447:(AEC) personnel in Washington and elsewhere, and as a consequence some staff members became more knowledgeable about such AEC aspects than the AEC commissioners themselves. Borden was an especially influential and powerful staff member in this regard, in particular because McMahon often relied on his staff to master specifics of legislation and policy and Borden was smart and full of energy. Borden frequently drafted letters that went out under McMahon's name. (Borden's rhetoric tended towards the overheated, though, and sometimes McMahon chose not to send out a letter.) Overall, Borden worked towards making the committee more effective in determining policy.
615:, which fostered exchange home stays between American and European students. Nevertheless, the spectre of McCarthy staging a public attack on Oppenheimer, who to the American public was the most famous of all the scientists associated with nuclear weapons, is part of what caused the Eisenhower administration to take the actions against Oppenheimer that it did. (The question of Oppenheimer's past associations with Communist organizations would continue to be explored for many years after, but even historians who believe those associations were stronger than Oppenheimer let on do not believe he was acting as an agent for the Soviet Union.)
596:, who chaired the board conducting the hearing, thought Borden's allegations were extreme. In the end the board found against Oppenheimer and the physicist's ability to have a security clearance was revoked. The outcome broke some of Oppenheimer's spirits and colleagues said he was never quite the same again. Bitterness among the participants for and against would linger for years, and the case became celebrated – especially after the release of the hearing transcripts in June 1954 – resulting in ongoing reverberations of what had taken place in American political, scientific, and even artistic realms.
361:. The tone of the book was generally strident in its call for a wholesale change in American strategic outlook. Borden posited that war was inevitable and the use of the new atomic weapon in wars was also inevitable. Furthermore, such a war was very likely to happen and it would happen in the quite near future. Attacks would take place quickly and at a distance, and so land armies would not play a part and nor would cities and industry matter much. Instead, furious exchanges of
563:. And even though Truman had made the decision in January 1950 to go ahead with the hydrogen bomb program, that had not been the end of it: in the next several years, opponents of that decision had staged a bureaucratic effort against the testing of the H-bomb and against various scenarios for its production and use. And a leader among those opponents in many of these efforts had been Oppenheimer, as he had been in his initial opposition to the weapon.
694:, who interviewed Borden in 1956 but whose observations were not published until six decades later, found Borden to be congenial and helpful – "contrary to my expectation, gave every impression of emotional maturity and intellectual clarity" – and ranked the Borden interview among the most insightful of the sixty-six he conducted of all major participants in the 1949–50 H-bomb decision. Oppenheimer biographer
471:, which issued a report against it. Borden drafted a 5,000-word letter under McMahon's name that attacked the GAC report as embodying "false, horror-inspired logic". Throughout this period, the JCAE placed consistent pressure on Truman to support going ahead with an urgent program to build the Super, and Borden and McMahon, along with AEC commissioner
607:, not a supporter. Their mindsets were different, as Borden had not taken his action on the spur of the moment; he had agonized over it, telling a friend a few months later that he could not have lived with himself if he had not sent the letter. And while the Republican McCarthy embodied a certain strain of isolationism, Borden was an
662:
For many years Borden continued to work as an executive at
Westinghouse Electric, becoming vice president of their international division in 1965. He left the company in 1971 and began business consulting work on his own back in Washington. By the early 1980s Borden was successfully practicing law in
330:
in flight on its way to strike London. "It resembled a meteor, streaming red sparks and whizzing past us as though the aircraft were motionless ... I became convinced that it was only a matter of time until rockets would expose the United States to direct, transoceanic attack." The other was in
571:
and most of all
Strauss. Borden had spent his last few months with the JCAE repeatedly looking at Oppenheimer's security file and going over the physicist's actions and his past. But no one else opposed to Oppenheimer was willing to truly force the issue regarding his loyalty; in a lengthy November
482:
The Super debate was decided on
January 31, 1950, when Truman gave the order to go ahead with the new weapon. But even after Truman's decision, success was not ensured; as the work to build the H-bomb hit technical troubles and resource limits, Teller successfully appealed to Borden and McMahon for
432:
had been passed. (Accounts differ as to whether the
Inflammatory Document was published as an advertisement that McMahon saw, or whether a letter containing the document was sent directly to McMahon, or whether it was actually Borden's book that McMahon saw and liked. McMahon was also a neighbor of
642:
have characterized Borden as belonging to a group of people having "conspiratorial minds" and that Borden was "obsessed with the Soviet menace and the need to confront it with nuclear force." A physicist who met him in 1952 later wrote, "Borden was like a new dog on the block who barked louder and
450:
Due to secrecy requirements, the actual size of the
American atomic weapons stockpile in the late 1940s was a subject of great confusion and uncertainty within the U.S. government, with members of the JCAE not knowing and often not wanting to know. Upon joining the JCAE, Borden was able to roughly
584:
Borden did not supply with his letter much in way of convincing evidence, and the claim was fundamentally improbable. Borden's letter was taken seriously within the
Eisenhower administration – even though Eisenhower never exactly believed the charges within it – due to Borden's past position, his
462:
in August 1949 came earlier than expected by
Americans, and as Borden subsequently described, left the JCAE in a state of "tremendous shock". Over the next several months there was an intense debate within the U.S. government, military, and scientific communities regarding whether to proceed with
566:
Concern about
Oppenheimer's loyalty had already existed in certain circles. Oppenheimer's personal background, and those of people he was related to, contained elements regarding affiliation with Communist organizations that could lend suspicion, and Oppenheimer had been evasive in some previous
501:
In any case, in the words of the official AEC history, Borden had become "one of the most powerful and effective spokesmen for nuclear weapons in the atomic energy establishment." Borden received a modest amount of press attention during this time, such as in March 1952 when he was profiled for
365:
strikes against the other side's nuclear bases was likely. Accordingly, the book argued, the United States needed to devote as its highest priority the development of forces for quick, rocket-based atomic strikes and counterstrikes. The only alternative Borden saw to this bleak outlook was the
650:
The
Oppenheimer case has often been viewed as a modern tragedy. Borden is considered one of the tragic figures within it, albeit all due to his own actions. Borden's career was affected as a result of his role in the Oppenheimer matter, especially once the role his letter played became public
509:, Republicans gained back control of the chamber and the committee. These two factors led to a decline in Borden's influence, but Borden felt that the burden of keeping the pressure on the development of nuclear weapons had fallen on him. Although Borden had some sympathy with aspects of
524:, who was working on an H-bomb chronology that Borden had commissioned, lost a highly sensitive document on an overnight train. Borden was considered sometimes lax with security procedures to begin with, and he was held as the person most responsible for this security breach. President
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knowledge in June 1954. He was viewed as a reckless figure who had made an extreme accusation, and his life from that point forward was irreversibly marked by what he had done. In particular, when
Democrats again gained control of the White House following the
467:, then known as "the Super". Borden influenced McMahon into supporting development of the Super, even if its military usefulness was not yet clear. Opposition to the new weapon was led by the AEC's General Advisory Committee (GAC), chaired by physicist
667:
there. He reportedly said that in his current life, he almost never thought about the subject of nuclear war. Nonetheless, he composed a long meditation on the subject, "Springtime of the Nuclear Debate", for presentation to a symposium in 1984 at the
451:
guess the size of the stockpile and was disturbed by how few atomic weapons the United States actually possessed. He thus urged a rapid increase in atomic weapons manufacture and the creation of another nuclear production complex on the scale of the
630:
has stated that Borden was "little known at the time and little known to history." Historian Rhodes does not go as far but writes that when the Oppenheimer proceedings wound up, Borden "left the hearing room and disappeared into history."
672:, and continued working to expand it until interrupted by his death the following year. In retrospect he did view the Oppenheimer matter as having had a positive effect in that people began treating scientists with less reverence.
585:
continuing connections in Congress, and his skill with language. Eisenhower ordered that a "blank wall" be placed between Oppenheimer and all defense-related work and soon the AEC initiated the proceedings that would become the
580:"The purpose of this letter is to state my own exhaustively considered opinion, based upon years of study, of the available classified evidence that more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union."
643:
bit harder than the old dogs. Wherever he looked, he saw conspiracies to slow down or derail weapons development in the United States." Borden was generally considered a zealot; indeed national security advisor and academic
483:
added Congressional support of the effort. Borden also pushed to have the AEC hire people who favored building the H-bomb, thereby reducing the influence within that organization of those who had opposed Truman's decision.
416:, Borden and two Yale classmates composed a so-called "Inflammatory Document", which advocated a very aggressive approach to foreign policy while the United States still held a nuclear monopoly and called upon President
440:, McMahon became chair of the JCAE when the new Congress was formed in January 1949, and Borden became executive director of the committee at that time. In this capacity he had around twenty staffers working with him.
2673:
188:
from 1949 to 1953, he became one of the most powerful people advocating for nuclear weapons development in the United States government. Borden is best known for having written a letter accusing physicist
592:
Though Borden would testify against Oppenheimer in the hearings, he did not get his wish to act as a prosecutor at them or be able to directly challenge Oppenheimer with charges of treason. Even
322:
Two technological developments during the war greatly affected Borden's thinking. One came in November 1944: while returning from a nighttime mission over Holland after dropping supplies to the
436:
Borden was initially hired in August 1948 as a legislative secretary for the Connecticut Senator. He was only twenty-eight years old at the time. Then after Democrats regained control in the
2363:
567:
responses regarding security matters. Furthermore, Oppenheimer had made enemies along the way for his stances on nuclear policy issues; these enemies included high-ranking officials in the
698:
painted an at least partially sympathetic portrayal of Borden's character traits, even though those traits were part of what eventually led him to write the Oppenheimer letter. Historian
217:. The importance his mother attached to honorable behavior left a strong impression on him. The family had a military tradition, and Borden's middle name came from a relative, Colonel
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134:
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to be more open with the American public about nuclear weapons matters, he did not want any information made public that might help the Soviets with their nuclear efforts.
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has written that "While Borden's suspicions and fears seem exaggerated to a later generation, they were not unusual among government officials and advisors in the 1950s."
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536:
was eager to diminish the power of the JCAE, and used the Wheeler incident as a lever with which to push Borden out. By end of May 1953, Borden was gone from the JCAE.
420:
to issue a nuclear ultimatum to the Soviet Union: "Let Stalin decide: atomic war or atomic peace." Borden came to the attention of the U.S. Senator from Connecticut
351:– would reflect Borden's perspective. The undertaking of this ambitious task reflected Borden's capability for independent thought and his ability to write clearly.
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498:
was doing towards it. The first time Borden met Oppenheimer in person was at a GAC meeting where the physicist was belittling the idea of a nuclear-powered bomber.
276:
Earning a bachelor's degree, Borden graduated from Yale in 1942, ranking at the top of his class. He married Georgia Inglehart, a teacher who had graduated from
369:
The book was one of the first to appear on the topic of nuclear weapons strategy. It gained some attention at the time, including a respectful appraisal in
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carrying thermonuclear weapons. In his JCAE role, Borden engaged during 1951–52 in considerable correspondence with officials regarding the U.S.
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1982:
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2523:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 2. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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Borden then graduated from law school in September 1947, after which he returned home to Washington. There he initially got a job with the
229:
44:
978:
347:, Borden began working on a book about the implications of the new weapons on national security. The volume's urgently phrased message –
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was blocked due to his role in the Oppenheimer affair. Indeed, he would never again have political influence in the nation's capital.
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559:, chaired by Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer had also resisted the establishment of a second nuclear weapons laboratory, which became the
184:(February 6, 1920 – October 8, 1985) was an American lawyer and congressional staffer. As executive director of the
794:, via Fold3. Confirmed by images of his draft registration card from 1941 with his birth date, February 6, 1920, via Ancestry.com.
319:
as well as supplies to resistance groups. Having completed his tour of duty, Borden was discharged from military service in 1945.
555:
But Borden retained a focus on one matter from his past role, that of Oppenheimer. Operation Candor had come out of the work of
1007:
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Borden has often been castigated for his role in the Oppenheimer case, with even his prior importance diminished; a writer for
270:
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in July 1942, shortly after graduation and marriage, and volunteered for training as a bomber pilot. He became a pilot of the
2703:
2537:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 3. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
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371:
2430:
284:
2474:
Galison, Peter; Bernstein, Barton (1989). "In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952–1954".
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455:. This fit with his view of the future in which there would be no chance to build more weapons once war began.
393:
332:
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269:, an evolution in thinking common among his contemporaries. His conversion became complete shortly before the
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Borden's own ultimate vision of the best weapon for his inevitable war went even further, being that of a
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1530:. United States Air Force History and Museums Program. pp. 9, 200, 211, 259, 260, 266, 270, 271.
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Soon after leaving his congressional position, Borden entered private industry, working for
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1217:. Rochester, New York. International News Service. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
2389:
Bernstein, Barton J. (July 1990). "The Oppenheimer Loyalty-Security Case Reconsidered".
43:
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book seriously, comparing it with the works of the far-better-known nuclear strategist
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252:
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Borden's situation became worse following an incident in January 1953 where physicist
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311:. As part of these operations, Borden flew specially equipped B-24s at night over
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of the time. However, Borden, whose letter triggered those actions, was a foe of
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2531:
Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
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having achieved considerable influence in Washington by the age of thirty-two.
2544:
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Transcript of Personnel Security Board
910:
327:
240:
2609:
Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb
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634:
His personality too has come under harsh appraisal. Oppenheimer biographers
2598:
Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons since 1940
295:. He flew thirty missions there, volunteering for service with a unit, the
2556:
635:
405:
209:, on February 6, 1920, and grew up in the city. His father served in the
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917:. Washington, D.C. June 5, 1938. p. A-6 – via Newspapers.com.
2558:
The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Birth of the Modern Arms Race
2410:
2220:. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. November 13, 2017
552:. There he worked on planning and coordinating tasks for the division.
443:
Staff of the JCAE developed ongoing relationships with line operations
2550:. Vol. XV. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1954.
396:. The position attracted him due to the potential for foreign travel.
261:
and columns he wrote for that paper reflected his gradual switch from
2487:
193:
of being an agent of the Soviet Union, an accusation that led to the
2448:
Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years
2421:
American Prometheus: The Triump and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer
2402:
599:
The actions against Oppenheimer have often been associated with the
647:
has described Borden as one "whom it is moderate to call zealous".
1075:"Topeka veteran flew on top secret missions over German territory"
459:
2467:"Unlocking the Mysteries of the J. Robert Oppenheimer Transcript"
611:. Indeed, Borden was an enthusiastic member of the board of the
1713:. New York Times Service. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
1707:"Oppenheimer Case Dragging AEC Into Realm of Partisan Politics"
1267:
Stephen I. Schwartz, "Congressional Oversight of the Bomb", in
548:
in Pittsburgh as an assistant to the manager of their civilian
723:
228:
Raised in affluent circumstances, Borden attended the private
2674:
United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II
1059:. December 15, 1946. p. 70 – via Newspapers.com.
675:
Borden died on October 8, 1985, at age 65 in a hospital in
2476:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
2350:"David Dastmalchian Reuniting With Christopher Nolan for
2028:"Book Contends Chief of A-Bomb Team Was Once a Communist"
690:
Some treatments of Borden have been less severe. Scholar
663:
a private practice in Washington. He was a member of the
505:
In July 1952, McMahon died after a short illness. In the
426:
United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
280:, in June 1942. They would go on to have two children.
186:
United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
135:
United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
1524:
Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion: An Annotated Bibliography
255:
as "bright, ardent and utopian". He was editor of the
765:
763:
761:
759:
2117:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1483.
1966:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1480.
1829:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1431.
1817:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1429.
1782:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1386.
1692:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1442.
1637:
Bernstein, "Oppenheimer Case Reconsidered", p. 1444.
1096:
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1088:
557:
State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament
532:
wanted Borden and his staff investigated. AEC chair
232:
in Washington, from where he was graduated in 1938.
2218:"Manuscript Collections – William L. Borden Papers"
2095:
2093:
771:"Manuscript Collections – William L. Borden Papers"
479:, were leading advocates of that course of action.
251:. Borden at this time has been described by author
171:
148:
127:
108:
98:
79:
53:
34:
1211:"Atomic Stockpile Given Big Boost By Young Lawyer"
683:, after suffering a heart attack. He is buried at
2431:"J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Silencing of Dissent"
1962:
1960:
1825:
1823:
1778:
1776:
1241:
1239:
1237:
355:There Will Be No Time: The Revolution in Strategy
2601:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
2429:Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (April 15, 2005).
2113:
2111:
2109:
1983:"In the matter (again) of J. Robert Oppenheimer"
958:
956:
954:
773:. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
609:interventionist, anti-communist liberal Democrat
576:, the now private citizen Borden did just that:
335:, which he said had a "galvanic effect" on him.
239:, where he fit into the rich and clubby pre-war
1850:
1848:
1279:
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872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
722:Borden is played by Ray Charleson in the 1980
2612:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
2514:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969).
2044:Bird and Sherwin, "The Silencing of Dissent".
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2629:Borden papers at Hoover Presidential Library
2624:Borden papers at Hoover Institution Archives
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572:7, 1953, letter sent to Director of the FBI
2654:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
2528:Hewlett, Richard G.; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
1624:
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1618:
1616:
1614:
1552:
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973:
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892:
890:
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215:Medical Society of the District of Columbia
2327:"Oppenheimer (1980): Full Cast & Crew"
1749:
1747:
1745:
655:, Borden's chance to get a job in the new
460:first atomic bomb test by the Soviet Union
42:
31:
27:American congressional staffer (1920–1985)
2689:20th-century American non-fiction writers
2606:Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019).
2577:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb
2164:
2162:
1263:
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1259:
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1204:
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1200:
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653:United States presidential election, 1960
428:(JCAE) and under whose earlier aegis the
201:Early life, college, and military service
2664:Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
1047:
1045:
1043:
313:Germany and Nazi-occupied Western Europe
2026:Broad, William J. (September 8, 2002).
1361:Kevin O'Neill, "Building the Bomb", in
755:
404:In 1947, in the context of the growing
2669:United States Army Air Forces officers
2441:(32) – via Gale General OneFile.
2418:Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005).
2366:from the original on February 25, 2022
1724:In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1190:In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
963:In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
561:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1068:
1066:
463:development of the far more powerful
385:. It sold a modest number of copies.
243:environment. He was president of the
7:
2555:McMillan, Priscilla Johnson (2005).
1981:Nuechterlein, James (October 2005).
1160:"Military Pattern for an Atomic War"
1158:de Weerd, H. A. (February 2, 1947).
838:"Georgia Inglehart Engaged to Marry"
507:United States Senate elections, 1952
438:United States Senate elections, 1948
424:, who was a prominent member of the
247:and belonged to the literary-minded
2262:"People of the AEC: William Borden"
1008:"Obituaries: William Liscum Borden"
309:USAAF Station 179 at RAF Harrington
2595:Schwartz, Stephen I., ed. (1998).
2580:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2348:Couch, Aaron (February 25, 2022).
1628:Fehner, "Unlocking the Mysteries".
1053:"How World War III Will Be Fought"
613:Experiment in International Living
357:was published in November 1946 by
315:, dropping by parachute spies and
25:
2694:United States congressional aides
2465:Fehner, Terry (October 3, 2014).
2435:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2297:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
2128:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1913:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1648:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1324:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1285:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1178:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
878:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
856:The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer
546:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
366:formation of a world government.
331:August 1945 upon learning of the
263:traditional American isolationism
2170:"Borden v. District of Columbia"
1118:. November 26, 1946. p. 27.
1073:Fry, Steve (November 10, 2014).
392:, working as an attorney in its
2724:American management consultants
2714:Businesspeople in nuclear power
2238:Personal recollection of family
1705:Reston, James (June 12, 1954).
1014:. October 11, 1985. p. C8.
911:"St. Albans Boys Are Graduated"
792:Index record for William Borden
528:was furious and Vice President
271:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
161:
1209:M'Kee, Rose (March 23, 1952).
1164:The New York Times Book Review
372:The New York Times Book Review
1:
2729:Writers from Washington, D.C.
2684:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
285:United States Army Air Forces
2509:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2469:. U.S. Department of Energy.
2424:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
587:Oppenheimer security hearing
375:and a putative narrative of
291:, based in England with the
213:and became president of the
195:Oppenheimer security hearing
140:Oppenheimer security hearing
1521:Snyder, Bernard J. (1996).
985:. August 1942. p. 273.
492:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
289:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
2745:
2450:. New York: Random House.
1079:The Topeka Capital-Journal
844:. May 9, 1942. p. 14.
679:, near his summer home in
619:Aftermath and later career
390:U.S. Department of Justice
343:While waiting to start at
339:Law school and book author
297:856th Bombardment Squadron
515:Eisenhower administration
430:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
41:
2719:American anti-communists
2574:Rhodes, Richard (1995).
2517:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952
2446:Bundy, McGeorge (1988).
1711:The Corpus Christi Times
488:nuclear-powered aircraft
445:Atomic Energy Commission
394:Office of Alien Property
333:atomic bombings of Japan
221:, who had fallen in the
2264:. National Park Service
2172:. Justia. June 16, 1980
2141:Atoms for Peace and War
2085:Atoms for Peace and War
1952:Atoms for Peace and War
1939:Atoms for Peace and War
1804:Galison and Bernstein,
1661:Atoms for Peace and War
1606:Atoms for Peace and War
1558:Atoms for Peace and War
1507:Galison and Bernstein,
1459:, pp. 55–56, 58 59, 62.
1116:New York Herald Tribune
983:Smith Alumnae Quarterly
569:United States Air Force
317:Jedburgh saboteur teams
283:Borden enlisted in the
2699:People of the Cold War
2679:Yale Law School alumni
2503:Herken, Gregg (1985).
2359:The Hollywood Reporter
2251:, pp. 71-72, 345, 383.
1215:Democrat and Chronicle
657:Kennedy administration
540:The Oppenheimer letter
305:Operation Carpetbagger
301:492d Bombardment Group
2704:J. Robert Oppenheimer
2312:, pp. 5–6, 8–14, and
2282:Young and Schilling,
2012:Young and Schilling,
1791:Young and Schilling,
1766:Young and Schilling,
1753:Young and Schilling,
1735:Young and Schilling,
1494:Young and Schilling,
1481:Young and Schilling,
1455:Young and Schilling,
1429:Young and Schilling,
1400:Young and Schilling,
1387:Young and Schilling,
1348:Young and Schilling,
704:There Will Be No Time
696:Priscilla J. McMillan
550:Atomic Power Division
494:program and the work
469:J. Robert Oppenheimer
400:Congressional staffer
349:there will be no time
191:J. Robert Oppenheimer
182:William Liscum Borden
58:William Liscum Borden
18:William Liscum Borden
2561:. New York: Viking.
1335:Hewlett and Duncan,
1309:Hewlett and Duncan,
1100:Hewlett and Duncan,
685:Cedar Grove Cemetery
526:Dwight D. Eisenhower
513:, a push by the new
245:Yale Political Union
103:Cedar Grove Cemetery
2709:Nuclear strategists
2659:Yale College alumni
2391:Stanford Law Review
2154:Danger and Survival
2101:Danger and Survival
2068:American Prometheus
2055:Danger and Survival
2001:Danger and Survival
1856:Danger and Survival
1840:Danger and Survival
1542:American Prometheus
1444:Danger and Survival
1313:, pp. 371–372, 393.
1247:American Prometheus
1114:"Books Out Today".
1012:The Washington Post
712:Barton J. Bernstein
692:Warner R. Schilling
677:Watertown, New York
589:of April–May 1954.
433:Borden's parents.)
303:, that was part of
205:Borden was born in
91:Watertown, New York
2299:, pp. 97, 174–176.
2139:Hewlett and Holl,
2083:Hewlett and Holl,
2066:Bird and Sherwin,
2032:The New York Times
1950:Hewlett and Holl,
1937:Hewlett and Holl,
1659:Hewlett and Holl,
1604:Hewlett and Holl,
1556:Hewlett and Holl,
1540:Bird and Sherwin,
1245:Bird and Sherwin,
842:The New York Times
734:David Dastmalchian
732:. He is played by
681:Chaumont, New York
670:West Point Academy
326:, he saw a German
211:Army Medical Corps
1271:, p. 504, 504n45.
738:Christopher Nolan
665:Metropolitan Club
640:Martin J. Sherwin
307:and was based at
230:St. Albans School
219:Emerson H. Liscum
179:
178:
154:Georgia Inglehart
36:William L. Borden
16:(Redirected from
2736:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2570:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2524:
2522:
2510:
2499:
2488:10.2307/27757627
2470:
2461:
2442:
2425:
2414:
2397:(6): 1383–1484.
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:, pp. xi, 11–13.
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2070:, pp. 3, 5, and
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1967:
1964:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
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1272:
1265:
1250:
1243:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1057:The Boston Globe
1049:
1038:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1004:
987:
986:
975:
966:
960:
949:
942:
919:
918:
907:
901:
894:
881:
874:
859:
852:
846:
845:
834:
823:
816:
795:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
767:
530:Richard M. Nixon
511:Operation Candor
496:General Electric
382:The Boston Globe
324:Dutch resistance
293:Eighth Air Force
249:Elizabethan Club
207:Washington, D.C.
165:
163:
86:
72:Washington, D.C.
68:February 6, 1920
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
2744:
2743:
2739:
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2737:
2735:
2734:
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2620:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2573:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:Counsels of War
2502:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2428:
2417:
2403:10.2307/1229016
2388:
2385:
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2379:
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2367:
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2346:
2342:
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2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:Counsels of War
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
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2277:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2249:Counsels of War
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2205:Counsels of War
2202:
2198:
2192:Counsels of War
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
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2151:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1989:. p. 54ff.
1980:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1900:Counsels of War
1897:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
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1803:
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1722:
1718:
1704:
1703:
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1632:
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1599:
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1555:
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1515:
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1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:, pp. 174, 175.
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1231:, pp. 279, 358.
1226:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1143:Counsels of War
1140:
1136:
1130:Counsels of War
1127:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1035:Counsels of War
1032:
1019:
1006:
1005:
990:
977:
976:
969:
961:
952:
943:
922:
915:The Sunday Star
909:
908:
904:
898:Counsels of War
895:
884:
875:
862:
853:
849:
836:
835:
826:
817:
798:
790:
786:
776:
774:
769:
768:
757:
752:
720:
621:
605:Joseph McCarthy
574:J. Edgar Hoover
542:
522:John A. Wheeler
418:Harry S. Truman
412:and its leader
402:
379:based on it in
345:Yale Law School
341:
267:interventionism
258:Yale Daily News
235:Borden went to
223:Boxer Rebellion
203:
167:
164: 1942)
159:
155:
144:
113:Yale University
94:
93:, United States
88:
84:
83:October 8, 1985
75:
74:, United States
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2742:
2740:
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2726:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2618:External links
2616:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2571:
2552:
2539:
2525:
2511:
2500:
2482:(2): 267–347.
2471:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2426:
2415:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2340:
2318:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2253:
2240:
2231:
2209:
2196:
2194:, pp. 341–342.
2183:
2158:
2156:, pp. 317–318.
2145:
2132:
2119:
2105:
2103:, pp. 316–318.
2089:
2076:
2059:
2046:
2037:
2018:
2005:
2003:, pp. 305–306.
1992:
1968:
1956:
1954:, pp. 109–110.
1943:
1941:, pp. 109–112.
1930:
1917:
1904:
1902:, pp. 71 - 72.
1891:
1873:
1871:, pp. 534–538.
1860:
1844:
1831:
1819:
1810:
1797:
1795:, pp. 118–127.
1784:
1772:
1759:
1741:
1728:
1716:
1694:
1685:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1630:
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1597:
1575:
1562:
1546:
1544:, pp. 436–437.
1533:
1513:
1511:, pp. 314–315.
1500:
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1448:
1435:
1422:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1352:, pp. 156–157.
1341:
1339:, pp. 449–450.
1328:
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1273:
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1220:
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1017:
988:
967:
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920:
902:
882:
860:
858:, pp. 173–174.
847:
824:
796:
784:
754:
753:
751:
748:
719:
716:
708:Bernard Brodie
702:took Borden's
645:McGeorge Bundy
620:
617:
582:
581:
541:
538:
475:and physicist
401:
398:
340:
337:
253:Richard Rhodes
202:
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176:
173:
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142:
137:
131:
129:
128:Known for
125:
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110:
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105:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:(aged 65)
81:
77:
76:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
48:Borden c. 1954
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2741:
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2587:9780684824147
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2508:
2507:
2501:
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2463:
2459:
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2302:
2298:
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2279:
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2110:
2106:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:. p. 32.
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
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1901:
1895:
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1849:
1845:
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1371:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:Atomic Shield
1332:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:Atomic Shield
1306:
1303:
1299:
1293:
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1234:
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1191:
1186:
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1173:
1170:
1166:. p. 92.
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1131:
1125:
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1107:
1103:
1102:Atomic Shield
1097:
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772:
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749:
747:
745:
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740:'s 2023 film
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2370:February 25,
2368:. Retrieved
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2354:(Exclusive)"
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2331:. Retrieved
2321:
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1806:In Any Light
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1509:In Any Light
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1485:, pp. 62–65.
1482:
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1433:, pp. 45–47.
1430:
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1363:Atomic Audit
1362:
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710:. Historian
703:
700:Gregg Herken
689:
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237:Yale College
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181:
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85:(1985-10-08)
29:
2649:1985 deaths
2644:1920 births
2352:Oppenheimer
743:Oppenheimer
729:Oppenheimer
726:miniseries
601:McCarthyism
594:Gordon Gray
534:Gordon Dean
2638:Categories
2457:0394522788
2383:References
2295:McMillan,
2284:Super Bomb
2268:August 24,
2126:McMillan,
2087:, p. xxii.
2014:Super Bomb
1987:Commentary
1911:McMillan,
1793:Super Bomb
1768:Super Bomb
1755:Super Bomb
1739:, pp. 7–8.
1737:Super Bomb
1726:, p. 2836.
1646:McMillan,
1496:Super Bomb
1483:Super Bomb
1457:Super Bomb
1431:Super Bomb
1402:Super Bomb
1389:Super Bomb
1350:Super Bomb
1322:McMillan,
1283:McMillan,
1192:, p. 2838.
1176:McMillan,
965:, p. 2837.
876:McMillan,
854:McMillan,
626:Commentary
328:V-2 rocket
241:Ivy League
64:1920-02-06
2207:, p. 342.
2143:, p. 110.
2130:, p. 175.
2057:, p. 206.
2016:, p. 132.
1928:, p. 558.
1915:, p. 221.
1889:, p. 556.
1858:, p. 305.
1842:, p. 307.
1808:, p. 326.
1770:, p. 128.
1757:, p. 127.
1683:, p. 533.
1595:, p. 532.
1573:, p. 497.
1472:, p. 402.
1446:, p. 211.
1420:, p. 380.
1378:, p. 389.
1300:, p. 279.
1249:, p. 436.
1180:, p. 173.
1145:, p. 260.
1104:, p. 180.
979:"Married"
948:, p. 357.
880:, p. 174.
822:, p. 358.
359:Macmillan
197:of 1954.
109:Education
2567:57342111
2496:27757627
2364:Archived
2333:July 21,
2308:Herken,
2247:Herken,
2224:July 24,
2203:Herken,
2190:Herken,
2176:June 20,
1926:Dark Sun
1924:Rhodes,
1898:Herken,
1887:Dark Sun
1885:Rhodes,
1869:Dark Sun
1867:Rhodes,
1681:Dark Sun
1679:Rhodes,
1608:, p. 37.
1593:Dark Sun
1591:Rhodes,
1571:Dark Sun
1569:Rhodes,
1560:, p. 40.
1498:, p. 91.
1470:Dark Sun
1468:Rhodes,
1418:Dark Sun
1416:Rhodes,
1391:, p. 24.
1376:Dark Sun
1374:Rhodes,
1365:, p. 66.
1298:Dark Sun
1296:Rhodes,
1287:, p. 97.
1229:Dark Sun
1227:Rhodes,
1141:Herken,
1132:, p. 40.
1128:Herken,
1037:, p. 11.
1033:Herken,
946:Dark Sun
944:Rhodes,
900:, p. 10.
896:Herken,
820:Dark Sun
818:Rhodes,
777:June 20,
718:In media
636:Kai Bird
628:magazine
406:Cold War
172:Children
2411:1229016
2152:Bundy,
2099:Bundy,
2053:Bundy,
1999:Bundy,
1854:Bundy,
1838:Bundy,
1442:Bundy,
1404:, p. 1.
299:of the
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2329:. IMDb
2314:passim
2072:passim
149:Spouse
2548:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2492:JSTOR
2407:JSTOR
1528:(PDF)
750:Notes
160:(
156:
2582:ISBN
2563:OCLC
2452:ISBN
2372:2022
2335:2023
2270:2023
2226:2023
2178:2020
779:2020
638:and
458:The
80:Died
54:Born
2484:doi
2399:doi
736:in
724:BBC
265:to
121:LLB
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