277:
31:
444:
339:
716:, who stated "The Cherokee nation... is a distinct community, occupying its own territory... in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter, but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves, or in conformity with treaties, and with the acts of congress. The whole intercourse between the United States and this nation, is, by our constitution and laws, vested in the government of the United States."
2399:
324:, removing the tribe from their home and relocating them to eastern New Mexico. The 1868 treaty was signed at Fort Sumner and provided for the tribe's return to the current reservation and traditional homeland, but also for 15,000 head of sheep and goats and 500 cattle to be provided to the tribe by the U.S. government. Unlike many other treaties, it was celebrated by the Navajo as preserving the majority of their land for the tribe.
2411:
396:
2423:
423:. About 1885, the traders began to transform from a barter economy to a credit system. The traders had a monopoly and created a virtual system of debt bondage by being the only ones to offer credit for goods needed by tribal members. However, after 1890, the US government prohibited traders collecting for old debts and require them to use cash instead of trader script or "tin" money.
367:(BIA) estimated that the reservation supported 575,000 sheep and 186,000 goats. The livestock was overgrazing the land, and the experts estimated that the land could support only half the number that was being grazed. The BIA then began an aggressive stock reduction program that reminded many Navajo of the imprisonment at the Bosque Redondo and was opposed by the tribe.
459:
on the reservation. Lee was licensed by the BIA to operate the trading post and he sold goods on credit to members of the tribe. Paul
Williams and his wife, Lorena, were enrolled tribal members of the Navajo tribe and resided on the Navajo reservation. Williams bought goods on credit and did not make
508:
and non-Indians since there was no
Congressional prohibition against it. The court ruled, however, that federal regulations prohibited the sale of Indian livestock without the approval of BIA. Williams then appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case and issued a writ
585:
clearly established that state law and jurisprudence did not reach into the confines of a reservation. He then stated that the question was whether, absent
Congressional authorization, a state infringed on the right of the tribe to govern itself. The Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act was designed by
362:
added significant land to the reservation beginning in 1878 and running through 1901. By 1934 and the last
Congressional adjustment, the reservation contained 27,425 square miles (17,552,000 acres). At the same time the tribe was increasing its land, it was increasing the quantity of livestock,
426:
Part of that was due to the nature of the trading system, where the trader could not own their own store or land, which had to be leased from the Navajo. In addition to the restriction on land, the trader had to post a $ 10,000 bond with the BIA. Long-term traders, such as
524:
435:, established relationships with tribal members to foster long-term repeat business. They began to market Navajo blankets for use in mining camps and as area rugs in the eastern United States. By 1943, there were over 140 trading posts on the reservation.
358:. Although the tribe was promised 10,000 square miles (6,400,000 acres), the tribe actually received 5,285 square miles (3,382,302 acres). Unlike most other reservations, the Navajo reservation actually expanded over the following years. Presidential
2376:
699:
Littell was the attorney for the Navajo tribe, who funded the appeal to the
Supreme Court. The tribe was concerned that if the Arizona Supreme Court decision stood, the state would undermine the authority of the tribe to govern
543:
William W. Stevenson argued the case for Lee. He argued that the Navajo tribe was a creation of the federal government and not a longstanding tribe, like the
Cherokee. His position was that there was no tribal sovereignty.
637:
The incident started when Col. Washington ordered a Navajo off of a horse and the Navajo refused. Washington ordered his troops to open fire, and seven
Navajos, including Narbona, were slain, shot in the back as they were
119:
The state of
Arizona does not have jurisdiction to try a civil case between a non-Indian doing business on a reservation with tribal members who reside on the reservation, the proper forum for such a case being the tribal
590:
had denied." Finally, he noted that the Navajo tribal court has jurisdiction to hear civil cases brought by non-Indians against tribal members and that no federal statute gave
Arizona jurisdiction to hear such cases.
681:
At one time, the Navajo were believed to possess about 500,000 sheep, 30,000 cattle, and 10,000 horses and mules. By the time of the 1868 treaty, the tribe only had "940 sheep, 1,025 goats, and 1,550 horses...."
2239:
586:
Congress to strengthen the tribal government and tribal courts. Black observed, "Significantly, when
Congress has wished the States to exercise this power it has expressly granted them the jurisdiction which
237:
does not have jurisdiction to try a civil case between a non-Indian doing business on a reservation with tribal members who reside on the reservation, the proper forum for such cases being the tribal court.
2049:
2339:
1395:
2453:
2155:
1517:
618:
296:. The tribe signed its first treaty with the United States in 1849, and signed another treaty in 1868. The 1849 treaty was immediately suspect among tribal members because of the actions of Colonel
609:
has been cited as the initial case in the modern era of federal Indian law. It is widely cited in cases dealing with tribal sovereignty and state infringement on tribal rights. Some claim that
415:
began to trade extra rations for Navajo wool. By 1883, traders were buying 1.3 million pounds of wool in addition to other products raised or produced by the tribe The traders, who were largely
1930:
488:
to sell at auction the sheep belonging to Williams. In 1954, the trial court finally issued a ruling denying the motion to dismiss and in 1955, it found for Lee. Williams appealed to the
621:. The case was also the first of a series of cases that limited Arizona's authority within the Navajo reservation. The case is considered a landmark case involving tribal sovereignty.
2191:
2227:
1632:
1561:
1538:
1359:
226:
72:
2002:
1882:
1387:
565:
257:. In 1868, the United States and the tribe signed a new treaty to put it back on a reservation in their traditional lands, where the tribe focused on raising sheep and goats.
2203:
1858:
484:
Williams moved to dismiss the case, arguing that the state court did not have jurisdiction on the reservation. In the meantime, Lee was granted an order authorizing the
2214:
1954:
1718:
2458:
2280:
1834:
557:
brief at the request of the court, urging reversal. While Rankin supported reversal, he did so on narrow grounds, based on federal regulations of Indian traders.
2244:
2219:
1938:
2448:
1874:
1557:
755:
1978:
504:
and that a state officer did not have the authority to sell the sheep. The court held that the state had jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving
2443:
2364:
647:
At the same time, Carson had his men destroy the tribe's means of survival, from cutting down peach orchards to killing sheep and other livestock.
725:
Coincidentally, the same year that this case was decided, the Navajo Nation took control of its tribal courts back from the federal government.
2260:
2185:
2161:
1731:
505:
1842:
1711:
1421:
2149:
1810:
374:
passed the Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation bill; its Fernandez Amendment which would have granted the states jurisdiction over tribal lands.
749:
2369:
2197:
1447:
1333:
710:
614:
230:
106:
35:
2319:
1914:
1778:
245:
tribe has lived in the southwestern United States and first came into contact with the United States government in 1846, signing a
1866:
167:
381:
vetoed the bill and requested Congress to send it back to him without the Fernandez Amendment, which it did the following year.
1704:
1521:
1439:
969:
825:
794:
545:
2303:
1906:
370:
At the same time, the Navajo began to develop a more detailed system of self-government, including a court system. In 1949,
2137:
1271:
William v. Lee - 50 Years Later: A Reassessment of One of the Most Important Cases in the Modern-Era of Federal Indian Law
249:
with the government in 1849. In the early 1860s, the government removed the tribe from their traditional area to eastern
2389:
2324:
2179:
2018:
1727:
657:
485:
2334:
2119:
1754:
2113:
2040:
1898:
665:
293:
2265:
2167:
2143:
1970:
364:
276:
2314:
2125:
465:
321:
317:
179:
1679:
1464:
2463:
2329:
2232:
2107:
1986:
1890:
1826:
1786:
469:
412:
175:
927:
2077:
1994:
1770:
1636:
1565:
1542:
1391:
1363:
489:
432:
64:
2403:
1762:
1382:
581:
572:
289:
1661:
2270:
1746:
669:
428:
1696:
2309:
2290:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2032:
595:
540:
to end tribal immunity but had not done so, and other federal laws preempted state jurisdiction.
473:
297:
285:
155:
1670:
1312:
443:
1643:
2285:
2010:
1922:
1794:
420:
151:
1652:
807:
2297:
2026:
1946:
1818:
1487:
American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy
738:
would grant Arizona such authority, but Arizona had not moved to accept such jurisdiction.
378:
359:
2427:
2354:
2131:
1802:
1568:
1545:
1366:
735:
690:
Sheep were the primary livelihood for Williams and for most members of the Navajo tribe
404:
309:
254:
187:
1399:
2437:
2359:
2344:
1962:
713:
548:
537:
501:
347:
333:
304:. With relations strained, in 1862 the United States began a military campaign under
271:
242:
2173:
1270:
553:
500:
At the Arizona Supreme Court, Williams argued that the proper jurisdiction was the
456:
452:
390:
375:
163:
2377:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
916:
359, 362 (Carole Goldberg, Kevin K. Washburn, & Philip P. Frickey, eds. 2011).
67:
1451:
1422:
State Power over Indian Reservations: A Critical Comment on Burger Court Doctrine
536:
Norman M. Littell argued the case for Williams. Littell argued that Congress had
2410:
2275:
661:
571:
delivered the opinion of a unanimous court. He noted that in 1830, the state of
371:
313:
284:
The Navajo tribe came into contact with the United States in 1846 after General
135:
338:
2415:
2349:
1585:
American Indian Sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court: The Masking of Justice
594:
Black stated that allowing the exercise of state jurisdiction would undermine
568:
511:
407:
was the first trader recorded. After the return from the Bosque Redondo, Army
355:
305:
250:
143:
83:
2101:
2089:
79:
1601:
Navajo Courts and Navajo Common Law: A Tradition of Tribal Self-Governance
598:
and that only Congress had the authority to do so. The case was reversed.
576:
1525:
1438:
Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act of 1950, April 19, 1950, ch. 92, 64
419:, often pushed for maximum immediate production rather than a long-term
973:
829:
523:
461:
395:
351:
301:
234:
1443:
798:
656:
The Navajo's traditional homeland was defined by four mountain peaks,
1688:
416:
408:
246:
522:
442:
394:
337:
275:
2050:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1700:
30:
1518:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
403:
The first licensed trading with the Navajo began in 1849, and
54:
Williams et ux. v. Lee, doing business as Ganado Trading Post
1931:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
308:
to remove the tribe from the mountains of Arizona to the
1163:
Swept Under the Rug: A Hidden History of Navajo Weaving
910:
Sheep, Sovereignty, and the Supreme Court: The Story of
2192:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
2156:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2454:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
2387:
2003:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1883:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2253:
2213:
2204:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2058:
1859:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1738:
1313:
Williams v. Lee and the Debate over Indian Equality
527:
Justice Hugo Black, author of the unanimous opinion
208:
200:
195:
124:
113:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
1955:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
862:Patterns of Exchange: Navajo Weavers and Traders
2281:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1537:Warren Trading Post Co. v. Arizona Tax Comm'n,
1835:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1712:
1197:
1195:
750:Warren Trading Post Co. v. Arizona Tax Comm'n
8:
1939:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
1478:
1476:
1474:
1377:
1375:
300:that resulted in the death of Navajo leader
672:, which were viewed as sacred by the tribe.
1875:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
1719:
1705:
1697:
1497:
1495:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1303:
20:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
342:Map of the Navajo reservation (in orange)
2394:
2228:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1468:498-502 (Charles J. Kappler, ed. 1971).
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
770:
630:
2459:United States Native American case law
1558:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n
1328:
1326:
756:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n
363:particularly sheep. In the 1930s, the
350:was originally established in eastern
2162:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1979:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1732:Native Americans in the United States
18:1959 United States Supreme Court case
7:
1843:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
575:had tried to extend its laws to the
2150:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1811:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1465:6 Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
805:583 (Charles J. Kappler ed. 1904);
231:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2449:United States Supreme Court cases
2320:National Indian Gaming Commission
1915:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
1779:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1639:217 (1959) is available from:
1502:Peter Iverson & Monty Roessel
803:Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
476:for sheep belonging to Williams.
2421:
2409:
2397:
1867:Menominee Tribe v. United States
935:, last visited on Nov. 13, 2013.
399:Navajo trading post in the 1890s
29:
2074:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
908:, at 50-53; Bethany R. Berger,
813:The Navajo Political Experience
2444:1959 in United States case law
2304:In the Courts of the Conqueror
1907:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1506:Diné: A History of the Navajos
782:Diné: A History of the Navajos
460:payment. In 1952, Lee filed a
411:at the military posts such as
214:U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3
1:
2186:Native American Languages Act
824:Act of June 1, 1868, 15
793:Act of Sept. 9, 1849, 9
619:Indian Self-Determination Act
225:, 358 U.S. 217 (1959), was a
2325:Native American civil rights
2180:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
2019:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
1275:2010 Mich. State L. Rev. 391
280:Reenactment of the Long Walk
2340:Recognition of sacred sites
2335:Native American Rights Fund
2240:Federally recognized tribes
2120:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
447:Navajo sheep on reservation
2480:
2198:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
1755:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1689:Oyez (oral argument audio)
928:The Navajo's Ancient Roots
388:
331:
269:
204:Black, joined unanimously
2114:Indian Reorganization Act
2041:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
1899:United States v. Antelope
1613:Landmark Indian Law Cases
615:Indian self-determination
613:formed the basis for the
213:
129:
118:
28:
2266:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2168:Indian Child Welfare Act
1971:South Dakota v. Bourland
1520:, Jan. 4, 1975, 88
1332:Williams et ux. v. Lee,
365:Bureau of Indian Affairs
320:, which resulted in the
45:Decided January 12, 1959
43:Argued November 20, 1958
2315:Long Walk of the Navajo
2245:State recognized tribes
2144:Indian Civil Rights Act
602:Subsequent developments
322:Long Walk of the Navajo
318:Fort Sumner, New Mexico
233:held that the State of
2330:Native American gaming
2233:Legal status of Hawaii
2108:Indian Citizenship Act
1987:Idaho v. United States
1891:Bryan v. Itasca County
1827:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1787:Standing Bear v. Crook
1318:109 Mich. L. Rev. 1463
528:
470:Apache County, Arizona
448:
413:Fort Defiance, Arizona
400:
343:
298:John Macrae Washington
281:
176:William J. Brennan Jr.
109: (Ariz. 1958).
102:Williams et ux. v. Lee
2138:Indian Relocation Act
1995:United States v. Lara
1771:Fellows v. Blacksmith
747:The other cases were
579:reservation and that
526:
496:Arizona Supreme Court
490:Arizona Supreme Court
486:Apache County Sheriff
446:
398:
341:
279:
1763:Worcester v. Georgia
1483:Charles F. Wilkinson
1383:Worcester v. Georgia
912:Williams v. Lee, in
588:Worcester v. Georgia
582:Worcester v. Georgia
429:John Lorenzo Hubbell
294:Mexican–American War
266:History of the tribe
180:Charles E. Whittaker
107:319 P.2d 998
2310:Indian reservations
2271:Cherokee Commission
1747:Johnson v. McIntosh
1680:Library of Congress
1427:26 S.Dak. L. R. 434
670:San Francisco Peaks
502:Navajo tribal court
2370:Self-determination
2365:Tribal sovereignty
2291:Eagle-bone whistle
2084:Indian Removal Act
2072:Nonintercourse Act
2066:Blood quantum laws
2033:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1062:at 361-62; O'Neal.
914:Indian Law Stories
596:tribal sovereignty
529:
474:writ of attachment
449:
401:
348:Navajo reservation
344:
286:Stephen W. Kearney
282:
156:William O. Douglas
140:Associate Justices
2385:
2384:
2286:Eagle feather law
2220:State recognition
2011:Cobell v. Salazar
1923:Solem v. Bartlett
1795:Ex parte Crow Dog
1603:xi, 27-28 (2009).
1597:Raymond D. Austin
1417:Robert N. Clinton
1358:Williams v. Lee,
1308:Bethany R. Berger
1226:Teresa J. Wilkins
1214:Teresa J. Wilkins
1202:Teresa J. Wilkins
1123:Teresa J. Wilkins
1111:Teresa J. Wilkins
894:Teresa J. Wilkins
858:Teresa J. Wilkins
815:9 (4th ed. 2013).
734:Black noted that
658:La Plata Mountain
546:Solicitor General
421:sustainable yield
316:near present-day
218:
217:
168:John M. Harlan II
152:Felix Frankfurter
78:79 S. Ct. 269; 3
2471:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2261:Aboriginal title
2078:Civilization Act
2014:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:David E. Wilkins
1578:
1572:
1555:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:1-3, 106 (1988).
1488:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1379:
1370:
1356:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1278:
1276:
1268:Dewi Ioan Ball,
1266:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:David E. Wilkins
979:
966:
960:
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
936:
934:
925:Caitlin O'Neal,
923:
917:
915:
907:
903:
897:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:David E. Wilkins
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:David E. Wilkins
847:
843:
837:
835:
822:
816:
814:
810:
808:David E. Wilkins
804:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
759:
745:
739:
732:
726:
723:
717:
707:
701:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
654:
648:
645:
639:
635:
617:era and for the
451:Hugh Lee was an
360:executive orders
125:Court membership
104:
33:
32:
21:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2298:Hunting license
2249:
2218:
2209:
2126:Nationality Act
2054:
2027:Sharp v. Murphy
1947:Hodel v. Irving
1851:Williams v. Lee
1819:Talton v. Mayes
1734:
1725:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1629:Williams v. Lee
1624:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1556:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1508:209-210 (2002).
1505:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:Kathy M'Closkey
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1075:at 365; O'Neal.
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1004:
997:
996:
992:
985:
981:
977:
967:
963:
956:
955:
951:
944:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
913:
905:
904:
900:
893:
892:
888:
881:
877:
873:
872:
868:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
840:
833:
823:
819:
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806:
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792:
788:
781:
777:
776:
772:
768:
763:
762:
746:
742:
733:
729:
724:
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708:
704:
698:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
655:
651:
646:
642:
636:
632:
627:
604:
563:
534:
521:
498:
482:
472:and obtained a
455:who operated a
441:
393:
387:
379:Harry S. Truman
336:
330:
274:
268:
263:
222:Williams v. Lee
178:
166:
154:
100:
87:
44:
38:
24:Williams v. Lee
19:
12:
11:
5:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2355:Trail of Tears
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2132:Public Law 280
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:(1705 onwards)
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1803:Elk v. Wilkins
1799:
1791:
1790:(D. Neb. 1879)
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1662:Google Scholar
1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1589:
1573:
1550:
1530:
1510:
1491:
1470:
1456:
1448:25 U.S.C.
1431:
1404:
1371:
1338:
1322:
1279:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1039:
1035:Indian Affairs
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:Indian Affairs
961:
949:
937:
918:
898:
886:
866:
838:
834:Indian Affairs
817:
786:
769:
767:
764:
761:
760:
740:
736:Public Law 280
727:
718:
702:
692:
683:
674:
649:
640:
629:
628:
626:
623:
603:
600:
562:
559:
533:
530:
520:
517:
497:
494:
481:
478:
466:Superior Court
440:
439:Credit dispute
437:
405:Auguste Lacome
386:
385:Indian traders
383:
332:Main article:
329:
326:
310:Bosque Redondo
270:Main article:
267:
264:
262:
259:
255:Bosque Redondo
216:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
191:
190:
188:Potter Stewart
141:
138:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:
111:
110:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2476:
2465:
2464:Navajo Nation
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2404:United States
2395:
2391:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Treaty rights
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Seminole Wars
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:Duro v. Reina
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1644:CourtListener
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1590:
1577:
1574:
1570:
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1559:
1554:
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1547:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
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1514:
1511:
1498:
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1492:
1479:
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1471:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
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1435:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1413:
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1401:
1397:
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1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:(Ariz. 1958).
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
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1284:
1280:
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1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1165:44-45 (2008).
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
976:; Kappler, 1
975:
971:
965:
962:
953:
950:
941:
938:
930:
929:
922:
919:
911:
902:
899:
890:
887:
870:
867:
842:
839:
832:; Kappler, 1
831:
827:
821:
818:
809:
800:
796:
790:
787:
778:Peter Iverson
774:
771:
765:
758:
757:
752:
751:
744:
741:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
715:
714:John Marshall
712:
711:Chief Justice
709:Black quoted
706:
703:
696:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
650:
644:
641:
634:
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
597:
592:
589:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
567:
560:
558:
556:
555:
550:
549:J. Lee Rankin
547:
541:
539:
538:plenary power
531:
525:
519:Supreme Court
518:
516:
514:
513:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
453:Indian trader
445:
438:
436:
434:
433:William Keams
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
392:
384:
382:
380:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
335:
334:Navajo nation
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
278:
273:
272:Navajo people
265:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
229:in which the
228:
227:landmark case
224:
223:
212:
207:
203:
199:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:Chief Justice
131:
130:
128:
123:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2302:
2174:Diminishment
2039:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1628:
1608:
1592:
1576:
1571: (1973).
1553:
1548: (1965).
1533:
1513:
1459:
1434:
1420:
1402: (1832).
1381:
1369: (1959).
1334:319 P.2d 998
1311:
1269:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1182:
1177:, at 44, 46.
1170:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
964:
952:
940:
926:
921:
909:
901:
889:
876:, at 40-41;
869:
848:, at 40-41;
841:
820:
789:
773:
754:
748:
743:
730:
721:
705:
695:
686:
677:
666:Mount Taylor
662:Mount Blanca
652:
643:
633:
610:
606:
605:
593:
587:
580:
564:
554:amicus curae
552:
542:
535:
510:
499:
483:
457:trading post
450:
425:
402:
391:Indian Trade
369:
345:
283:
240:
221:
220:
219:
209:Laws applied
196:Case opinion
183:
171:
164:Tom C. Clark
159:
147:
101:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
2276:Dawes Rolls
2059:Legislation
1587:276 (1997).
1228:, at 28-29.
1216:, at 23-24.
1189:, at 53-54.
1149:, at 76-77.
1113:, at 21-22.
1033:Kappler, 1
1000:, at 40-41.
959:, at 66-67.
896:, at 20-21.
480:State court
328:Reservation
314:Pecos River
292:during the
288:marched to
136:Earl Warren
2438:Categories
2350:Survivance
2096:Curtis Act
1615:65 (2003).
1452:§ 636
1088:at 364-65.
986:Experience
882:Experience
864:19 (2013).
854:Experience
784:36 (2002).
766:References
668:, and the
569:Hugo Black
512:certiorari
389:See also:
356:New Mexico
354:/ western
306:Kit Carson
261:Background
251:New Mexico
144:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:251; 1959
2102:Burke Act
2090:Dawes Act
1238:M'Closkey
1187:M'Closkey
1175:M'Closkey
988:at 11-12.
980:at 1015;
856:at 9-10;
551:filed an
532:Arguments
376:President
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
1739:Case law
1627:Text of
1240:, at 44.
1204:, at 24.
1137:, at 79.
1125:, at 22.
1097:Berger,
1084:Berger,
1071:Berger,
1058:Berger,
1049:, at 76.
1024:, at 69.
1012:, at 68.
968:15
947:, at 39.
884:at 9-10.
836:at 1015.
638:leaving.
611:Williams
607:Williams
577:Cherokee
561:Decision
372:Congress
290:Santa Fe
201:Majority
2428:Arizona
2390:Portals
2254:Related
2215:Federal
1653:Findlaw
1429:(1981).
1320:(2009).
1277:(2010).
1147:Iverson
1135:Iverson
1101:at 365.
1047:Iverson
1037:at 875.
1022:Iverson
1010:Iverson
998:Iverson
957:Iverson
945:Iverson
933:PBS.org
906:Iverson
874:Iverson
846:Iverson
700:itself.
573:Georgia
566:Justice
506:Indians
464:in the
462:lawsuit
409:sutlers
352:Arizona
312:on the
302:Narbona
253:at the
235:Arizona
114:Holding
2206:(2008)
2200:(1990)
2194:(1990)
2188:(1990)
2182:(1988)
2176:(1984)
2170:(1978)
2164:(1978)
2158:(1975)
2152:(1971)
2146:(1968)
2140:(1956)
2134:(1953)
2128:(1940)
2122:(1936)
2116:(1934)
2110:(1924)
2104:(1906)
2098:(1898)
2092:(1887)
2086:(1830)
2080:(1819)
2044:(2022)
2036:(2020)
2022:(2013)
2006:(2005)
1998:(2004)
1990:(2001)
1982:(1997)
1974:(1993)
1966:(1990)
1958:(1989)
1950:(1987)
1942:(1986)
1934:(1985)
1926:(1984)
1918:(1982)
1910:(1978)
1902:(1977)
1894:(1976)
1886:(1974)
1878:(1973)
1870:(1968)
1862:(1960)
1854:(1959)
1846:(1955)
1838:(1941)
1830:(1903)
1822:(1896)
1814:(1896)
1806:(1884)
1798:(1883)
1782:(1858)
1774:(1857)
1766:(1832)
1758:(1831)
1750:(1823)
1728:Rights
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:Justia
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1524:
1450:
1442:
1398:)
972:
828:
797:
417:Mormon
247:treaty
243:Navajo
186:
184:·
182:
174:
172:·
170:
162:
160:·
158:
150:
148:·
146:
120:court.
105:,
1635:
1564:
1541:
1522:Stat.
1440:Stat.
1390:
1362:
1099:Sheep
1086:Sheep
1073:Sheep
1060:Sheep
970:Stat.
826:Stat.
795:Stat.
625:Notes
97:Prior
1637:U.S.
1566:U.S.
1543:U.S.
1526:2203
1396:Pet.
1392:U.S.
1364:U.S.
801:; 1
753:and
346:The
241:The
86:1656
73:more
65:U.S.
63:358
2416:Law
2217:and
2030:and
1730:of
1633:358
1569:164
1562:411
1546:465
1539:380
1400:515
1394:(6
1367:217
1360:358
974:667
830:667
799:974
509:of
468:of
431:or
68:217
2440::
1631:,
1599:,
1583:,
1560:,
1504:,
1494:^
1485:,
1473:^
1446:,
1444:46
1425:,
1419:,
1407:^
1388:31
1386:,
1374:^
1341:^
1325:^
1316:,
1310:,
1282:^
1245:^
1194:^
1161:,
984:,
931:,
880:,
860:,
852:,
811:,
780:,
664:,
660:,
515:.
492:.
2392::
1720:e
1713:t
1706:v
1528:.
1454:.
76:)
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
