425:, although the formal office did not yet exist. Around Easter 1088, Odo of Bayeux and many of the nobles revolted against the king and tried to place the king's elder brother Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, on the throne. After the king had set off with St-Calais and some troops to counter Odo in Kent, St-Calais suddenly deserted, shutting himself in Durham Castle. Why St-Calais joined the rebellion, or at least did nothing to aid the king, is unclear. He and Odo had never been close, and despite the fact that St-Calais was educated at Bayeux, there is no evidence that Odo helped St-Calais' career. Some historians, including W. M. Aird, have suggested that St-Calais felt the division of the Conqueror's realm between two sons was unwise. It has been suggested that St Calais joined the rebellion to reunite the Normans and English under one ruler.
51:
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482:, St-Calais received little sympathy from his fellow bishops. Most of the bishops and barons that judged the case seem to have felt that the appeal to Rome was made to avoid having to answer an accusation that St-Calais knew was true. The final judgement was only reached after the king lost his temper and exclaimed: "Believe me, bishop, you're not going back to Durham, and your men aren't going to stay at Durham, and you're not going to go free, until you release the castle." The extant
449:. The rebellion had failed by the end of the summer, but St-Calais continued to hold out in Durham, at first claiming he had never actually rebelled. When the king's army arrived, St-Calais agreed to come out, but only after receiving a safe conduct that would allow him to attend a trial while his men continued to hold the castle. St-Calais's actions suggest that he did rebel, whatever his claims to the contrary and affirmations of his innocence in northern chronicles.
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579:. Malcolm and his wife helped lay the foundation stone of the new cathedral dedicated to Cuthbert. Respect for the saint did not mean that Malcolm refrained entirely from raiding the north; he was killed in 1093 while once more raiding Northumbria. Both the English king and St-Calais did all in their power to support Malcolm's sons, who had been educated in England, in their attempts to secure the Scottish throne.
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elections of the prior. He may have promised these things to the monks before his death, but nothing was in writing. Thus, when a non-monk was selected to replace St-Calais, the monks began a long struggle to secure what they felt had been promised to them, including the forging of charters ascribed to St-Calais that supported their case. These forged charters date from the second half of the 12th century.
490:, details the trial of St-Calais before the king. This work is the earliest surviving detailed contemporary report of an English state-trial; some have doubted its authenticity, however, claiming St-Calais would not have been as knowledgeable in canon law as the work portrays him. The historian Mark Philpott argues that St-Calais was knowledgeable in canon law, since he owned a copy of the canon law, the
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303:, during a feud. However, it was most likely in recognition of his administrative ability. Symeon of Durham stated that St-Calais was chosen as a bishop for this reason, describing him as "very well versed in sacred and secular learning, very conscientious in matters of divine and worldly business, and so remarkable for good conduct that he had no equal amongst his contemporaries".
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permission was secured. To placate the pope, the king dispatched St-Calais to Rome, possibly with
Lanfranc, to explain to the pope the reasons for imprisoning Odo. St-Calais also served as a commissioner in the south-western part of England for the Domesday Book, which aimed to survey the whole of England and record who owned the lands. Some historians, including
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rights of clergy to be tried in clerical courts and to appeal to Rome, his fellow bishops believed otherwise. Lending support to their belief is the fact that St-Calais never pursued his appeal to Rome, and that later, in 1095, he took the side of the king against Anselm of
Canterbury when Anselm tried to assert a right to appeal to Rome.
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meant that he was often absent from his bishopric, and this probably is the cause of the medieval chronicler Symeon of Durham's comparatively neutral treatment of St-Calais in his works. There is no evidence of St-Calais performing any of the normal episcopal functions, including consecrating priests or churches.
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at Durham. The king had summoned St-Calais shortly before
Christmas to answer an unknown charge, and it is possible that the stress of this threat caused his death. In 1796 St-Calais' grave was supposedly found during the demolition of the chapter house at Durham Cathedral. Found in the grave were a
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St-Calais returned to Durham on 11 September 1091, with a large sum of money and gifts for his church. Thereafter he remained in the king's favour. In fact, in 1093 his lands were restored without the need to perform feudal services. For the rest of his life, St-Calais remained a frequent advisor to
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did write to the king in 1089 requesting that St-Calais be restored to his see, but nothing came of it. In
Normandy, St-Calais quickly became one of Duke Robert's principal advisors and his chief administrator. On 14 November 1091 he regained the favour of William Rufus, and was restored to his see.
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Later, in 1095, an
English noble, Robert de Mowbray, who was Earl of Northumbria, challenged the bishop's authority in the north. When Mowbray rebelled again in 1095, St-Calais helped the king put down the rebellion, and Mowbray was captured. The death of Malcolm and the capture of Mowbray did much
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court. St-Calais then asked for an appeal to Rome, which was rejected by the king and the judges. Those judging the case held that because St-Calais never answered the formal accusation, and because he appealed to Rome, his fief, or lands, was forfeit. Although St-Calais claimed to be defending the
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Durham
Cathedral. The construction of the new cathedral began on 29 July 1093, when St-Calais led his cathedral chapter in dedicating the site. The first stones were laid shortly afterwards, on 11 August 1093. However, St-Calais' exile after his trial as well as his employment in the royal service
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among them, who supported Anselm in these quarrels, later tried to claim that St-Calais had supported the king out of a desire to succeed Anselm as archbishop if Anselm was deposed, but it is unlikely that St-Calais seriously believed that Anselm would be deposed. St-Calais secured grants from the
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During the course of the trial, Lanfranc is said to have stated that the court was "trying you not in your capacity as bishop, but in regard to your fief; and in this way we judged the bishop of Bayeux in regard to his fief before the present king's father, and that king did not summon him to that
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Shortly before
Christmas 1095, one of St-Calais' knights, Boso, fell ill and dreamed he was transported to the afterlife, where he found a large house with gates made of iron. Suddenly, St-Calais emerged from the gates, asking the knight the whereabouts of one of his servants. Boso's guide in the
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The king sent St-Calais on diplomatic missions to the French royal court and to Rome. After the king's imprisonment of Odo of Bayeux, Pope
Gregory VII complained to him. The pope was also concerned about the king's refusal to allow the delivery of papal letters to the English bishops unless royal
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During
William the Conqueror's reign, St-Calais was a frequent witness on charters. While it is often difficult to determine who was considered most important on a charter's witness list, placement near the top of the list is usually understood to mean that the signatory was considered important.
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St-Calais also gave a set of constitutions to the cathedral chapter, modeled on
Lanfranc's rule for Canterbury. Symeon of Durham said that the bishop acted towards the monks of his chapter as a "loving father", and that the monks fully returned the sentiment. St-Calais is said to have researched
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In St-Calais' time as bishop, a long-running dispute began between the monks of the cathedral chapter and successive bishops. This arose because St-Calais did not make a formal division of the diocesan revenues between the bishop's household and the monks of the chapter. Nor had he allowed free
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The chronicler Symeon of Durham asserted that when St-Calais was consecrated bishop by Archbishop Thomas of York, he managed to avoid professing obedience to the archbishop, which, if true, would have freed St-Calais from interference in his diocese. After his appointment, St-Calais decided to
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monk at Saint-Calais in Maine, where his father had become a monk, and soon became the prior of that house. He became abbot of St Vincent-des-Prés near Le Mans in Maine, sometime around 1078. As abbot, his only appearance in historical records is his upholding of the monasteries' right to some
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from Pope Urban II. At that time St-Calais opposed Anselm's attempt to appeal to Rome over the issue, and steadfastly maintained the king's position against Anselm, even advocating that the archbishop be deprived of his lands and sent into exile. Later, when the king was negotiating with
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on 9 November 1080, and he was duly consecrated on either 27 December 1080 or 3 January 1081. His elevation may have been a reward for diplomatic services he rendered to the king in France, or to help secure the see from further disorder following the death of the previous bishop,
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Duke Robert had persuaded the king to allow Bishop William's return, perhaps in recognition of a service St-Calais performed for the king by brokering the end of a siege in Normandy that the king's forces were about to lose. The end of the siege prevented the loss of the castle.
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appears to have been confined to the region around the monastery which the saint had founded. St-Calais appears to have been a devotee of the cult, and the most likely date for the creation of the confraternity link between the two houses is during St-Calais' time as bishop.
461:, before which the king seized his lands. At the trial, St-Calais held that as a bishop he could not be tried in a secular court, and refused to answer the accusations. Lanfranc presented the king's case, declaring that the confiscated lands had been held as
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to his cathedral library. The manuscript was an edition that had been collected or prepared by Lanfranc for the use of the chapter of Canterbury. St-Calais may have used this copy in his trial. His plea for an appeal to Rome was grounded in the
324:. These consultations, and the conditions within his diocese, may have kept St-Calais from visiting Durham until some time after his elevation. In 1083 he expelled the married clergy from the cathedral, and moved a small community of monks from
214:, raised a rebellion against the king in 1088, St-Calais was implicated in the revolt. William Rufus laid siege to St-Calais in the bishop's stronghold of Durham, and later put him on trial for treason. A contemporary record of this trial, the
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The chroniclers' statements may have come about through confusion with St-Calais' position in Durham, which was a palatinate, or a territory where the ruler had powers which were normally exercised by a king, but without the title of
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Soon after the accession of William Rufus, St-Calais became one of the king's most trusted lieutenants, along with the recently released Odo of Bayeux. Later chroniclers often referred to the position that St-Calais held as
392:, have argued that St-Calais was the driving force behind the organization of the entire Domesday survey, although other candidates have been put forward, including Samson, Bishop of Worcester, before he became bishop.
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until his followers in Durham relinquished the castle. Once the castle was back under the king's control, St-Calais was released, and exiled; he left for Normandy, and no more was heard of his appeal to Rome. Pope
220:, is the earliest surviving detailed contemporary report of an English state-trial. Imprisoned briefly, St-Calais was allowed to go into exile after his castle at Durham was surrendered to the king. He went to
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near Paris. The system of rib vaulting in the choir was the earliest use of that technique in Europe. The historian Frank Barlow called the cathedral "one of the architectural jewels of western Christendom".
259:; he may have been a member of one of its clerical dynasties. His mother's name, Ascelina or Anselma, is given in Durham's records; his father, whose name is unknown, became a monk at the monastery of
469:, not as a bishop. St-Calais objected, and continued to refuse to answer the allegations. After numerous conferences and discussions, the court held that St-Calais could be tried as a vassal in a
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in Maine, and may previously have been a knight. Although St-Calais is generally referred to as Saint Calais or St-Calais, the main source of information about his life, the monastic chronicle of
243:; in 1095 it was St-Calais who prosecuted the royal case against Anselm after he had become archbishop. During his bishopric, St-Calais stocked the cathedral library with books, especially
538:, the papal legate sent by Urban to convey the pallium to Anselm and to secure the king's recognition of Urban as pope, St-Calais was the king's chief negotiator. The clerical reformers,
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texts. He was also active in defending the north of England against Scots raids. Before his death, he had made his peace with Anselm, who blessed and consoled St-Calais on his deathbed.
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St-Calais enjoyed good relations with his cathedral chapter, and they supported him when construction began on a new church in 1093. After demolishing an old Saxon church, he and Prior
721:, he left at his death over fifty books to the monks of Durham, and the list of those volumes still exists. His best-known legacy is the construction of Durham Cathedral, although the
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348:, and arranged for lands to be set aside to support the monks. The expelled clergy were offered the option of joining the new monastic house, but only one actually joined.
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St-Calais also ordered the destruction of the old cathedral that had been built by Aldhun, to make way for the construction of a new, larger cathedral, the current
207:, known as William Rufus. Following William Rufus' accession to the throne in 1087, St-Calais is considered by scholars to have been the new king's chief advisor.
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216:
274:, the half-brother of the future William I of England, who was then Duke of Normandy. Other bishops educated at Bayeux around this time included Archbishop
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who negotiated with Anselm, the abbot of Bec, in 1093 over the conditions under which Anselm would allow himself to be elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Domesday Studies: Papers Read at the Novacentenary Conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers, Winchester 1986
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Domesday Studies: Papers Read at the Novacentenary Conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers, Winchester 1986
575:, in which Durham was located, as part of his kingdom. St-Calais managed to befriend Malcolm, and secured his support for the patron saint of Durham,
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2312:. British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions for the year 1977. Leeds, UK: British Archaeological Association. pp. 11–19.
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dream then informed Boso that this was a warning that St-Calais would soon die. Boso recovered and warned St-Calais of the dream.
2561:
The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216
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Dawtry, Anne (1982). "The Benedictine Revival in the North: The Last Bulwark of Anglo-Saxon Monasticism". In Mews, Stuart (ed.).
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639:. Before his death he was consoled by Anselm and was blessed by his former opponent. He was buried on 16 January 1096 in the
396:, who argues for St-Calais being the main organizer of the survey, argues the bishop's exile in 1088 interrupted work on the
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to his cathedral chapter; this copy still survives. Other works that St-Calais gave to the cathedral library were copies of
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king in return for his services. His efforts on behalf of the king earned him hostile accounts in Eadmer's later writings.
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2513:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from
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Almost always during the Conqueror's reign, St-Calais is listed right below the royal family and the archbishops.
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336:, to form the new chapter. This community had been founded at Jarrow by Reinfrid, a Norman ex-knight and monk of
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232:, the elder brother of William Rufus. By 1091, St-Calais had returned to England and regained royal favour.
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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
717:, a historian, describes him as a "good scholar and a monk of blameless life". Besides his copy of the
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St-Calais was known to his contemporaries as an intelligent and able man. He had an excellent memory.
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733:, which enabled the building to attain a greater height than earlier churches. This permitted larger
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was not finished until 1130. The construction technique of combining a pointed arch with another
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656:, whether or not it was based on this particular manuscript. The manuscript itself is now in the
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St-Calais was the only bishop who did not actively aid the king; the rebelling magnates included
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In England, St-Calais once more became a leading advisor to the king. In 1093 he negotiated with
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windows, and let more light into the building. The technique of the six-pointed vault spread to
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and the scriptures; at some point St-Calais also acquired a knowledge of canon law. He became a
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Browne (1982). "Bishop William of St. Carilef's Book Donations to Durham Cathedral Priory".
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Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent
2220:(1994). "The Forged Charters of William the Conqueror and Bishop William of St Calais". In
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laid the foundation stone on 11 August 1093 for what would later become Durham Cathedral.
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Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland
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customs of the cathedral, before re-establishing monks in the cathedral. He imposed the
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St-Calais was brought before the king and royal court for trial on 2 November 1088, at
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of 1086. He was also a councillor and advisor to both King William I and his son, King
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17:
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The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540
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Aird, W. M. (1994). "An Absent Friend: The Career of Bishop William of St Calais". In
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2621:"Houses of Benedictine Monks: Priory of St Cuthbert, Durham (later Durham Cathedral)"
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320:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, before going to Rome to receive permission from Pope
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571:, raided and invaded the north of England on a number of occasions. Malcolm claimed
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pair of sandals, which still survive, and fragments of a gold embroidered robe.
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199:. In addition to his ecclesiastical duties, he served as a commissioner for the
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2325:
Chaplais, Pierre (1987). "William of Saint-Calais and the Domesday Survey". In
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Carver, M. O. H. (1980). "Early Medieval Durham: the Archaeological Evidence".
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The English Church & the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John
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St-Calais died on 2 January 1096 after falling gravely ill on the previous
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relationship between the monks of Durham and the monks of the monastery of
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344:. After the community had settled in Durham, St-Calais named Eadwine as
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Tansey, Richard G.; Gardner, Helen Louise; De la Croix, Horst (1986).
2563:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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2719:
The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta
2468:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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470:
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313:
256:
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2934:
Rose, R. K. (1982). "Cumbrian Society and the Anglo-Norman Church".
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plea as bishop but as brother and earl." Unlike the later case of
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Aird, W. M. (1994). "St Cuthbert, the Scots and the Normans". In
978:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
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property, and his acceptance of a gift of property in the town.
160:
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2273:(Revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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After the court adjourned, St-Calais was held as a prisoner at
282:. Symeon of Durham considered St-Calais to be well-educated in
2867:
Anglo-Norman Studies XVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference
2779:(Eighth ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
2415:. Vol. 18. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. pp. 87–98.
2413:
Studies in Church History 18: Religion and National Identity
2464:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).
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in 1080. During his term as bishop, St-Calais replaced the
2293:
Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England 1089–1135
400:, a subproject of the survey which was left uncompleted.
55:
William of St Calais, from an 11th-century manuscript of
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While in office as bishop, St-Calais gave a copy of the
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A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England
3679:
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William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
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Durham's location in the north left it insecure, as
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St-Calais managed the king's case against Anselm at
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2656:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 125–137.
2232:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 111–124.
2098:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 283–297.
559:, which was started by William de St-Calais in 1093
369:of Lanfranc on the community, instead of the older
135:
127:
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109:
104:
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86:
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68:
34:
2627:. London: Victoria County History. pp. 86–103
2374:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
810:Dunelmensis Ecclesiae Cathedralis Catalogi liborum
2541:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 41–64.
2333:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 65–77.
2310:Medieval Art and Architecture at Durham Cathedral
529:in 1095, when Anselm wished to go to receive his
488:Of the Unjust Persecution of the Bishop William I
2798:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2678:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2451:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2202:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2913:Offler, H. S. (1960). "William of St Calais".
1176:
1174:
1040:
1038:
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3025:
2817:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2490:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2295:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27:11th century Norman Bishop of Durham, England
8:
2676:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216
2642:De iniusta uexacione Willelmi episcopi primi
2372:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases
1503:
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970:
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745:from which it influenced the development of
598:Probably dating from St-Calais' time is the
484:De Iniusta Vexacione Willelmi Episcopi Primi
217:De Iniusta Vexacione Willelmi Episcopi Primi
3743:11th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
2625:A History of the County of Durham: Volume 2
2071:(Third ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
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799:and the king had not recognized either yet.
294:William the Conqueror nominated him to the
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2644:and Canon Law in Anglo-Norman Durham". In
2355:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers.
1997:Dawtry "Benedictine Revival in the North"
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49:
31:
3768:Norman clerics given benefices in England
2721:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
913:
911:
909:
895:
893:
891:
877:
875:
465:, and thus St-Calais could be tried as a
416:, where St-Calais shut himself up in 1088
113:either 27 December 1080 or 3 January 1081
1112:Page, ed. "Houses of Benedictine Monks"
255:St-Calais was a Norman, and a native of
3686:
3435:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham
3359:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham
2166:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2140:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216
868:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
827:
758:
660:. St-Calais also gave a copy of Bede's
518:the king. It was St-Calais, along with
316:with monks, and consulted the king and
224:, where he became a leading advisor to
2815:The Justiciarship in England 1066–1232
2142:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman.
663:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2582:(Second ed.). New York: Norton.
2394:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
2162:"St Calais, William of (c.1030–1096)"
1856:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1749:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1733:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1668:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1655:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1577:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
816:in volume VII of their works in 1838.
156:(died 2 January 1096) was a medieval
7:
2511:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300
976:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
795:There was a rival pope at the time,
340:, and Eadwine, an English monk from
2835:The English and the Norman Conquest
2700:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1550:" "Anglo-Norman Durham" pp. 129–137
1276:Chaplais "William of Saint-Calais"
1250:Chaplais "William of Saint-Calais"
2396:. London: Hambledon & London.
1895:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1762:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1720:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
25:
2738:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2488:The Aristocracy of Norman England
312:replace his cathedral chapter of
3713:
3701:
3689:
2869:. Boydell Press. pp. 1–20.
2067:Adams, Laurie Schneider (2001).
1561:Constitutional and Legal History
1491:Quoted in Richardson and Sayles
1467:Constitutional and Legal History
1346:Constitutional and Legal History
627:A plan of Durham Cathedral, 1913
3203:High Medieval Bishops of Durham
2599:William II: Rufus, the Red King
1932:Carver "Early Medieval Durham"
1182:English and the Norman Conquest
1166:English and the Norman Conquest
1114:History of the County of Durham
1013:Quoted in Aird "Absent Friend"
866:Barlow "St Calais, William of"
583:to make the north more secure.
239:, concerning Anselm's becoming
2837:. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press.
2777:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
2654:Anglo-Norman Durham: 1093–1193
2466:Handbook of British Chronology
2353:Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166
2230:Anglo-Norman Durham: 1093–1193
2096:Anglo-Norman Durham: 1093–1193
2051:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
958:Handbook of British Chronology
379:Work for William the Conqueror
1:
2370:Coredon, Christopher (2007).
1986:English Church and the Papacy
1960:English Church and the Papacy
1947:English Church and the Papacy
1934:Medieval Art and Architecture
270:St-Calais studied under Odo,
3147:Bishops of Chester-le-Street
2640:Philpott, Mark (1994). "The
2188:UK public library membership
1999:Studies in Church History 18
1707:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
1603:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
1359:Dictionary of Medieval Terms
1333:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
307:Early ecclesiastical affairs
179:, who was nominated by King
100:Abbot of St-Vincent, Le Mans
2505:Greenway, Diana E. (1971).
2168:. Oxford University Press.
974:Greenway "Durham: Bishops"
280:Samson, Bishop of Worcester
3789:
267:, does not call him such.
3242:County Palatine of Durham
2998:
2989:
2981:
2974:
2948:10.1017/S0424208400016089
2936:Studies in Church History
2794:Vaughn, Sally N. (1987).
2760:. London: Edward Arnold.
2578:Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980).
2421:10.1017/S0424208400016065
747:early Gothic architecture
48:
41:
3773:11th-century politicians
2696:; Wallis, Keith (1968).
2069:A History of Western Art
1973:Unification and Conquest
1825:Bates "Forged Charters"
1372:Justiciarship in England
932:English Church 1066–1154
496:, which still survives.
241:Archbishop of Canterbury
62:Commentary on the Psalms
2898:10.3406/SCRIP.1988.2019
520:Robert, Count of Meulan
210:When the king's uncle,
18:William de Saint-Calais
3594:Henry Montagu Villiers
3514:Episcopacy abolished (
3449:Christopher Bainbridge
3277:William of St. Barbara
3048:Bishops of Lindisfarne
2976:Catholic Church titles
2813:West, Francis (1966).
2601:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
2269:Brooke, Z. N. (1989).
2254:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
2038:History of Western Art
1507:Richardson and Sayles
729:allowed a six-pointed
628:
560:
417:
366:Monastic Constitutions
169:abbey of Saint-Vincent
3356:Late Medieval Bishops
3342:Robert of Holy Island
3237:High Medieval Bishops
2734:Roffe, David (2007).
2252:William the Conqueror
2174:10.1093/ref:odnb/4664
2120:. New York: Longman.
1880:Aird "Absent Friend"
1867:Aird "Absent Friend"
1841:Aird "Absent Friend"
1786:Aird "Absent Friend"
1640:Aird "Absent Friend"
1588:Aird "Absent Friend"
1533:Aird "Absent Friend"
1386:Aird "Absent Friend"
1265:William the Conqueror
1198:Aird "Absent Friend"
1088:William the Conqueror
1000:Aird "Absent Friend"
943:Aird "Absent Friend"
899:Aird "Absent Friend"
881:Aird "Absent Friend"
808:The list is given in
626:
554:
411:
359:exhaustively the pre-
3609:Brooke Foss Westcott
3604:J. B. Lightfoot
3432:Early modern Bishops
3257:William de St-Calais
2648:; Harvey, Margaret;
2597:Mason, Emma (2005).
2224:; Harvey, Margaret;
2090:; Harvey, Margaret;
1226:Anglo-Norman England
1075:Anglo-Norman England
797:Antipope Clement III
442:, and Odo's brother
398:Little Domesday Book
328:'s old monastery at
284:classical literature
237:Anselm, Abbot of Bec
181:William I of England
154:William de St-Calais
36:William de St-Calais
3763:Benedictine bishops
3738:11th-century births
3577:Late modern Bishops
3568:William Van Mildert
2713:Richardson, H. G.;
2533:(1987). "1086". In
1882:Anglo-Norman Durham
1869:Anglo-Norman Durham
1843:Anglo-Norman Durham
1827:Anglo-Norman Durham
1788:Anglo-Norman Durham
1642:Anglo-Norman Durham
1590:Anglo-Norman Durham
1535:Anglo-Norman Durham
1388:Anglo-Norman Durham
1200:Anglo-Norman Durham
1015:Anglo-Norman Durham
1002:Anglo-Norman Durham
945:Anglo-Norman Durham
901:Anglo-Norman Durham
883:Anglo-Norman Durham
555:The west façade of
440:Earl of Northumbria
430:Roger de Montgomery
372:Regularis Concordia
3322:Thomas de Melsonby
2863:Chibnall, Marjorie
2672:Poole, Austin Lane
2650:Prestwich, Michael
2349:Chibnall, Marjorie
2226:Prestwich, Michael
2092:Prestwich, Michael
1692:Powell and Wallis
1399:Powell and Wallis
834:Powell and Wallis
668:Augustine of Hippo
658:Peterhouse Library
629:
561:
433:Earl of Shrewsbury
418:
3753:Bishops of Durham
3677:
3676:
3659:N. T. Wright
3464:Cuthbert Tunstall
3373:Lewis de Beaumont
3332:Walter of Kirkham
3041:Bishops of Durham
3008:
3007:
2999:Succeeded by
2754:Stafford, Pauline
2745:978-1-84383-307-9
2736:Decoding Domesday
2507:"Durham: Bishops"
2445:Douglas, David C.
2403:978-1-85285-595-6
2381:978-1-84384-138-8
2289:Cantor, Norman F.
2186:(subscription or
2027:p. 523 footnote 4
1605:p. 108 footnote 1
1520:Quoted in Crouch
1291:Decoding Domesday
812:published by the
684:Gregory the Great
437:Robert de Mowbray
193:cathedral chapter
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
3780:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3654:Michael Turnbull
3563:Shute Barrington
3499:George Montaigne
3469:James Pilkington
3444:William Senhouse
3436:
3360:
3337:Robert Stitchill
3327:Nicholas Farnham
3287:Philip of Poitou
3244:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3011:
2992:Bishop of Durham
2982:Preceded by
2972:
2967:
2930:
2909:
2880:
2848:
2826:
2809:
2790:
2771:
2749:
2730:
2709:
2694:Powell, J. Enoch
2689:
2667:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2612:
2593:
2574:
2552:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2501:
2484:Green, Judith A.
2479:
2460:
2440:
2407:
2385:
2366:
2344:
2321:
2304:
2284:
2265:
2243:
2213:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2153:
2131:
2109:
2082:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1278:Domesday Studies
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1252:Domesday Studies
1248:
1242:
1239:Domesday Studies
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
979:
972:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:
922:
915:
904:
897:
886:
879:
870:
864:
839:
832:
817:
806:
800:
793:
787:
783:
777:
763:
619:Death and legacy
592:Romanesque-style
557:Durham Cathedral
547:Diocesan affairs
536:Walter of Albano
500:Return to favour
447:Count of Mortain
353:Turgot of Durham
342:Winchcombe Abbey
272:Bishop of Bayeux
265:Symeon of Durham
230:Duke of Normandy
197:Durham Cathedral
185:Bishop of Durham
142:Durham Cathedral
123:Personal details
117:Thomas of Bayeux
53:
43:Bishop of Durham
32:
21:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3634:Maurice Harland
3589:Charles Longley
3572:
3538:Edward Chandler
3437:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3383:Thomas Hatfield
3378:Richard de Bury
3361:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3262:Ranulf Flambard
3245:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3198:
3142:
3043:
3038:
3004:
3002:Ranulf Flambard
2995:
2987:
2970:
2933:
2912:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2856:
2854:Further reading
2851:
2845:
2829:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2774:
2768:
2752:
2746:
2733:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2646:Rollason, David
2639:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2555:
2549:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2517:on 19 July 2011
2504:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2463:
2443:
2410:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2324:
2307:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2222:Rollason, David
2216:
2210:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2088:Rollason, David
2085:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
999:
995:
986:
982:
973:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
873:
865:
842:
833:
829:
825:
820:
814:Surtees Society
807:
803:
794:
790:
784:
780:
764:
760:
756:
654:False Decretals
649:False Decretals
621:
565:Malcolm Canmore
549:
502:
493:False Decretals
455:
406:
394:Pierre Chaplais
381:
361:Norman Conquest
309:
253:
226:Robert Curthose
140:
139:16 January 1096
114:
91:Ranulf Flambard
72:9 November 1080
64:
60:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Michael Ramsey
3626:
3624:Alwyn Williams
3621:
3619:Hensley Henson
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:Charles Baring
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Thomas Thurlow
3555:
3550:
3548:Richard Trevor
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:William Talbot
3530:
3528:Nathaniel Crew
3525:
3520:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Tobias Matthew
3481:
3479:Matthew Hutton
3476:
3474:Richard Barnes
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Thomas Ruthall
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:William Dudley
3410:
3408:Lawrence Booth
3405:
3403:Robert Neville
3400:
3398:Thomas Langley
3395:
3393:Walter Skirlaw
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Richard Kellaw
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Hugh de Puiset
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Geoffrey Rufus
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:rulers of the
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2931:
2910:
2892:(2): 140–155.
2881:
2875:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2785:
2772:
2766:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2668:
2662:
2637:
2619:, ed. (1907).
2613:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2557:Knowles, David
2553:
2547:
2527:
2502:
2496:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2441:
2408:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2345:
2339:
2322:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2244:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2154:
2148:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2104:
2083:
2077:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2025:Monastic Order
2016:
2012:Monastic Order
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1775:English Church
1766:
1753:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1694:House of Lords
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1427:
1405:
1401:House of Lords
1392:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1311:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1213:Feudal Kingdom
1204:
1186:
1170:
1157:
1153:Monastic Order
1144:
1140:Monastic Order
1131:
1127:Monastic Order
1118:
1105:
1101:Monastic Order
1092:
1079:
1066:
1050:
1046:Monastic Order
1032:
1028:English Church
1019:
1006:
993:
989:English Church
980:
962:
956:Fryde, et al.
949:
936:
923:
905:
887:
871:
840:
836:House of Lords
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:
801:
788:
778:
757:
755:
752:
708:De Poenitentia
673:De Civitae Dei
620:
617:
610:. The cult of
577:Saint Cuthbert
548:
545:
501:
498:
454:
451:
405:
402:
380:
377:
314:secular clergy
308:
305:
276:Thomas of York
252:
249:
149:
148:
137:
133:
132:
131:2 January 1096
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3785:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Domesday Book
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3687:
3683:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:David Jenkins
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Handley Moule
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Edward Maltby
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Joseph Butler
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:Thomas Morton
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Richard Neile
3492:
3490:
3489:William James
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Thomas Wolsey
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:John Sherwood
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Richard Poore
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Richard Marsh
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Richard Poore
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:William Cumin
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2876:0-85115-366-6
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2844:0-85115-708-4
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:Williams, Ann
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2805:0-520-05674-4
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2786:0-15-503763-3
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2767:0-7131-6532-4
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Sayles, G. O.
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:0-19-821707-2
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:0-85115-390-9
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Page, William
2614:
2610:
2608:0-7524-3528-0
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2589:0-393-95132-4
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2570:0-521-05479-6
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:0-85115-477-8
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2497:0-521-52465-2
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:0-521-56350-X
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:Crouch, David
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2362:0-631-15439-6
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:0-85115-477-8
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:0-521-36687-9
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2261:0-7524-1980-3
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:0-85115-390-9
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:0-520-04936-5
2205:
2201:
2200:William Rufus
2197:
2196:Barlow, Frank
2193:
2189:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Barlow, Frank
2155:
2151:
2149:0-582-49504-0
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Barlow, Frank
2133:
2129:
2127:0-582-50236-5
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Barlow, Frank
2111:
2107:
2105:0-85115-390-9
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:0-07-231717-5
2074:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:William Rufus
1903:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:William Rufus
1809:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:William Rufus
1676:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:William Rufus
1624:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:William Rufus
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:William Rufus
1449:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
984:
981:
977:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
927:
924:
920:
919:William Rufus
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
872:
869:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
831:
828:
822:
815:
811:
805:
802:
798:
792:
789:
782:
779:
776:
772:
768:
762:
759:
753:
751:
748:
744:
740:
739:Saint-Etienne
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
689:Pastoral Care
685:
681:
680:
675:
674:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
650:
645:
642:
641:chapter house
638:
637:Christmas Day
633:
625:
618:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:confraternity
596:
593:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:King of Scots
566:
558:
553:
546:
544:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
521:
515:
512:
507:
499:
497:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
480:Thomas Becket
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:
426:
424:
415:
414:Durham Castle
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
385:
378:
376:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
356:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:Evesham Abbey
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
304:
302:
297:
296:see of Durham
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:Odo of Bayeux
208:
206:
202:
201:Domesday Book
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
147:
146:chapter house
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
112:
108:
103:
99:
97:Other post(s)
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3725:
3664:Justin Welby
3644:John Habgood
3553:John Egerton
3516:Commonwealth
3513:
3423:Richard Foxe
3388:John Fordham
3312:William Scot
3297:John de Gray
3256:
3074:
2990:
2939:
2935:
2918:
2914:
2889:
2885:
2866:
2834:
2814:
2795:
2776:
2757:
2735:
2718:
2697:
2675:
2653:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2598:
2579:
2560:
2538:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2510:
2487:
2465:
2448:
2412:
2393:
2371:
2352:
2330:
2309:
2292:
2270:
2251:
2248:Bates, David
2229:
2218:Bates, David
2199:
2177:. Retrieved
2165:
2139:
2117:
2095:
2068:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1422:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1306:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1237:Holt "1086"
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1181:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1045:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
975:
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
926:
918:
900:
882:
867:
835:
830:
809:
804:
791:
781:
774:
770:
766:
761:
718:
715:Frank Barlow
712:
707:
699:
693:
687:
677:
671:
661:
653:
648:
646:
634:
630:
612:Saint Calais
604:Saint-Calais
597:
589:
585:
581:
562:
524:
516:
506:Wilton Abbey
503:
491:
487:
483:
476:
456:
427:
419:
412:The keep of
397:
386:
382:
370:
364:
357:
350:
310:
293:
269:
261:Saint-Calais
254:
234:
215:
209:
153:
152:
110:Consecration
61:
57:St Augustine
29:
3748:1096 deaths
3708:Catholicism
3669:Paul Butler
3504:John Howson
2942:: 119–135.
2921:: 258–279.
2886:Scriptorium
2535:Holt, J. C.
2531:Holt, J. C.
2327:Holt, J. C.
1923:pp. 163–164
1884:pp. 287–288
1871:pp. 286–287
1829:pp. 111–124
1816:pp. 354–355
1801:Aristocracy
1722:pp. 182–185
1511:pp. 285–286
1348:pp. 152–153
1335:pp. 100–104
1103:pp. 169–170
1064:pp. 109–110
1062:Aristocracy
1004:pp. 289–290
947:pp. 288–289
679:Confessions
573:Northumbria
390:David Bates
322:Gregory VII
288:Benedictine
77:Predecessor
3732:Categories
3639:Ian Ramsey
3523:John Cosin
3347:Antony Bek
3075:United to
2996:1081–1096
2631:29 October
2060:References
1921:William II
1616:William II
1548:De Iniusta
1546:Philpott "
1509:Governance
1493:Governance
1441:William II
1307:William II
1116:pp. 86–103
735:clerestory
527:Rockingham
251:Early life
205:William II
3696:Biography
3228:Æthelwine
3123:Heathwred
3103:Æthelwold
2964:183905987
2927:183396629
2906:165788745
2706:263296875
2437:163793330
2429:300385487
2190:required)
2001:pp. 97–98
1971:Stafford
1482:pp. 82–89
1443:pp. 64–71
1309:pp. 53–55
1280:pp. 68–70
1254:pp. 76–77
1224:Chibnall
1180:Williams
1164:Williams
1073:Chibnall
921:pp. 60–62
823:Citations
719:Decretals
459:Salisbury
423:justiciar
404:Rebellion
245:canon law
87:Successor
69:Appointed
3223:Æthelric
3159:Cutheard
3108:Cynewulf
3098:Eadfrith
3093:Eadberht
3088:Cuthbert
2833:(2000).
2756:(1989).
2717:(1963).
2674:(1955).
2652:(eds.).
2559:(1976).
2486:(1997).
2447:(1964).
2392:(2007).
2351:(1986).
2318:13464190
2291:(1958).
2250:(2001).
2228:(eds.).
2198:(1983).
2160:(2004).
2138:(1988).
2116:(1979).
2094:(eds.).
2023:Knowles
2010:Knowles
1357:Coredon
1151:Knowles
1138:Knowles
1125:Knowles
1099:Knowles
1086:Douglas
1044:Knowles
771:Carileph
700:Homilies
511:Urban II
318:Lanfranc
222:Normandy
115:by
3720:England
3682:Portals
3252:Walcher
3189:Ælfsige
3184:Ealdred
3179:Sexhelm
3154:Eardulf
3138:Eardulf
3133:Eanbert
3113:Higbald
2985:Walcher
2956:1425545
2865:(ed.).
2537:(ed.).
2521:6 April
2329:(ed.).
2301:2179163
2179:7 April
1984:Brooke
1958:Brooke
1945:Brooke
1906:Barlow
1893:Vaughn
1854:Cantor
1812:Barlow
1773:Barlow
1760:Vaughn
1747:Cantor
1731:Cantor
1718:Vaughn
1679:Barlow
1666:Cantor
1653:Cantor
1627:Barlow
1575:Cantor
1522:Normans
1478:Barlow
1452:Barlow
1423:Normans
1421:Crouch
1211:Barlow
1026:Barlow
987:Barlow
930:Barlow
917:Barlow
775:Carilef
704:Ambrose
695:Moralia
531:pallium
301:Walcher
191:of his
173:Le Mans
167:of the
144:in the
81:Walcher
3302:Morgan
3218:Eadred
3213:Edmund
3209:Aldhun
3194:Aldhun
3174:Uhtred
3169:Wigred
3164:Tilred
3128:Ecgred
3118:Egbert
3065:Colmán
2962:
2954:
2925:
2904:
2873:
2841:
2823:953249
2821:
2802:
2783:
2764:
2742:
2727:504298
2725:
2704:
2682:
2660:
2605:
2586:
2567:
2545:
2494:
2472:
2457:399137
2455:
2435:
2427:
2400:
2378:
2359:
2337:
2316:
2299:
2277:
2258:
2236:
2206:
2146:
2124:
2102:
2075:
2053:p. 352
2049:Croix
2040:p. 200
2036:Adams
2014:p. 523
1988:p. 162
1975:p. 200
1962:p. 109
1919:Mason
1910:p. 356
1897:p. 194
1845:p. 283
1803:p. 111
1799:Green
1790:p. 285
1764:p. 188
1709:p. 174
1705:Poole
1683:p. 306
1644:p. 295
1631:p. 294
1614:Mason
1601:Poole
1592:p. 294
1563:p. 209
1537:p. 284
1524:p. 135
1495:p. 285
1469:p. 146
1439:Mason
1425:p. 135
1390:p. 293
1361:p. 209
1331:Poole
1305:Mason
1289:Roffe
1267:p. 201
1263:Bates
1228:p. 111
1215:p. 130
1202:p. 291
1184:p. 153
1168:p. 136
1155:p. 625
1142:p. 623
1129:p. 131
1090:p. 328
1060:Green
1048:p. 169
1017:p. 290
960:p. 241
903:p. 288
885:p. 287
767:Calais
702:; and
698:, and
540:Eadmer
471:feudal
467:vassal
444:Robert
334:Durham
330:Jarrow
257:Bayeux
189:canons
158:Norman
136:Buried
105:Orders
3060:Finan
3055:Aidan
2960:S2CID
2902:S2CID
2433:S2CID
1949:p. 76
1936:p. 12
1858:p. 36
1777:p. 67
1751:p. 97
1735:p. 92
1696:p. 52
1670:p. 71
1657:p. 62
1618:p. 95
1579:p. 51
1559:Lyon
1465:Lyon
1456:p. 85
1403:p. 49
1374:p. 10
1370:West
1344:Lyon
1293:p. 98
1241:p. 47
1077:p. 42
1030:p. 39
991:p. 64
934:p. 58
838:p. 36
786:king.
765:Also
754:Notes
731:vault
608:Maine
486:, or
463:fiefs
453:Trial
346:prior
177:Maine
165:abbot
3083:Eata
3077:York
3070:Tuda
2952:OCLC
2923:OCLC
2890:XLII
2871:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2819:OCLC
2800:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2723:OCLC
2702:OCLC
2680:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2633:2019
2603:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2523:2008
2492:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2453:OCLC
2425:OCLC
2398:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2314:OCLC
2297:OCLC
2275:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2181:2008
2144:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2073:ISBN
743:Caen
723:nave
676:and
326:Bede
278:and
161:monk
128:Died
2944:doi
2894:doi
2417:doi
2170:doi
773:or
769:or
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