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575:’s original ideas on the organization of information for libraries and modernized them to be applied in the United States by the second half of the 1800s. William Harris, who worked creating a library catalog for the Public Library School of St. Louis, wrote an essay on creating an organization system for libraries. It wasn’t the first one in America, but it was a scheme that gained international reputation rapidly. Harris used a deductive hierarchy and created a structure better adapted to the interrelation of knowledge, which facilitated its application in libraries’ catalogs. Harris proposed a practical system of rules for the classification going from the generic to the specific. Those rules included main divisions, ultimate divisions, appendixes, and hybrids. The problem with Bacon’s approach was the difficulty to limit all knowledge within a restricted classification. Conversely, Harris suggested that content is predominant in minor divisions and sections, while form is the “guiding principle” in the main divisions.
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385:, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Harris called for mandatory education of American Indians through a partnership with Christianity in order to promote industry. Harris called for the removal of Native children from their families for up to 10 years of training for the "lower form of civilization", as a way of assimilating Indians into "American" civilization. He believed this was necessary to save the race, who he believed had to shift from their traditional cultures.
392:"We owe it to ourselves and to the enlightened public opinion of the world to save the Indian, and not destroy him. We can not save him and his patriarchal or tribal institution both together. To save him we must take him up into our form of civilization. We must approach him in the missionary spirit and we must supplement missionary action by the aid of the civil arm of the State. We must establish compulsory education for the good of the lower race."
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many of these colonies as come to our hand. We must seek to give them civilization in the highest sense that we can conceive of it....The highest ideal of a civilization is that of a civilization that is engaged constantly in elevating lower classes of people into participation of all that is good and reasonable and perpetually increasing at the same time their self-activity. Such a civilization we have a right to enforce on this earth.
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His changes resulted in the expansion of the public school curriculum to include high school. He believed it was essential to growth of an individual and to meet new challenges of the industrial age. The expanded programs included art, music, and scientific and manual studies. He also encouraged all
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If the other people of the world to the number of some fourteen hundred millions are united under the five great powers of Europe, while we in turn have only one hundred millions, our national idea will be threatened abroad and have more dangers than ever at home....We must accept the charge of as
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in this city, in 1873 he established
America's first permanent public kindergarten. While in St. Louis, William Torrey Harris implemented many influential ideas to strengthen both the institution of the public school system and the basic philosophical principles of education.
288:
Harris's St. Louis schools were considered some of the best in the country. His fellow educators included many local farmers and tradesemen who were immigrants from German provinces after the failed revolutions of 1848. They had a strong belief in education.
430:
In 1906 the
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching conferred upon him "as the first man to whom such recognition for meritorious service is given, the highest retiring allowance which our rules will allow, an annual income of $ 3000."
471:
Harris was a strong proponent of the
American colonial projects in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines following the Spanish–American War. In an article entitled "An Educational Policy for Our New Possessions", Harris wrote:
380:
As US Commissioner of
Education, Harris also strongly supported education and assimilation of Native Americans. He wrote the introduction to the Bureau of Education Bulletin (No. 1, 1889) on "Indian Education", issued under
567:
by
Richard D. Mosier, it is stated that Harris forms the bridge between the mechanism, associationism, and utilitarianism of the 18th century and the pragmatism, experimentalism, and instrumentalism of the 20th century.
819:
Arscott, John Robert.  "Moral freedom and the educative process, a study in the educational philosophy of
William Torrey Harris" (PhD dissertation, New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
842:
Everette, Nicole Ard. "William Torrey Harris's contributions to the professionalization of teaching" (PhD dissertation, University of West
Florida; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2014. 3670272).
771:"CARNEGIE ASSAULTS THE SPELLING BOOK; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. CAMPAIGN ABOUT TO BEGIN Board Named, with Headquarters Here -- Local Societies Throughout the Country."
825:
Byerly, Carl Lester. "Contributions of
William Torrey Harris to public-school administration" (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1946. T-07438).
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in the United States. He edited it until 1893. Its contributors promoted Hegel's concept of time and events as part of a universal plan, a working out of an eternal historical dialectic.
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273:, from 1857 to 1880, a period when the city was growing rapidly. It served both as a gateway to the West and as an industrializing city on the Mississippi River.
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William Torrey Harris, former United States
Commissioner of Education died here to-night. Mr. Harris' work in educational lines gained for him intentional ...
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He served as
Superintendent of Schools from 1868 to 1880, and had a strong influence on the system. With
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Public Schools and Moral Education: The Influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey
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in the country. He is also known for establishing high school as an integral part of public education.
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According to biographer Carl Byerly, Harris argued that the purpose of education In a democracy was:
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from various American and foreign universities, as he had an international reputation.
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Besides voluminous reports on educational matters, many papers contributed to the
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229:(1867), the first philosophical journal in the US. He also worked with
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Mosier, Richard D. "The educational philosophy of WĂllĂam T. HarrĂs."
590:, and various compilations edited by him, his publications include:
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to make English easier to learn and understand through changes in the
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would have another livelihood, before they brought other species to
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Increasingly interested in Hegelian philosophy, he was cofounder of
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Beginning at age 22, Harris taught school and made his career in
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The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. I, Nos. 1-4, 1867
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Harris returned to New England, where he was associated with
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198:(September 10, 1835 – November 5, 1909) was an American
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and started graphic exhibits of the United States in
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in Andover, Massachusetts. He completed two years at
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877:, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Feb. 26, 1948), pp. 121–133
292:In St. Louis, Harris met mechanic and philosopher
849:Yankee Teacher: The Life of William Torrey Harris
535:Harris was one of the 30 founding members of the
789:Harris, William (1870). "Book Classification".
565:The Educational Philosophy of William T. Harris
736:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
604:The Spiritual Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia
759:An educational policy for our new possessions
423:in St. Louis is named for Harris, and author
8:
210:. He worked for nearly a quarter century in
779:, March 12, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
55:September 12, 1889 – June 30, 1906
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408:Harris was awarded the honorary degree of
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499:Appletons' International Education Series
1008:United States Bureau of Education people
560:(1909), he originated the divided page.
930:United States Commissioner of Education
888:Works by or about William Torrey Harris
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596:Introduction to the Study of Philosophy
43:United States Commissioner of Education
832:The Social Ideas of American Educators
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557:Webster's New International Dictionary
791:The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
467:To remain responsive to social change
449:To teach morality and self-discipline
285:public schools to acquire libraries.
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633:Psychologic Foundations of Education
612:Hegel's Logic: a Critical Exposition
396:Harris died on November 5, 1909, in
326:in Massachusetts from 1880 to 1889.
587:American Social Science Association
512:He was responsible for introducing
495:Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia
300:. With Brockmeyer and other of the
993:People from Killingly, Connecticut
968:19th-century American philosophers
861:(Columbia University Press, 1958)
458:To maintain mobility of population
443:To achieve equality of opportunity
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503:United States Bureau of Education
452:To awaken powers of self-activity
306:Journal of Speculative Philosophy
227:Journal of Speculative Philosophy
493:He was also assistant editor of
329:In 1889 Harris was appointed as
304:, Harris founded and edited the
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1013:19th-century American educators
761:(H. Holt & Company, 1899).
461:To preserve and create property
446:Self-preservation of the state
331:U.S. Commissioner of Education
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983:Philosophers from Connecticut
674:List of American philosophers
421:Harris–Stowe State University
988:Schoolteachers from Missouri
978:American non-fiction writers
897:William Torrey Harris Papers
869:Peabody journal of education
703:"William Torrey Harris Dead"
324:Concord School of Philosophy
235:Concord School of Philosophy
1018:19th-century lexicographers
655:The Philosophy of Education
571:William Torrey Harris took
333:, serving under presidents
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464:To give technical training
455:To develop directive power
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875:The Journal of Philosophy
622:, his Life and Philosophy
537:Simplified Spelling Board
507:international expositions
308:(1867); it was the first
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901:St. Louis Public Library
857:McCluskey, Neil Gerard.
757:Harris, William Torrey,
398:Providence, Rhode Island
998:Phillips Academy alumni
973:American lexicographers
748:Byerly (1946) pp. 8-15.
383:Thomas Jefferson Morgan
871:(1951) 29#1 pp: 24-33.
554:As editor-in-chief of
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539:, founded in 1906 by
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425:Harriet Beecher Stowe
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294:Henry Clay Brockmeyer
196:William Torrey Harris
640:Elementary Education
16:American philosopher
908:, Harris as editor.
899:finding aid at the
847:Leidecker, Kurt F.
669:American philosophy
585:Proceedings of the
520:so that the native
373:and many others of
320:Amos Bronson Alcott
302:St. Louis Hegelians
271:St. Louis, Missouri
261:, then moved West.
231:Amos Bronson Alcott
212:St. Louis, Missouri
915:Political offices
834:(1935) pp 310–47.
776:The New York Times
714:. November 6, 1909
501:. He expanded the
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347:Theodore Roosevelt
125:September 10, 1835
76:Theodore Roosevelt
1003:Transcendentalism
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937:Succeeded by
620:A. Bronson Alcott
404:Legacy and honors
335:Benjamin Harrison
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920:Preceded by
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892:Internet Archive
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245:Born in 1835 in
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149:(1909-11-05)
95:Succeeded by
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963:1909 deaths
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940:Elmer Brown
545:orthography
298:hegelianism
251:Connecticut
204:philosopher
133:Connecticut
100:Elmer Brown
83:Preceded by
952:Categories
934:1889–1906
718:2014-02-18
686:References
530:extinction
371:Pestalozzi
313:periodical
241:Early life
216:Susan Blow
154:Providence
121:1835-09-10
178:Signature
168:Education
60:President
51:In office
803:25665714
663:See also
628:) (1893)
526:trappers
514:reindeer
375:idealist
351:pedagogy
200:educator
890:at the
851:(1946)
547:of the
522:whalers
863:online
853:online
836:online
801:
657:(1906)
649:(1906)
635:(1898)
624:(with
614:(1890)
606:(1889)
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518:Alaska
416:Honors
367:Fröbel
363:Fichte
265:Career
206:, and
799:JSTOR
706:(PDF)
579:Works
573:Bacon
516:into
410:LL.D.
355:Hegel
524:and
359:Kant
345:and
162:U.S.
144:Died
137:U.S.
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