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Despite the Scots regaining their independence, Anglo-Scottish relations remained tense during the first decade of the 13th century. In August 1209 King John decided to flex the
English muscles by marching a large army to Norham (near Berwick), in order to exploit the flagging leadership of the
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from
Richard in 1194, as he had a strong claim over it. However, his offer of 15,000 marks (£9,750) was rejected due to wanting the castles within the lands, which Richard was not willing to give. In 1200, William did homage for Northumbria, not for Scotland, to Richard's successor,
487:. Henry then sent an army to Scotland and occupied it. As ransom and to regain his kingdom, William had to acknowledge Henry as his feudal superior and agree to pay for the cost of the English army's occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots. The cost was equal to 40,000 Scottish
427:
did not live for long, and upon his death on 9 December 1165 at age 24, William ascended the throne. The new monarch was crowned on 24 December 1165. His brother's steward, constable, and chancellor remained in office, and
William confirmed Malcolm IV's last bequest to
642:
ageing
Scottish monarch. As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir,
432:. In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of his paternal inheritance of
852:
William was not known as "the Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail
658:
Due to the terms of the Treaty of
Falaise, Henry II had the right to choose William's bride. In 1184, William attended Henry II's court to request a marriage to Henry's granddaughter Matilda of Saxony, daughter of
606:, agreed to terminate it in return for 10,000 silver marks (£6,500), on 5 December 1189. William then was able to address the turbulent chiefs in the outlying parts of his kingdom. His authority was recognized in
463:, during a raid in support of the revolt, William recklessly charged the English troops himself, shouting, "Now we shall see which of us are good knights!" He was unhorsed and captured by Henry's troops led by
899:: "William I (c. 1142–1214), king of Scots (1165–1214), later known as "the Lion". Younger brother and successor to Malcolm IV, he was granted the earldom of Northumberland by his grandfather David I in 1152".
443:
After his accession to the throne
William spent some time at the court of King Henry II; then, quarrelling with Henry, he arranged in 1168 the first definite treaty of alliance between France and Scotland.
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were founded (for example Perth in 1210), criminal law was clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs were widened, and trade grew. Traditionally, William is credited with founding
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Despite continued dependence on
English goodwill, William's reign showed much achievement. He threw himself into government with energy and diligently followed
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and Henry II paid for the four days of festivities. After the wedding she was escorted to
Scotland by Scottish nobles and Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow.
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861:) on a yellow background. This (with the substitution of a "double tressure fleury counter-fleury" border instead of an orle) went on to become the
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Numismata scotiæ, or A series of the
Scottish coinage, from the reign of William the Lion to the Union. By Adam De Cardonnel, member of the
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which declared that the Church of
Scotland was directly subject only to Rome, thus rejecting the claims to supremacy put forward by the
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The marriage was not very successful, and it was many years before they had an heir. William and Ermengarde's children were:
579:, who had been canonically elected. A hostile interchange followed; then after the death of Alexander in 1181 his successor,
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491:(£26,000). The church in Scotland was also subjected to that of England. William acknowledged this by signing the
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556:. Donald briefly took over Ross; not until his death in 1187 was William able to reclaim Donald's stronghold of
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Out of wedlock, William I had numerous illegitimate children, their descendants being among those who would
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which, hitherto, had been practically independent; he put an end to a formidable insurrection in
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1167:"BBC - History - British History in depth: King John, the Lusignan Affair and the Early Years"
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1196:"Ermengarde [Ermengarde de Beaumont] (d. 1233), queen of Scots, consort of William I"
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and was then allowed to return to Scotland. On 10 August 1175 he swore fealty to Henry II at
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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667:. The proposal was referred to the pope and was forbidden on the grounds of consanguinity.
510:. In 1179, meanwhile, William and his brother David personally led a force northwards into
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The Treaty of Falaise remained in force for the next fifteen years. Then the English king
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390:. William was around 10 years old when his father died in 1152, making his elder brother
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to the new king, Malcolm IV. In 1157, William lost the Earldom of Northumbria to
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Scotland in the Middle Ages § Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III
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938:"William I [known as William the Lion] (c. 1142–1214), king of Scots"
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1066:. Internet Archive. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. pp. 7–8.
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30:"William of Scotland" redirects here. For William II, King of Scots, see
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1029:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 665.
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William died on 4 December 1214 and was succeeded by his son Alexander.
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William was born around 1142, during the reign of his grandfather King
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from 1165 to 1214. His almost 49-year-long reign was the longest for a
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913:; e.g. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
455:, which was led by Henry's sons with some short-lived assistance from
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1504:"The Posthumous Reputation of King William the Lion of Scotland"
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1434:"William I of Scotland ('WiIliam the Lion'), about 1143 - 1214"
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The humiliation of the Treaty of Falaise triggered a revolt in
567:, a quarrel which arose out of a double choice for the vacant
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Scotland's Northwest Frontier: A Forgotten British Borderland
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to their grandfather. From his father, William inherited the
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Aufrica married William de Say, whose great-great-grandson
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which lasted until 1186 and prompted the construction of a
678:, although through at illegitimate line. They married at
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The Scottish Antiquary, Or, Northern Notes & Queries
1363:"The Scots Peerage" (1904), Balfour Paul, Vol. I, p. 5
1117:
The intelligent traveller's guide to historic Scotland
1230:"Margaret, countess of Kent (1187x95–1259), princess"
908:
347:
333:
772:(c. 1152–1232); Ada predeceased her husband in 1200.
1959:
1724:
1375:"Patrick, fourth earl of Dunbar (d. 1232), magnate"
877:. It became attached to him because the chronicler
618:; and a series of campaigns brought the far north,
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825:settlements and feudalization were extended, new
514:, establishing two further castles, north of the
402:. David I died the next year, and William became
779:was one of the competitors to the crown in 1291;
738:By a daughter, name unknown, of Adam de Hythus:
1063:The acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165-1214
819:the lines laid down by his grandfather, David I
841:was established (c. 1192) in the same year as
34:. For the British king from 1830 to 1837, see
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1702:
8:
1341:Duncan, Archibald Alexander McBeth. (1975)
854:
765:one of the competitors to the crown in 1291;
2845:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1298:Duncan, Archibald Alexander McBeth. (1975)
810:19th century depiction of William the Lion.
575:, while the pope supported the archdeacon,
3022:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2921:
2837:
2315:
2310:
2285:
2271:
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1709:
1695:
1687:
1565:
723:Marjorie (1200–17 November 1244), married
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104:
3083:Earls of Northumbria (Peerage of England)
1267:"Alexander II (1198–1249), king of Scots"
843:papal confirmation of the Scottish church
708:Isabella of Scotland, Countess of Norfolk
548:A further rising in 1181 involved Donald
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
1537:Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens
1093:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 19.
1060:Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart (1971).
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
768:Ada Fitzwilliam (c. 1164–1200), married
54:This article includes a list of general
1379:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1271:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1234:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1200:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
975:. T. and A. Constable. 1903. p. 88
942:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
889:
1145:. Yale University Press. p. 272.
698:Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent
1260:
1258:
1189:
1187:
725:Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke
571:. The king put forward his chaplain,
447:William was then a key player in the
7:
1343:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom.
1300:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom.
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
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602:, needing money to take part in the
358:1142 – 4 December 1214), reigned as
3078:Earls of Huntingdon (1065 creation)
1087:Matheson, Alister Farquhar (2014).
1048:of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, MDCCLXXXVI
3068:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
1120:. Congdon & Weed. p. 83.
881:called him the "Lion of Justice".
382:. His parents were the king's son
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1459:"Historic royal charter restored"
702:Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent
346:) and also known by the nickname
1003:
712:Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
674:, a great-granddaughter of King
626:, under the power of the crown.
534:. The aim was to discourage the
45:
2322:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1559:at the official website of the
1481:"The history of Arbroath Abbey"
897:A dictionary of British history
733:lay claim to the Scottish crown
234:
18:William the Lion, King of Scots
3063:13th-century Scottish monarchs
3058:12th-century Scottish monarchs
2319:Monarchs of England until 1603
1508:The Scottish Historical Review
1438:National Galleries of Scotland
761:Henry de Galightly, father of
629:William attempted to purchase
273:Isabella, Baroness Ros of Wark
268:Marjorie, Countess of Pembroke
27:King of Alba from 1165 to 1214
1:
1718:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
1114:Crowl, Philip Axtell (1986).
563:William also quarrelled with
355:
259:Isabella, Countess of Norfolk
1407:Saul, Nigel (24 June 2013).
587:. In 1188 William secured a
194:4 December 1214 (aged 71-72)
2929:British monarchs after the
1544:Scotland: Story of a Nation
1349:p. 175. ISBN 9780050020371.
1316:Saul, Nigel (13 May 2013).
1306:p. 527. ISBN 9780050020371.
646:, for his eldest daughter,
638:, apparently to save face.
459:of France. In 1174, at the
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499:and became his liege man.
475:, and then transferred to
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254:Margaret, Countess of Kent
29:
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1642:
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1617:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1568:
1141:Gillingham, John (2000).
770:Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar
348:
112:
863:Royal Banner of Scotland
833:, the site of the later
718:Alexander II of Scotland
1502:Linehan, P. A. (1978).
1026:Encyclopædia Britannica
865:, still used today but
835:Declaration of Arbroath
785:(born c. 1165) married
569:bishopric of St Andrews
467:and taken in chains to
354:, 'the Rough' (
343:
126:King of Alba (Scotland)
75:more precise citations.
3073:People from Huntingdon
1726:Monarchs of the Picts
1662:Malcolm IV of Scotland
1387:10.1093/ref:odnb/50326
1242:10.1093/ref:odnb/49377
1208:10.1093/ref:odnb/49356
950:10.1093/ref:odnb/29452
909:
855:
811:
672:Ermengarde de Beaumont
541:from expanding beyond
400:Earldom of Northumbria
334:
325:
223:Ermengarde de Beaumont
32:William III of England
1961:Monarchs of the Scots
809:
710:(1195–1263), married
700:(1193–1259), married
682:on 5 September 1186.
600:Richard the Lionheart
552:, descendant of King
418:Further information:
2899:William III & II
2464:Henry the Young King
2414:Edward the Confessor
2382:Æthelred the Unready
2042:Constantine III (IV)
2007:Constantine II (III)
1279:10.1093/ref:odnb/322
783:Isabella Mac William
754:By Isabel d'Avenel:
670:Henry instead chose
328:), sometimes styled
119:Seal of King William
2847:Union of the Crowns
2072:Malcolm III Canmore
1679:Simon III de Senlis
1645:Earl of Northumbria
1542:Magnusson, Magnus;
1046:antiquarian society
839:Bishopric of Argyll
777:Roger de Mandeville
661:Duke Henry the Lion
449:Revolt of 1173–1174
408:Henry II of England
380:David I of Scotland
368:Union of the Crowns
326:Uilleam an Leòmhann
2931:Acts of Union 1707
2894:James II & VII
2587:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2372:Edgar the Peaceful
2145:Second Interregnum
2112:William I the Lion
1981:Constantine I (II)
1971:Kenneth I MacAlpin
1669:Earl of Huntingdon
1629:Peerage of England
1373:McDonald, Andrew.
1318:"Eustace de Vesci"
1040:Cardonnel, Adam de
847:Pope Celestine III
812:
787:Robert III de Brus
742:Margaret, married
676:Henry I of England
665:Matilda of England
654:Marriage and issue
593:English archbishop
565:Pope Alexander III
508:castle at Dumfries
465:Ranulf de Glanvill
344:Uilliam mac Eanric
335:Uilleam MacEanraig
135:9 December 1165 –
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2377:Edward the Martyr
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2133:First Interregnum
1685:
1684:
1676:Succeeded by
1638:Henry of Scotland
1618:Succeeded by
1570:William the Lion
1483:. 4 December 2009
1413:Magna Carta Trust
1345:Oliver & Boyd
1322:Magna Carta Trust
1302:Oliver & Boyd
1265:Stringer, Keith.
1100:978-1-78306-442-7
1073:978-0-85224-142-4
758:Robert de London;
585:bishop of Dunkeld
493:Treaty of Falaise
461:Battle of Alnwick
430:Dunfermline Abbey
315:
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300:Henry of Scotland
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100:
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16:(Redirected from
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3043:House of Dunkeld
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2882:Richard Cromwell
2872:The Protectorate
2862:James I & VI
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2419:Harold Godwinson
2339:Edward the Elder
2332:Alfred the Great
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2244:also monarch of
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1659:Preceded by
1635:Preceded by
1611:King of Scotland
1601:Preceded by
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1575:House of Dunkeld
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1561:British monarchy
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1514:(164): 182–186.
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1461:. 8 October 2009
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802:Death and Legacy
763:Patrick Galithly
744:Eustace de Vesci
684:Edinburgh Castle
680:Woodstock Palace
404:heir presumptive
364:Scottish monarch
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318:William the Lion
290:House of Dunkeld
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147:24 December 1165
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71:this article by
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2394:Edmund Ironside
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2537:Richard III
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2047:Kenneth III
1998:(uncertain)
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1801:Gartnait II
795:Magna Carta
631:Northumbria
577:John Scotus
512:Easter Ross
497:York Castle
473:Northampton
434:Northumbria
366:before the
152:Predecessor
73:introducing
3037:Categories
2980:Edward VII
2970:William IV
2960:George III
2889:Charles II
2784:Robert III
2730:Malcolm IV
2705:Donald III
2680:Malcolm II
2665:Kenneth II
2547:Henry VIII
2507:Richard II
2502:Edward III
2436:William II
2409:Harthacnut
2226:William II
2211:Charles II
2166:Robert III
2107:Malcolm IV
2087:Donald III
2077:Donald III
2052:Malcolm II
2037:Kenneth II
1946:Bridei VII
1901:Drest VIII
1846:Bridei III
1831:Talorgan I
1826:Talorc III
1806:Nechtan II
1771:Gartnait I
1673:1165–1174
1649:1152–1157
1615:1165–1214
1604:Malcolm IV
885:References
624:Sutherland
589:papal bull
524:Black Isle
425:Malcolm IV
374:Early life
211:, Scotland
199:, Scotland
190:1214-12-04
156:Malcolm IV
143:Coronation
56:references
36:William IV
2995:George VI
2965:George IV
2955:George II
2867:Charles I
2849:from 1603
2799:James III
2779:Robert II
2735:William I
2710:Duncan II
2638:Malcolm I
2628:Donald II
2552:Edward VI
2542:Henry VII
2527:Edward IV
2497:Edward II
2487:Henry III
2470:Richard I
2431:William I
2352:Æthelstan
2216:James VII
2206:Charles I
2181:James III
2161:Robert II
2082:Duncan II
2012:Malcolm I
2002:Donald II
1941:Ciniod II
1936:Bridei VI
1916:Óengus II
1866:Drest VII
1856:Bridei IV
1821:Bridei II
1781:Talorc II
1761:Drest III
1746:Nechtan I
1557:William I
1520:0036-9241
867:quartered
644:Alexander
620:Caithness
616:Inverness
558:Inverness
554:Duncan II
543:Caithness
469:Newcastle
457:Louis VII
436:from the
370:in 1603.
330:William I
162:Successor
108:William I
81:July 2020
2985:George V
2975:Victoria
2950:George I
2819:James VI
2804:James IV
2794:James II
2767:David II
2762:Robert I
2751:Margaret
2685:Duncan I
2594:Donald I
2532:Edward V
2522:Henry VI
2512:Henry IV
2492:Edward I
2458:Henry II
2357:Edmund I
2346:Ælfweard
2304:monarchs
2298:Scottish
2201:James VI
2186:James IV
2176:James II
2156:David II
2151:Robert I
2127:Margaret
2057:Duncan I
1976:Donald I
1921:Drest IX
1891:Alpín II
1886:Ciniod I
1881:Bridei V
1876:Óengus I
1841:Drest VI
1796:Bridei I
1776:Cailtram
1766:Drest IV
1751:Drest II
1741:Talorc I
1653:Forfeit
1583:c. 1142
1418:8 August
1327:8 August
797:suretor.
793:(1191),
686:was her
608:Galloway
532:Cromarty
528:Ederdour
504:Galloway
485:Normandy
453:Henry II
451:against
197:Stirling
2903:Mary II
2809:James V
2789:James I
2725:David I
2690:Macbeth
2622:Eochaid
2517:Henry V
2452:Matilda
2446:Stephen
2441:Henry I
2302:British
2296:,
2294:English
2250:Ireland
2246:England
2221:Mary II
2191:James V
2171:James I
2102:David I
2062:Macbeth
1996:Eochaid
1951:Drest X
1871:Alpín I
1811:Cinioch
1786:Drest V
1736:Drest I
1546:, 2001.
1539:, 1998.
1530:Sources
1143:Richard
1021:William
1014::
979:17 June
875:Ireland
873:and of
871:England
481:Falaise
471:, then
392:Malcolm
239:
231:
227:
179:c. 1142
69:improve
2814:Mary I
2695:Lulach
2659:Amlaíb
2653:Cuilén
2643:Indulf
2569:Philip
2564:Mary I
2367:Eadwig
2362:Eadred
2067:Lulach
2032:Amlaíb
2027:Cuilén
2017:Indulf
1906:Conall
1586:
1518:
1149:
1124:
1097:
1070:
1008:
837:. The
827:burghs
516:Beauly
306:Mother
296:Father
275:(ill.)
217:Spouse
204:Burial
58:, but
2715:Edgar
2615:Giric
2481:Louis
2388:Sweyn
2092:Edgar
1991:Giric
1931:Uurad
1851:Taran
1588:Died:
1581:Born:
688:dowry
612:Moray
536:Norse
489:marks
479:then
414:Reign
384:Henry
350:Garbh
285:House
246:Issue
233:(
229:
132:Reign
2945:Anne
2908:Anne
2901:and
2757:John
2566:and
2558:Jane
2475:John
2399:Cnut
2248:and
2231:Anne
2196:Mary
2139:John
1926:Uuen
1516:ISSN
1489:2024
1467:2024
1445:2024
1420:2016
1394:2024
1329:2016
1286:2024
1249:2024
1215:2024
1178:2024
1147:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1068:ISBN
981:2024
957:2024
648:Joan
636:John
622:and
614:and
573:Hugh
518:and
477:Caen
394:the
386:and
184:Died
176:Born
2648:Dub
2608:Áed
2022:Dub
1986:Áed
1383:doi
1275:doi
1238:doi
1204:doi
1023:".
946:doi
845:by
526:at
483:in
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356:c.
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