquire academic learning. His mother wanted him to enter the learned professions, ostensibly medicine, and William himself was very interested in becoming an architect. His father, however, had other, somewhat less

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and other new products, and in early 1906 it was clear that this increased demand was not temporary, and prices rose sharply. Concern in the soap-making industry was widespread and, in some cases, acute, competition became fierce, leading to increases in advertising expenses which served only to

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that badly needed to increase its output in order to become profitable and although Lever could probably have solved its problem though placing orders for most of his soap, he clearly wanted complete control. Having persuaded his father and younger brother that it would be a beneficial strategy,

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and James Lever, a teetotaller and a non-smoker, applied its principles in his business life as well as in his personal life. In accordance with nonconformist tenets, the Lever family held frequent Bible readings at home, and were regular worshipers at the local chapel. Thus, William's circle of

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At some stage, William was moved to the administration department where he learned about and subsequently reorganised the firm's accounting and bookkeeping systems. Perhaps in order to escape the shackles of his father's close supervision, he eventually petitioned to take the place of a retiring

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It is clear that skilful advertising and favourable publicity were major positive factors in the early success of Lever's enterprise. Much of the Sunlight brand "message" focussed on the alleviation of drudgery in the lives of working class housewives, targeted no doubt because of the increased

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to house its employees. From 1888, Port Sunlight village offered decent living conditions in the belief that good housing would ensure a healthy and happy workforce. The community was designed to house and support the workers. Life in Port Sunlight included intrusive rules and implied mandatory

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In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. When he found difficulties in obtaining more palm plantation concessions, he started looking elsewhere. In 1911, Lever signed a treaty with the Belgian Government to gain access to the palm oil of the

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A Treasury of Useful Information of value to all Members of the Household. Including Calendar and Kindred Matter, British Colonies and Dependencies, Geography, Literature, Science, Fine Arts, Commerce, Architecture, Agriculture, Army and Navy, Sports and Pastimes, Cycling Maps, The Household,

1252:, making his decision about the Western Isles project relatively straightforward. With a pressing need to make significant savings, he announced his intention to concentrate his efforts on Stornoway and on Harris, and that all work in the country areas of Lewis would be abandoned forthwith. 728:

revealed his support for the American's activities as a 'trustbuster'. Roosevelt's investigations of dishonest dealings among many American companies had been fully reported in Britain, eliciting a pious chorus of disapproval and claims that any similar wrongdoing by British firms would be

893:). The Belgians were "grateful to have a partnership with an enlightened entrepreneur to help salvage their battered reputation" and it allowed Lever to recruit the Congolese workforce he needed. Leverhulme's participation in this system of formalised labour has been documented by 729:

unimaginable but Northcliffe, pointing to the existence of a British Tobacco Trust, was not convinced. He set in motion a campaign of investigative journalism, some of which seems to have verged upon persecution; the clear objective of which was to smash Lever's soap combine.

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sales representative; in those days, being a "rep" meant a great deal of travelling by horse and carriage and spending nights away from home, as well as a measure of independence and some leeway in making decisions and brokering deals with the canny retailers on his route.

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Perhaps naturally, Lever felt that the failure of the soap combine was the result of animosity and resentment directed at him personally, rather than as a consequence of its members' dishonesty. Having sought several opinions on the authority of his suit, he retained

1136:. Leverhulme also expanded the herring-curing capacity and enlarged the fish processing facilities with the installation of a canning factory, and a plant to make fishcakes, fishpaste, glue, animal feed, and fertiliser, with similar equipment being established at 1171:

Leverhulme did his utmost to woo the population of Lewis and to make himself – as well as his schemes – popular among all the islanders. This seems to have worked to some extent, but there were other sceptics whose voices were heard in government circles.

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unsustainable, and ultimately abandoned smallholdings as crofters moved away in search of better incomes. Ranged against this at least ostensibly reasonable prediction was the formidable influence wielded by prospective crofters away fighting in

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in 1925 after his death. He rebuilt the house and made additions including a wing on each side of the house, a ballroom and art gallery. In 1911 and 1914 he acquired two neighbouring properties to expand his garden. This led to a dispute with

780:. Lever's legal team were in no doubt of the outcome; as F.E. Smith reportedly observed "There is no answer to this action for libel and the damages must be enormous." On 15 July 1907 the case came up at Liverpool before Mr Justice Lawrence. 1330:

though he was not a councillor because the council wanted to honour a "Notable son of the Town" as a mark of the high regard the citizens of Bolton had for him. He was elevated to the viscountcy on 27 November 1922. Also, Lever received the

638:, which was a type of almanac first introduced in 1895. These were quite substantial (the 1899 version had 480 pages) publications which evolved into a hard-backed and 'Profusely Illustrated' volume, described by the publisher as: 1255:

The population of Harris was smaller in size and more scattered than that of Lewis. Consequently, Leverhulme's plans advanced there with very few problems. With permission from the locals, the fishing village of Obbe was renamed

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were paternalistic and his views were much more progressive than most industrialists of the time. Malcolm Hardman writes that "Lever observed and respected the intelligence and integrity of the Congolese he was allowed to meet".

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Thus, by the beginning of 1919, the positions taken up by those involved were fairly well defined. Robert Munro, himself a Highlander, believed passionately in the reinstatement of the crofts and he also felt strongly that the

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many such people preferred to find their own accommodation, there were others who, for whatever reason, were never given an opportunity to reside in Port Sunlight. Perhaps Lever's observations on this matter are revealing:

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its soaps. Port Sunlight, parodied as 'Port Moonshine', was portrayed as a sweatshop, reports by disgruntled retailers were given prominent positions and readers were urged to buy products made by non-Trust manufacturers.

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Lever Brothers had indeed been seriously damaged by the press, as well as by rises in the costs of raw materials, but Lever hesitated to use the court awarded cash to bolster the company. Instead, he presented it all to

1355:. It was built in 1820 by Richard Brownlow, a lawyer, who later became a recluse. It was acquired by Lever after Brownlow's death and was rented out until demolition in 1942, its land was used for coal mining. 897:, who contends that, "Leverhulme set up a private kingdom reliant on the horrific Belgian system of forced labour, a program that reduced the population of Congo by half and accounted for more deaths than the 3594: 1307:'s government to introduce a national old age pension, such as the one he provided for his workers. On the recommendation of the Liberal Party, he was created a baronet in 1911 and raised to the peerage as 804:, bestowing significant sums to the faculties of Town Planning, Tropical Medicine, and Russian Studies, while making sure that an enduring record of the litigation was ensconced in the University library. 854:. For Lever, HCB was expected to become the crowning achievement of his own brand of "moral capitalism". A few months before his death, Lord Leverhulme, as he then was, wrote in a private letter that the 1387:

employees. The village was later provided with community amenities including a school, shops, social establishments and a church. Thornton Manor was restructured, and the gardens greatly extended.

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holocaust". The archives show a record of Belgian administrators, missionaries and doctors protesting against the practices at the Lever plantations. Formal parliamentary investigations by the

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Per pale Argent and barry of eight Or and Azure two bendlets Sable the upper one engrailed in sinister chief a chaplet Gules and in the dexter base a rose of the last leaved and seeded Proper.

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After much consideration, William began to consider the possibility of taking control of the manufacture, and thus the quality, of Sunlight soaps. He had discovered a small producer based in

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him to his heart's content, and, when his time comes, I hope he will be able to follow my example and do the same, and call as his first witness his own client, Lord Northcliffe..."

1475:, and restored it as a museum for the town. He donated 360 acres (150 hectares) of land and landscaped Lever Park in Rivington in 1902. Lever was responsible for the formation of 602:

In some matters, Lever was keen to allow the residents of Port Sunlight a degree of democratic control, and this seems to have led to a common conviction that he was in favour of

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William raised sufficient capital for the takeover to take place and in August 1885 Lever and Company, wholesale grocers, added soap manufacturing to its range of activities.

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on 7 July 1913, although it is suspected her confession was false. The property contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.

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over Lever's intentions to take over a public right of way to join the two plots; an issue that was not resolved to his satisfaction. The Hill was his main home from 1919.

2675: 2837: 1383:. He subsequently acquired more land in the village and many of its picturesque, but outdated, houses were demolished and replaced with modern homes which were rented to 1185: 368:, philanthropist, and politician. Educated at a small private school until the age of nine, then at church schools, he joined his father's wholesale grocery business in 842:

The company town of Leverville was a project born out of the shared desire of the Belgian Government and of Lever Brothers to build a 'moral' form of capitalism in

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took a personal interest in the anti-Soap Trust campaign. While extending assurances of "the strictest impartiality" to Lever, Northcliffe's close friendship with

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According to W.P. Jolly, "Of the dozen or so houses that Lever lived in, and upon which he stamped his own mark of reconstruction, the three most important were

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at the age of fifteen. Following an apprenticeship and a series of appointments in the family business, which he successfully expanded, he began manufacturing

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could be useful to Port Sunlight. The success of this aspect of Lever's marketing strategy led to the first overseas manufacturing plant being established in

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William Lever and Edith Rigby, An examination of the evidence relating to the burning of Roynton Cottage at Rivington, Lancashire on Tuesday 8th July 1913

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In 1902, when he became the first initiate of a lodge bearing his name (William Hesketh Lever Lodge No. 2916 in Port Sunlight) Lever involved himself in

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Failing to find sufficient voluntary workers, HCB turned to the Belgian colonial authorities, a brutal regime notorious for their use of a system of

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observance of the Sabbath had a negative effect on fishing operations, while catches of varieties of fish other than herring were unfeasibly small.

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Lever died at 73 of pneumonia at his home in Hampstead on 7 May 1925. His funeral was attended by 30,000 people. He is buried in the churchyard of

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a week all found" which meant that his board and lodgings were provided, making the financial aspect of the contract more-or-less pocket money.

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space in the areas, Lever eventually decided to move the whole manufacturing facility to an 11 acres (4.5 ha) green-field site near

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after re-endowing Bolton Grammar School and Bolton High School for Girls in 1913. He donated the land for Bolton's largest park,

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These books were distributed widely, and many were given to the head teachers of schools, causing protests from members of the

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of England. He was Provincial Senior Grand Warden of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Cheshire, and founded many other Lodges.

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The circumstances in which the trial took place were unusual in that, while Lever's legal team were accommodated at

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Davenport-Hines, Richard (6 January 2011). "Lever, William Hesketh, first Viscount Leverhulme (1851–1925)".

1937: 1299:. He was invited to contest elections for the Liberal Party. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the 1292: 906: 261: 448:

to promote its products. Lever's response was to acquire similarly illustrative works, and he later bought

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Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935

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opened in 1922 and is in the Port Sunlight conservation area. In 1915 Lever acquired a painting entitled

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comes nearest to it in social work". By 1923, a Lever soap factory was built there, and by 1924 SAVCO (

850:, Lever Brothers was an ideal partner, a company hailed for the social policies it had put in place in 3614: 4796: 4791: 4768: 4725: 3873: 3853: 3609: 3552: 1577: 1560: 1495: 1315: 1211: 1143: 801: 453: 445: 109: 4735: 4670: 4554: 4488: 4227: 4124: 4034: 3720: 1614: 1572: 1553:. The painting was previously owned by his competitor, A & F Pears, who used paintings such as 1511: 1487:

campaign to purchase land in west London, as the "Gilbert White Memorial" - it is now known as the

1460: 1332: 1261: 769: 603: 4014: 3115:

Global dilemmas : imperial Bolton-le-Moors from the hungry forties to the death of Leverhulme

1236:, as well as by supporters of the Highland League which was politically dedicated to land reform. 423:, a key ingredient in Lever's product line. His firm had become associated with activities in the 4259: 4222: 4204: 3868: 3843: 3450: 3140: 2983: 2963: 2943: 1554: 1244:

raiding had continued during his absence. By then, serious financial difficulties were besetting

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place itself was, for various reasons, unpopular with sailors, and the local population's strict

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on 21 June 1917, the "hulme" element of his title being in honour of his wife, Elizabeth Hulme.

687:

By 1905, many of the raw materials used in the manufacture of soap were being used by makers of

1103:

for £167,000 (equivalent to £19,800,000 in 2023). And in late 1919 he bought the estate of

4756: 4720: 4473: 4454: 4194: 4169: 3947: 3878: 3792: 3573: 3527: 3506: 3471: 3428: 3369: 3319: 3313: 3273: 3254: 3232: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3180: 3159: 3128: 3118: 3099: 3080: 3022: 2922: 1622: 753: 644: 385: 2838:"Heritage: Soap-boiler, social reformer, MP and tribal chieftain – the life of William Lever" 1506:

set up to provide funding for education and research, the trust in 2017 became benefactor to

54: 4549: 4395: 4323: 4286: 4085: 4075: 3848: 3739: 3598: 3465: 3072: 3043: 2978: 2958: 2938: 2913:

Munro, Neil, "The Coal Famine", in Osborne, Brian D. & Armstrong, Ronald (eds.) (2002),

2676:"New light shed on 100-year-old mystery of one of Bolton's most notorious historical events" 1600: 1515: 1503: 1484: 1400: 1133: 1096: 773: 575: 332: 306: 430:

A patron of the arts, Lever began collecting artworks in 1893 when he bought a painting by

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Salespeople's Charity, formerly known as The Commercial Travellers' Benevolent Institution

2918: 1963: 1771:"19th Century European Paintings, Sculpture & Master Drawings, New York Auction, 1997" 1653:

A trumpet fesswise thereon a cock Proper charged on the breast with a rose as in the arms.

1604: 1499: 1480: 1472: 1207: 1193: 1156: 832: 761: 502: 431: 381: 3622: 1822: 4680: 4675: 4645: 4624: 4619: 4366: 4296: 4232: 4045: 3922: 3863: 3838: 3762: 2519: 1642: 1618: 1594: 1590: 1534: 1464: 1372: 1368: 1344: 1277: 1245: 1108: 843: 828: 784: 416: 408: 389: 279: 3631: 3250:

L'histoire du Congo, 1910–1945: Travail forcé pour l'huile de palme de Lord Leverhulme

2749: 1272: 4785: 4665: 4564: 4179: 4134: 4070: 3932: 3442: 3244: 2797: 1523: 1488: 1476: 1437: 1384: 1249: 1216: 1148: 1100: 894: 890: 870: 859: 851: 823:(HCB) after buying a concession for 750,000 hectares (1,900,000 acres) of forest for 814: 683:, 22 October 1906; a parody of William Lever, whose factory was named "Port Sunlight" 591: 571: 461: 424: 365: 4598: 4478: 4362: 4274: 4184: 4080: 4065: 3675: 3434: 1104: 954: 913: 707: 596: 583: 435: 4254: 3055: 599:

meant that a worker losing his or her job could be almost simultaneously evicted.

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between 1906 and 1909 and used his maiden speech in the House of Commons to urge

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Enterprise in Soap and Chemicals: Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Limited 1815–1965

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Building Co-operation: A Business History of The Co-operative Group, 1863–2013

1445: 1376: 1296: 1257: 1164: 1129: 1087: 701: 559: 550: 377: 203: 3236: 3132: 3084: 3063:

Hamill, J. M (1992). "The Masonic Collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery".

2892: 376:, building a substantial business empire with many well-known brands such as 17: 4529: 4513: 4424: 4244: 3993: 3937: 1519: 1421: 1396: 1348: 1137: 1125: 1112: 688: 587: 438:, had taken the lead in using art for marketing by buying paintings such as 220: 4534: 1537:

which became a model village comparable to Port Sunlight and in 1906 built

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This Working-day World: women's lives and culture(s) in Britain, 1914–1945

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The company's former Congo plantations today operate under the control of

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and opened his operation under a subsidiary of the Lever consortium named

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in his Erchie MacPherson story "The Coal Famine", first published in the

1441: 1380: 1319: 1160: 824: 663:. 'Savonneries Helvetia' was the inspiration of the somewhat charismatic 579: 486: 465: 420: 393: 1665:

On either side an elephant Or charged on the shoulder with a rose Gules.

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first proposed to Leverhulme that under the Small Landholders Act, the

1015: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 879: 847: 3628:

Lever's Hampstead house and its garden (Hill Garden) are described in

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Nature and the Victorian Entrepreneur: Soap, Sunlight and Subjectivity

2478: 916:, employing approximately 4,000 people, acquired by the firm in 2009. 675: 542:, a house style that was later applied to a range of household soaps. 4444: 4370: 4358: 4209: 4119: 4104: 4055: 4019: 3438: 3356:

The history of Unilever: a study in economic growth and social change

3095:

Cartel Criminality: The Mythology and Pathology of Business Collusion

1456: 1233: 1188:, as well as a number of supporting characters including most of the 477: 369: 199: 3467:

A Guide to Port Sunlight Village: Including Two Tours of the Village

2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 4544: 4503: 4429: 4379: 4189: 4060: 1271: 1086: 3364:

Wilson, John F.; Webster, Anthony; Vorberg-Rugh, Rachael (2013).

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Newspaper clippings about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

3335:"The story of Port Sunlight's 'soap king' and his model village" 3318:. Vol. 3 (7th ed.). Thomson Learning Academic Center. 2099: 2097: 1326:

in 1917. In November 1918 Lord Leverhulme was invited to become

898: 590:. This site became Port Sunlight where he built his works and a 3788: 476:

William Lever was born on 19 September 1851 at 16 Wood Street,

4328: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1846: 1844: 984: 923: 875: 574:'. In 1887, Lever bought 56 acres (23 ha) of land on the 341: 315: 26: 2586: 2584: 2007: 1168:

projects, they began to resent his lack of support for them.

1132:, which was well placed to serve the industrial towns of the 643:

Medical, Port Sunlight, etc. Also Specially Written Story by

4686:

Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory

3523:

The King of Sunlight: How William Lever Cleaned Up the World

3502:

Lord Leverhulme's Ghosts: Colonial Exploitation in the Congo

1738: 1736: 1351:." A further building he purchased was Rockhaven in 1899 in 1283:

Prior to serving in cabinet, Lever unsuccessfully contested

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In 1904, Lever purchased The Hill, an Edwardian mansion at

1367:, his only surviving child, Lever first rented then bought 634:

One of the more remarkable Below The Line projects was the

456:

to promote the Sunlight soap brand. In 1922 he founded the

347: 321: 2719:"Rivington Bungalow Fire, Confession by a Doctor's Wife". 827:

production. The main coordinating base was established at

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Wilson, Charles (1968). "Chapter 6, The Crisis of 1906".

2794:"The Hill Hampstead at the Thomas Mawson Archive website" 2203: 1892: 1890: 3595:

Works by or about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

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Coat of arms of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

1347:, The Hill at Hampstead in London, and The Bungalow at 50: 3218:

So clean : Lord Leverhulme, soap and civilization

776:, assisted by another K.C. and two juniors, acted for 1571:

Lord Leverhulme's Hebridean venture was satirised by

1420:

claimed to have set fire to Leverhulme's bungalow at

1124:

the fresh fish to a depot on the British mainland at

740:

s headline, "Public Opinion Smashed the Soap Trust".

3021:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 222. 1671:

Mutare Vel Timere Sperno (I Scorn To Change Or Fear)

344: 338: 318: 312: 61:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 4694: 4638: 4612: 4405: 4311: 4148: 4002: 3971: 3960: 3887: 3831: 3824: 3639:– a charity that Lord Leverhulme named in his will. 3615:

Portraits of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

2168:"François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke, Swiss Businessman" 1202:had empowered the Scottish Secretary, on behalf of 356: 350: 335: 309: 275: 267: 255: 245: 237: 227: 210: 182: 177: 163: 153: 132: 107: 3544:Lord of the Isles: Lord Leverhulme of the Hebrides 858:were "a business like none other we have. Perhaps 419:, particularly in Africa and Asia, which supplied 4857:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 1455:Lever was a major benefactor to his native town, 364:; 19 September 1851 – 7 May 1925) was an English 3558:Bolton: A Study in Town Planning & Civic Art 3092:Harding, Christopher; Edwards, Jennifer (2016). 1502:in London to the British nation and endowed the 4827:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 3464:Hubbard, Edward; Shippobottom, Michael (2005). 3156:The Soap Man: Lewis, Harris and Lord Leverhulme 2783:Page 33 of the Selborne Society's Minute Book E 1881: 1494:Lever endowed a school of tropical medicine at 640: 612: 468:which he dedicated to his late wife Elizabeth. 4847:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom 2513:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). 2251: 292:William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme 3800: 1934:"Lady Lever Art Gallery, Masonic Lodge Apron" 1276:Leverhulme, in a portrait painted in 1918 by 8: 3610:contributions in Parliament by William Lever 3042:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 271:Industrialist, philanthropist and politician 3272:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2842:Ham & High, Archant Community Media Ltd 1765: 1763: 1623:Counties of Inverness and Ross and Cromarty 1291:in 1910. Lever was a lifelong supporter of 4145: 3968: 3828: 3807: 3793: 3785: 3662: 3621: 3145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2738:. London. 18 July 1913. col C, p. 14. 2088: 1896: 1641: 1634: 953:. Please do not remove this message until 415:. He was an advocate for expansion of the 104: 2563:"Lord Leverhulme (William Hesketh Lever)" 2373: 1827:Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool museums 1802:Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool museums 1715: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1483:, in 1914. In 1920 he donated £50 to the 1200:The Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 1095:In May 1918, by then in semi-retirement, 1075:Learn how and when to remove this message 973:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 3632:Inverforth House, Hamstead Heath, London 3430:Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy 2414: 1936:. Liverpool Museum. 2011. Archived from 1754: 1024:"William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme" 949:Relevant discussion may be found on the 674: 3039:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2678:. Bolton News. Bolton News. 6 July 2013 2465: 2453: 2204:Wilson, Webster & Vorberg-Rugh 2013 1823:"History of the Lady Lever Art Gallery" 1742: 1690: 1285:Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency) 4711:William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme 3448: 3138: 2704:. 10 July 1913. p. 5 – via 2567:Links in a Chain: The Mayors of Bolton 2325: 2215: 2028: 1635: 1450:William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme 1287:in 1892, 1894, 1895, and also lost at 434:. Lever's rival in the soap industry, 407:and later, as Lord Leverhulme, in the 396:. In politics, Lever briefly sat as a 384:. In 1886, together with his brother, 98:William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme 42:contains content that is written like 4802:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh 4601:(except the United States and Canada) 3200:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3065:Journal of the History of Collections 3017:Cohen, Ruth; Cook, P. Lesley (2003). 2662: 2650: 2590: 2549: 2441: 2429: 2397: 2385: 2361: 2349: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2239: 2227: 2191: 2153: 2115: 2103: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 1920: 1908: 1862: 1850: 1727: 1539:Saint George's United Reformed Church 1289:Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency) 7: 4764: 3333:Williams, Olivia (13 October 2019). 2337: 1962:. Phoenix Lodge 3236. Archived from 1363:In 1888, shortly after the birth of 1013:adding citations to reliable sources 3368:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3296:Phillips, Claire (2 October 2017). 1508:Rivington and Blackrod High School 905:were called for by members of the 25: 3619:National Portrait Gallery, London 3526:. Transworld Publishers Limited. 2987:. 12 December 1922. p. 8793. 2947:. 29 December 1911. p. 9826. 2166:Lavanchy-Clarke, François-Henri. 1773:. Christies. 1997. Archived from 1567:In literature and popular culture 756:and two juniors, one of whom was 595:participation in activities. The 527:Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons 4867:UK MPs who were granted peerages 4763: 4752: 4751: 3750:Baronetage of the United Kingdom 3667:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3427:Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). 3315:Western Civilization: Since 1789 3221:. Manchester: University Press. 2734:"Mrs Rigby committed to trial". 2511:"consistent series" supplied in 2301:"The Collapse of the Soap Trust" 989: 928: 331: 305: 250:William, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme 120: 31: 3491:Viscount Leverhulme: by his Son 2796:. 22 March 2012. Archived from 2505:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1448:. He was succeeded by his son, 1178:Secretary of State for Scotland 1000:needs additional citations for 4590:VO5 (except the United States) 3470:. Liverpool University Press. 3158:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. 1796:Frith, William Powell (n.d.). 869:Lever's attitudes towards the 665:François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke 505:) on St Georges Road, Bolton. 1: 4882:Viscounts created by George V 3708:Peerage of the United Kingdom 3566:Smith, Malcolm David (1998). 2967:. 26 June 1917. p. 6286. 2515:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?" 2307:. 1 December 1906. p. 24 2172:Who's Who in Victorian Cinema 3392:Bergin, John Philip (1999). 3176:Lord Leverhulme: A Biography 3056:UK public library membership 2921:, Edinburgh, pp. 490 - 493, 2836:Sonin, Adam (16 June 2013). 2552:, p. 197-235, chpt. 13. 1609:County Palatine of Lancaster 1467:in 1902. In 1899, he bought 1147:Hebridean venture was named 1099:, as he was now, bought the 4832:High sheriffs of Lancashire 3654:20th Century Press Archives 3572:. Wyre Publishing Company. 3302:copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk 2702:The Nottingham Evening Post 2444:, p. 107-131, chpt. 9. 1533:Lever built many houses in 955:conditions to do so are met 4898: 4817:English Congregationalists 4567:(except for North America) 4516:(except for North America) 4398:(except for North America) 4382:(except the United States) 3547:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3401:(PhD). University of Hull. 3154:Hutchinson, Roger (2003). 2863:"Thornton Hough Appraisal" 2723:. 13 July 1913. p. 4. 2252:Harding & Edwards 2016 1960:"About Phoenix Lodge 3236" 1629:High Sheriff of Lancashire 1324:High Sheriff of Lancashire 1248:concerning the disastrous 570:Lever was the founder of ' 95: 4747: 4706:Antonius Johannes Jurgens 4445:Degree/Rexona/Sure/Shield 3928:Lipton Teas and Infusions 3773: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3737: 3727: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3696: 3682:Member of Parliament for 3680: 3672: 3665: 3113:Hardman, Malcolm (2017). 2889:"St Georges URC, History" 2706:British Newspaper Archive 2653:, p. 34-35, chpt. 5. 2400:, p. 55-57, chpt. 6. 2388:, p. 53-55, chpt. 6. 2364:, p. 52-53, chpt. 6. 2352:, p. 51-57, chpt. 6. 2290:, p. 50-51, chpt. 6. 2278:, p. 49-50, chpt. 6. 2266:, p. 48-49, chpt. 6. 2242:, p. 46-48, chpt. 6. 2230:, p. 43-67, chpt. 6. 2194:, p. 41-43, chpt. 6. 2156:, p. 40-41, chpt. 6. 2118:, p. 38-39, chpt. 6. 2106:, p. 80-81, chpt. 7. 2079:, p. 22-23, chpt. 3. 2067:, p. 21-22, chpt. 3. 2055:, p. 19-20, chpt. 3. 2043:, p. 18-29, chpt. 3. 1911:, p. 16-19, chpt. 3. 1865:, p. 11-17, chpt. 3. 1563:to promote its products. 1412:The Bungalow at Rivington 1406:Hampstead Borough Council 1107:for £36,000; both in the 778:Associated Newspapers Ltd 285: 173: 142: 128: 119: 4630:W. H. Burford & Sons 4460:Campaign for Real Beauty 3541:Nicolson, Nigel (1960). 3455:: CS1 maint: location ( 2865:. Wirral. Archived from 2816:British Listed Buildings 2665:, p. 145, chpt. 10. 2129:"Sunlight Yearbook 1899" 1853:, p. 1-10, chpt. 2. 1359:Thornton Manor, Cheshire 1305:Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1204:His Majesty's Government 837:Province of Léopoldville 820:Huileries du Congo Belge 586:and the railway line at 259:Bolton Church Institute 4822:English philanthropists 4740:Eugenio Minvielle Lagos 4731:Sidney J. van den Bergh 4661:Lipton Institute of Tea 3520:Macqueen, Adam (2005). 3499:Marchal, Jules (2008). 2915:Erchie, My Droll Friend 2569:. Bolton Town Hall. n.d 1986:"About St Hilary Lodge" 1293:William Ewart Gladstone 1260:. On 3 September 1923, 907:Belgian Socialist Party 864:Savonneries Congolaises 653:Soap Makers Association 482:Bolton Church Institute 262:University of Edinburgh 114:The Viscount Leverhulme 4812:English art collectors 4651:Lever Brothers Factory 3918:Gorton's of Gloucester 3569:Leverhulme's Rivington 3310:Spielvogel, Jackson J. 3179:. Constable & Co. 3048:10.1093/ref:odnb/34506 2631:Thornton Manor History 2593:, p. 57, chpt. 6. 1923:, p. 79, chpt. 7. 1798:"'The New Frock' 1889" 1581:of 12th January 1920. 1543:Lady Lever Art Gallery 1491:Local Nature Reserve. 1459:, where he was made a 1280: 1092: 1091:Abandoned house, Lewis 764:. For the defendants, 684: 649: 623: 496:The Lever family were 458:Lady Lever Art Gallery 4051:Hellmann's/Best Foods 3943:United Africa Company 3895:Elizabeth Arden, Inc. 3553:Mawson, Thomas Hayton 3215:Lewis, Brian (2008). 3173:Jolly, W. P. (1976). 2374:Cohen & Cook 2003 1551:Charles Burton Barber 1391:The Hill at Hampstead 1338: 1275: 1090: 831:in what was then the 789:Associated Newspapers 758:Frederick Edwin Smith 678: 241:Elizabeth Ellen Hulme 187:William Hesketh Lever 93:English industrialist 63:neutral point of view 4726:Samuel van den Bergh 3486:Lever, William Hulme 3268:Musson, A E (1965). 3194:Judd, Denis (2013). 3001:. 1921. p. 557. 1882:Davenport-Hines 2011 1578:Glasgow Evening News 1561:John Everett Millais 1496:Liverpool University 1316:justice of the peace 1212:Board of Agriculture 1144:Vertical Integration 1009:improve this article 835:, later part of the 802:Liverpool University 454:William Powell Frith 446:John Everett Millais 133:Member of Parliament 110:The Right Honourable 4807:Burials in Cheshire 4736:Simon van den Bergh 4671:Unilever Gloucester 3990:(outside of the UK) 3984:Buavita (Indonesia) 3777:William Hulme Lever 3767:(of Thornton Manor) 3731:William Hulme Lever 3721:Viscount Leverhulme 3494:. Houghton Mifflin. 3422:on 27 February 2017 3406:Halton, Maurice J, 3077:10.1093/jhc/4.2.285 2721:Bolton Evening News 2507:figures follow the 2133:Dust-Covered Curios 2031:, pp. 285–295. 2010:. Mersey Lodge 5434 2008:"Mersey Lodge 5434" 1745:, pp. 348–368. 1637: 1615:Viscount Leverhulme 1512:Harper Green School 1471:, one time home of 1333:Order of Leopold II 1301:Wirral constituency 1262:Viscount Leverhulme 1225:Imperial Parliament 942:of this section is 866:) was established. 770:Marquess of Reading 523:Senior Grand Warden 55:promotional content 4852:West Pennine Moors 4842:People from Bolton 4386:Seventh Generation 4369:) (brand owned by 4260:Good Humor-Breyers 3844:Hindustan Unilever 3359:. London: Praeger. 3019:Effects of Mergers 2984:The London Gazette 2964:The London Gazette 2944:The London Gazette 2812:"Inverforth House" 2468:, pp. 348–368 1281: 1093: 920:Lewis & Harris 903:Belgian Parliament 833:district of Kwango 726:Theodore Roosevelt 685: 636:Sunlight Year Book 498:Congregationalists 57:and inappropriate 4779: 4778: 4721:Morris Tabaksblat 4608: 4607: 4474:Dollar Shave Club 4307: 4306: 4015:Ben & Jerry's 3956: 3955: 3909: 3908:(Fragrances only) 3783: 3782: 3774:Succeeded by 3728:Succeeded by 3697:Succeeded by 3579:978-0-9526187-3-7 3533:978-0-552-15087-3 3512:978-1-84467-239-4 3477:978-0-85323-455-5 3375:978-0-19-965511-3 3287:Oldfield, Sybil. 3279:978-0-7190-0023-2 3228:978-0-7190-7804-0 3207:978-0-571-30010-5 3186:978-0-09-461070-5 3165:978-1-84158-327-3 3124:978-1-61147-902-7 3105:978-1-317-16963-5 3054:(Subscription or 3028:978-0-415-31346-9 2999:Debrett's Peerage 2800:on 22 March 2012. 2340:, pp. 65–66. 2328:, pp. 72–88. 1988:. St Hilary Lodge 1777:on 20 August 2011 1677: 1676: 1619:The Western Isles 1440:in what was then 1399:. It was renamed 1184:, the MP for the 1085: 1084: 1077: 1059: 983: 982: 975: 754:Sir Edward Carson 699:Headlines in the 679:Cartoon from The 645:Sir Walter Besant 388:, he established 289: 288: 223:, London, England 197:19 September 1851 96:For his son, see 91: 90: 83: 16:(Redirected from 4889: 4862:UK MPs 1906–1910 4837:Mayors of Bolton 4771: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4698: 4550:Salon Selectives 4146: 4125:Sir Kensington's 3969: 3964: 3907: 3829: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3786: 3740:Baron Leverhulme 3673:Preceded by 3663: 3625: 3599:Internet Archive 3583: 3562: 3548: 3537: 3516: 3495: 3481: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3423: 3421: 3415:, archived from 3414: 3402: 3400: 3379: 3360: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3329: 3305: 3292: 3283: 3264: 3240: 3211: 3190: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3109: 3088: 3059: 3051: 3032: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2935: 2929: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2891:. Archived from 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2869:on 19 March 2012 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1966:on 30 March 2014 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1885: 1879: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1767: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1645: 1638: 1601:Baron Leverhulme 1585:Honours and arms 1528:Jane Heber-Percy 1504:Leverhulme Trust 1485:Selborne Society 1469:Hall i' th' Wood 1401:Inverforth House 1309:Baron Leverhulme 1190:House of Commons 1134:North of England 1097:Baron Leverhulme 1080: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1017: 993: 985: 978: 971: 967: 964: 958: 932: 931: 924: 774:Viceroy of India 739: 722:Lord Northcliffe 621: 604:women's suffrage 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 302: 217: 196: 194: 178:Personal details 166: 156: 147: 124: 105: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 44:an advertisement 35: 34: 27: 21: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4872:Unilever people 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4757: 4743: 4696: 4690: 4634: 4604: 4407: 4401: 4313: 4303: 4152: 4144: 4042:(except the UK) 3998: 3962: 3952: 3883: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3779: 3770: 3765: 3743: 3733: 3724: 3702: 3700:Gershom Stewart 3687: 3678: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3565: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3519: 3513: 3498: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3447: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3385:Further reading 3382: 3376: 3363: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3308: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3253:. 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Bellings. 3243: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3153: 3137: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3091: 3062: 3053: 3035: 3029: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2919:Birlinn Limited 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:on 13 July 2011 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2773:Leverhulme Park 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2512: 2503:United Kingdom 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 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628: 622: 620:William Lever, 619: 615:village. . . . 568: 535: 515: 503:United Reformed 474: 436:A & F Pears 432:Edmund Leighton 334: 330: 308: 304: 294: 260: 228:Political party 219: 215: 198: 192: 190: 189: 188: 169:Gershom Stewart 164: 154: 148: 143: 134: 115: 112: 101: 94: 87: 76: 70: 67: 48: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4681:Unilever Leeds 4678: 4676:Unilever House 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4646:Colworth House 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4625:Margarine Unie 4622: 4620:Lever Brothers 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 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2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2218:, p. 225. 2208: 2206:, p. 118. 2196: 2184: 2158: 2146: 2120: 2108: 2093: 2091:, p. 711. 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2021: 1999: 1977: 1951: 1940:on 20 May 2011 1925: 1913: 1901: 1886: 1867: 1855: 1840: 1814: 1788: 1759: 1747: 1732: 1720: 1716:Hesilrige 1921 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1612: 1598: 1595:Thornton Manor 1586: 1583: 1568: 1565: 1535:Thornton Hough 1522:, designed by 1465:County Borough 1429: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1392: 1389: 1373:Thornton Hough 1369:Thornton Manor 1360: 1357: 1345:Thornton Manor 1340: 1337: 1322:, he was also 1278:William Strang 1269: 1266: 1246:Lever Brothers 1109:Outer Hebrides 1083: 1082: 997: 995: 988: 981: 980: 936: 934: 927: 921: 918: 844:Central Africa 809: 806: 785:Thornton Manor 748: 742: 672: 669: 627: 624: 617: 567: 564: 534: 531: 514: 511: 473: 470: 417:British Empire 409:House of 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Routledge. 3097: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927:9781841582023 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2754:(video). 1925 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2609: 2608:bolton.org.uk 2605: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2484: 2480: 2479:"Feronia Inc" 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Phillips 2017 2411: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 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Knowledge (XXG)

William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

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