593:". The song relates the feelings of a woman who has been mistreated by her partner. Thornton assigned the song's copyright to Bay-Tone Records, a small, independent San Francisco record company in 1961. Bay-Tone released three of Thornton's singles, including "You Did Me Wrong / Big Mama's Blues". However the label chose not to release her "Ball And Chain" recording and instead held on to the copyright. This caused Thornton to once again miss out on the publishing royalties when her song was recorded by another artist and became a hit. During her later efforts to secure the royalties from the song, Thornton described how she had written the song 9 years before she recorded it, saying "I was singing that way before I recorded it".
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said, 'Oh, little 'ole girl, you can't sing'. I said, 'Will you give me a try?' He said, 'Yeah, well, when the show start, say we gonna give a little audition for singers, 'cause I'm looking for a singer'. And so he give auditions. So I was there, he wrote my name down, and several people they sung, and then he said, 'Well, I, I want to see what you can do'. So I got up there, I had an old pair of jeans, one leg rolled up, I got up and I started singing one of Louis Jordan's song called "G.I. Jive", and I sung that song, and I sang this blues by Big Maceo, "Worried Life Blues" and he hired me. Out of 25 people, I was the 26th but then he hired me".
470:". The audience went wild for Thornton and would not stop until the stage manager brought the curtain down in order to move the show on. Thornton said "...that's where they made their mistake. They put me on first. I wasn't out there to put no one off stage. I was out there to get known and I did!... They had to put the curtain down. That's when they put my name in lights. Mr. Frank Shiffman, the manager came back stage hollerin' to Johnny Otis... 'You said you had a star and you got a star. You got to put her on to close the show!" The next night, the Apollo marquee read "Big Mama Thornton".
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record in so long. So when we get to the theater they was blasting it. You could hear it from the theater, from the loudspeaker. They were just playing "Hound Dog" all over the theater. So I goes up in the operating room, I say, 'Do you mind playing that again?'... 'Cause I hadn't heard the record in so long I forgot the words myself. So I stood there while he was playing it, listening to it. So that evening I sang it on the show, and everybody went for it".
497:"Hound Dog" was Thornton's only hit record, selling over 500,000 copies, spending 14 weeks in the R&B charts, including seven weeks at number one. Although the record made Thornton a star, she reportedly saw little of the profits. Thornton never received full credit for recording the original version of the song. She claimed she received just one royalty check for $ 500 from her version that spent seven weeks as number one on the 1953
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beginning on March 2, took
Thornton to Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, where it ended on March 27 in Stockholm. With her on the bill were Eddie Boyd, Big Joe Williams, Robert Pete Williams, T- Bone Walker, Paul Lenart, Hartley Severns, Edward Taylor and Vinton Johnson. As in 1965, they garnered recognition and respect from other musicians who wanted to see them.
878:, sporting a man's three-piece suit, straw hat, and gold watch. She sat at center stage and played pieces she wanted to play, which were not on the program. Thornton took part in the Tribal Stomp at Monterey Fairgrounds, the Third Annual Sacramento Blues Festival, and the Los Angeles Bicentennial Blues with B. B. King and Muddy Waters. She was a guest on an ABC-TV special hosted by actor Hal Holbrook and was joined by
309:. Though later recordings of her songs by other artists sold millions of copies, she was denied royalties by not holding the publishing copyrights to her creativity. Thornton died of a heart attack and liver disorders, penniless in a boarding-house in Los Angeles, California and was buried in a shared pauper's grave. In 2024, Thornton was posthumously inducted into the
486:. The pair were present at the recording, with Leiber demonstrating the song in the vocal style they had envisioned; Stoller said "We wanted her to growl it." Thornton said "Don't tell me how to sing no song", but relented. Otis played drums, after the original drummer was unable to play an adequate part. Thornton's song is credited as helping to usher in the dawn of
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show you that it won't shoot'. He held the pistol up and looked at it first and then put it to his head. I started toward the door and I heard the pistol go off. I turned around and saw Johnny falling to the floor. I saw that he was shot and I run on stage and told the people in the band about it. I stayed there until the officers arrived".
935:: "when I was comin' up, listening to Bessie Smith and all, they sung from their heart and soul and expressed themselves. That's why when I do a song by Jimmy Reed or somebody, I have my own way of singing it. Because I don't want to be Jimmy Reed, I want to be me. I like to put myself into whatever I'm doin' so I can feel it".
454:, allowing Peacock Records artists who had not broken through to national success to travel with Otis' California Rhythm and Blues Caravan to gain experience and exposure. The deal included recording the artists in Los Angeles and giving the recordings to Robey for distribution. Thornton was one of the artists Otis selected.
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373:, whom she deeply admired, helped develop her singing talent. "I just started hearing the blues of Bessie Smith, well I was a kid myself, you know. I was a young type of youngster always running around the house humming the blues and my daddy wanted to get me with the razor strop, but I hit the door".
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Thornton subsequently received greater recognition for her popular songs, but she is still under appreciated for her influence on the blues, rock and roll and soul music. Thornton's music was also influential in shaping
American popular music. The lack of appreciation she received for "Hound Dog" and
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Thornton was found dead at age 57 by medical personnel in a Los
Angeles boarding house on July 25, 1984. She died of heart and liver disorders due to her longstanding alcohol abuse. She had lost 355 pounds (161 kg) in a short time as a result of illness, her weight dropping from 450 to 95 pounds
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In a 1972 interview, Thornton acknowledged receiving royalty payments after having given Joplin permission to record her song, saying "I gave her the right and the permission to make 'Ball 'n' Chain' . . . It's all right, it made me money. At least I got paid for it, and I'm still drawing royalties".
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14 year-old
Thornton left home, traveling with the show between different cities in Alabama and Georgia. Thornton described the revue as "a stage show, like, playing in theaters... dancers, chorus girls, comedians, singers". Originally hired as a dancer, singer and comedienne, Thornton quickly became
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radio interview, saying "Show came through in the first of the '40s and called it 'Sammy Green's Hot Harlem Revue' as I mentioned earlier. They didn't have a singer, and so I asked him, I said, 'Give me an audition, let me sing'. I said, 'I've been singing all the little talent shows around here'. He
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Thornton's mother fell gravely ill from tuberculosis. Only 13, Thornton cared for her mother until her death in the
Montgomery Tuberculosis Sanatorium in 1939. At the time Thornton was still in the third grade. After losing her mother, she was unable to continue to attend school. Thornton left school
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Scholars such as
Maureen Mahon have praised Thornton for subverting traditional roles of Black or African-American women. She added a black woman's voice to a field that was dominated by white males, and her strong personality transgressed stereotypes of what a Black or African-American woman should
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Thornton realized her record was being broadcast while traveling to a Dayton, Ohio performance. "I was going to the theater and I just turned the radio on in the car and the man said, 'Here's a record that's going nationwide: "Hound Dog" by Willie Mae
Thornton'. I said, That's me! I hadn't heard the
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Thornton left Green's show in 1948 over a money dispute, saying "I traveled with them for quite a few years, and I went to
Houston, Texas in ’48. We played there and then we left. As a matter of fact, I quit the show in ’48... They owed me a little, quite a bit of money and they wouldn’t pay it, and
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list of the "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". It was not until Janis Joplin covered
Thornton's "Ball 'n' Chain" that it became a hit. Though Thornton did not receive financial compensation for her song, Joplin arranged for Thornton to open shows for her. Joplin found her singing voice through
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By then, the
American blues revival had come to an end. While the original blues acts like Thornton mostly played smaller venues, younger people played their versions of blues in massive arenas for big money. Since the blues had seeped into other genres of music, the blues musician no longer needed
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In an official deposition taken at 12:40 am the next morning, Thornton said "I looked over at Johnny and noticed he had a pistol in his hand. It was a pistol that he bought somewhere in Florida. It was a .22 cal. revolver. Johnny was pointing this pistol at Mary Carter and Joe Hamilton. He was kind
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Thornton's talent was self taught. She said "My singing comes from my experience... My own experience. I never had no one teach me nothin'. I never went to school for music or nothin'. I taught myself to sing and to blow harmonica and even to play drums by watchin’ other people! I can't read music,
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Ace did not heed Thornton's advice. "After he got the pistol back, Johnny pointed the pistol at Mary Carter and pulled the trigger. It snapped... I told Johnny again not to snap the pistol at anybody. Johnny then put the pistol to Olivia’s head and pulled the trigger. It snapped. Johnny said 'I’ll
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As her career began to fade in the late 1950s and early 1960s, she left Houston and relocated to the San Francisco Bay area, playing clubs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Her performances were infrequent so she could not retain a steady group of musicians to back her. Chris Strachwitz said when
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Thornton explained her early love of the blues, saying "My father was a minister. He's a Baptist preacher, and my mother she was very religious. And me, I don't know what I am, I'm -- well, was just born with the blues... I really got the blues, you know, in '39 when I lost my mother, and then I
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While at home the offers became fewer and smaller, things changed for good in 1972, when Thornton was asked to rejoin the American Folk Blues Festival tour. She thought of Europe as a good place for herself, and, with the lack of engagements in the United States, she agreed happily. The tour,
863:, Bee Houston and Steve Wachsman, the drummer Todd Nelson, saxophonist Bill Potter, bassist Bruce Sieverson, and pianist J. D. Nicholson. She toured extensively through the United States and Canada, played at the Juneteenth Blues Fest in Houston, sharing the bill with John Lee Hooker.
528:. Bell had removed Thornton's growling declaration of leaving a cheating partner. Bell changed the song, the new lyrics were sung to a literal dog. Presley's version sold ten million copies, so today few fans know that "Hound Dog" began as Thornton's "anthem of black Women's power".
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where she was "celebrated by adoring fans". Reviews of the tour said "Thornton dazzles European audiences who are experiencing her live for the first time". Her success was notable "because very few female blues singers at that time had ever enjoyed success across the Atlantic".
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of waving it around. I asked Johnny to let me see the gun. He gave it to me and when I turned the chamber a .22 cal. bullet fell out in my hand. Johnny told me to put it back in where it wouldn’t fall out. I put it back and gave it to him. I told him not to snap it at nobody".
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for fifty dollars a night. In 1950, Thornton recorded her first record, "All Right Baby" and "Bad Luck Got My Man", released on Houston's E&W Recording Studio record label and credited to the "Harlem All Stars". Thornton was credited as songwriter on both songs.
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Thornton was booked to perform in a good venue like the Fillmore, her manager at the time, Jim Moore, would hire "lounge musicians. He called them 'jazz musicians' or whatever... they had no clue what the blues was all about. They were mediocre at the best".
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about Elvis Presley. In the movie, Thornton (played by Shonka Dukureh in her only film role, as she died shortly after the film's release) is shown as the original singer of the song "Hound Dog" and appears in the movie singing the song. Presley (played by
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record chart. Next, Thornton signed a contract with Pentagram Records and finally fulfilled one of her biggest dreams. A blues woman and the daughter of a preacher, Thornton loved the blues and what she called the "good singing" of gospel artists like the
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Thornton continued with Johnny Otis's band between 1951 and 1954. The 30 recordings she made for the Peacock label during that time are considered "remarkable for the vocal presence and total cohesiveness". Thornton performed in R&B package tours with
986:"Ball 'n' Chain" as they became popular hits is representative of the lack of recognition she received during her career as a whole. Many critics argue that Thornton's lack of recognition in the music industry is a reflection of an era of
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Summing up her life, Thornton said "I’ve been happy. There have been dull moments, but you have to take as worse as you going to get it or else you are never going to see it. And I’ve been happy and I’d like to stay that way".
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described Thornton saying "Her booming voice, sometimes 200-pound frame, and exuberant stage manner had audiences stomping their feet and shouting encouragement in R&B theaters from coast to coast from the early 1950s on".
442:. Her first Peacock record "No Jody For Me / Let Your Tears Fall Baby" was a local hit in the Houston area, but did not catch on nationally. Thornton needed additional income to live, so she started shining shoes to get by.
990:, both physically and in the music industry. Scholars suggest that Thornton's lack of access to broader audiences (both white and black), may have been a barrier to her commercial success as both a vocalist and a composer.
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and guitarist James Gurley approached her and asked permission to cover "Ball And Chain". Thornton agreed. Gurley slowed the blues song, using a minor key. The band performed their version of "Ball And Chain" at the 1967
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She was introduced to music in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a singer. Thornton said "I used to go to church a lot, but I didn’t do too much singing in church".
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Her style was heavily influenced by gospel music that she listened to growing up in the home of a preacher, though her genre could be described as blues. Thornton was quoted in a 1980 article in
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in August 1968. The album remained at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 200 charts for two months. Joplin's interpretation of the song renewed interest in Thornton, boosting her career.
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In 2004, the nonprofit Willie Mae Rock Camp for Girls, named for Thornton, was founded to offer a musical education to girls from ages eight to 18. The first biography of Thornton,
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Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, "Big Mama," by Frank Schiffman, the manager of Harlem's
613:. The crowd was stunned. Band guitarist Sam Andrew joked "This was no ‘wear flowers in your hair’ song". Subsequently, the band released their version of the song on their album
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Thornton was born on December 11, 1926, the sixth of George and Mattie (née Haynes) Thornton's seven children. While Thornton's birth certificate states that she was born in
922:, because of her strong voice, size, and personality. Thornton stated that she was louder than any microphone and did not want a microphone to ever be as loud as she was.
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In the 1970s, the damage from years of heavy drinking began to visibly affect Thornton's health. She was in a serious auto accident but recovered to perform at the 1973
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captured her performances during mid-1970s concerts at two prisons in the northwestern United States. Other songs from this recording session were released in 2000 on
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1015:) hears Thornton sing "Hound Dog" at a concert and decides to record a cover of the song. Dukureh's performance of "Hound Dog" was included in full on the movie
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During the revue's appearance at Harlem's Apollo Theatre in December, 1952, Thornton did not have a hit single of her own to sing. She sang a version of the
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music professor Maureen Mahon, "the song is seen as an important beginning of rock-and-roll, especially in its use of the guitar as the key instrument".
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While performing Christmas Day 1954 at the City Auditorium in Houston, Texas, Thornton tried to intervene as fellow Duke and Peacock record performer
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287:", in 1952, which was written for her. It became Thornton's biggest hit, selling over 500,000 copies and staying seven weeks at number one on the
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said "Willie Mae ‘Big Mama’ Thornton is in my opinion the greatest female blues singer of this and any other decade" in the album's liner notes.
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When Thornton was 8 years old, she taught herself to play the harmonica by watching her older brother, Calliope "Harp" Thornton. Observing the
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While living in the Bay Area, Thorton recorded for a succession of labels, including Bay-Tone, Irma, Kent, Sotoplay and the Berkeley-based
906:. Her pauper's grave features a small granite marker with two additional names, indicating her body was buried along with two strangers.
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said, 'Well, I don't know what to do'. I said, 'Well, I think I want to sing the blues'. So I said, well, that time, I was listening to
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In addition to "Ball 'n' Chain" and "They Call Me Big Mama," Thornton wrote 20 blues songs. Her "Ball 'n' Chain" is included in the
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album, Arhoolie Records released Thornton's recording of "Ball And Chain" as a way to capitalize on the success of Joplin's cover.
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3511:"The Music of 'Elvis': A Complete Guide to Who Sings What on Soundtrack, from Jack White to Jazmine Sullivan to Stevie Nicks"
3117:"American Folk Blues Festival 1962–1965, Vol. 2 | Free Trailers, Plot Synopsis, Photos, Cast and Crew | MTV Movies"
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2553:"Willie Dixon, Sunnyland Slim and Big Mama Thornton discuss their careers in the blues and describe some of their songs"
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quoted her as having said, "Didn’t get no money from them at all. Everybody livin’ in a house but me. I'm just livin".
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2827:"Listening for Willie Mae 'Big Mama' Thornton's Voice: The Sound of Race and Gender Transgressions in Rock and Roll"
926:, the author of a biography of Janis Joplin, said that Thornton could sing in a "pretty voice" but did not want to.
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381:, his "Worried Life Blues" and I said 'I think I want to sing that', and I did. That was a beautiful number. Yeah."
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Fay, Robert (1999). "Thornton, Willie Mae ('Big Mama')". In Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.).
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1019:. The movie and soundtrack were both critical and commercial hits, giving greater public attention to Thornton.
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helped to establish rock 'n' roll as a rebellious form of music. She says that Thornton should be understood as
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recorded a hit version of the song. Presley had heard a sanitized version of “Hound Dog” performed by
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Jones, Dalton Anthony (January 2015). "Death Sentences: From Genesis to Genre (Big Mama's Parole)".
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was playing with a new .22 cal. revolver in the backstage dressing room during that evening's show.
3556:"Cher, Ozzy Osbourne, Dave Matthews Band, Mary J. Blige Lead Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2024 Class"
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Thornton moved to the Bronze Peacock Dinner Club which was owned by impresario and record producer
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Thornton, who praised Joplin's version of "Ball 'n' Chain", saying, "That girl feels like I do".
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and toured through the club scene. She was also part of the award-winning PBS television special
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Johnson, Maria (2010). "You Just Can't Keep a Good Woman Down: Alice Walker Sings the Blues".
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and continued to record for Peacock until 1957. Thornton did not have another hit record.
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3426:"Billie Eilish, Reneé Rapp, Phoebe Bridgers: Queer women finally get their due in music"
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in 1980. Thornton also performed in the "Blues Is a Woman" concert that year, alongside
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3330:"Big Mama Thornton Plays Rare Club Date; The Women 'Just Sang' A Hit in 'Hound Dog'"
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Blues singer 'Big Mama' Thornton had a hit with 'Hound Dog.' Then Elvis came along
2090:"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
1254:"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
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be. This transgression was an integral part of her performance and stage persona.
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2673:"The Struggles and Triumphs of Bessie Jones, Big Mama Thornton, and Ethel Waters"
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2006: Classic of Blues Recording - Single or Album Track, "Hound Dog" (Single),
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260:(December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984), was an American singer and songwriter of
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759:. She had always wanted to record a gospel record, and did so with the album
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Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century
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Thornton's success with "Hound Dog" was overshadowed three years later when
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2740:"Show 7, The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the Rock-a-Billies. Part 1"
2483:"Six definitive songs: The ultimate beginner's guide to Big Mama Thornton"
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While in London on October 20, she recorded her first album for Arhoolie,
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Thornton's talent was discovered in 1940 when she was fourteen years old.
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3378:"Big Mama Thornton, Little Richard, and the Queer Roots of Rock 'n' Roll"
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Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
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impoverishment or geography for substantiation; the style was enough.
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2017: Inductee, National Recording Registry, "Hound Dog" (Single),
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She was backed by a blues ensemble that featured sustained jams by
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but I know what I'm singing! I don't sing like nobody but myself".
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438:. In 1950 she signed a five-year recording contract with Robey's
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After hearing Thornton perform the song at the Both/And Club on
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3037:. New York, New York: The Oxford American Literary Project, Inc
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Between Midnight and Day: The Last Unpublished Blues Archive
2295:"Willie N Thornton in the 1930 United States Federal Census"
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In 1966, Thornton recorded her second album for Arhoolie,
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Big Mama Thornton with the Muddy Waters Blues Band – 1966
2956:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
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of the blues with Sippie Wallace and Jeannie Cheatham.
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Pioneers of the Blues Revival - Music in American Life
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She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll
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In 2024, Thornton was selected for induction into the
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known as the "New Bessie Smith" for her vocal talent.
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Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
3005:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
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List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
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Thornton moved to Houston and started singing at the
763:(PE 10005). The album includes the gospel classics "
482:" in 1952, the first record produced by its writers
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3173:. North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p.
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1366:List of compilation albums, with selected details
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2141:The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Vol. 12
1000:In 2022, Thornton was featured as a character in
450:In 1952, Don Robey struck a deal with impresario
2831:Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture
2138:Malone, Bill C.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (2009).
589:In 1961 Thornton wrote another signature song, "
3058:"The Summer of Love ... and music at Monterey!"
2766:Hound Dog: The Leiber and Stoller Autobiography
2648:"Willie Mae Thornton, Influential Blues Singer"
1797:List of singles, with selected chart positions
718:in 1966 and 1968. Her last album for Arhoolie,
676:provided acoustic slide guitar. Music producer
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2794:
1938:"Just Like a Dog (Barking Up the Wrong Tree)"
970:During her career, Thornton was nominated for
400:Thornton described the audition during a 1970
301:Thornton's other recordings include her song "
3695:
3453:"The Many Musical Influences of Janis Joplin"
2427:(1st ed.). Basic Civitas Books. p.
2273:"'Big Mama' Thornton to be honored in Ariton"
2202:The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray
1106:, Musical influence category, Cleveland, Ohio
8:
3119:. Mtv.com. December 19, 2014. Archived from
1169:Big Mama Thornton and the Chicago Blues Band
997:, by Michael Spörke, was published in 2014.
960:not publicly identifying themselves as queer
742:, which released her most successful album,
478:While working with Otis, Thornton recorded "
393:, the half-sister of one of her early idols
4023:20th-century African-American women singers
3529:"2024 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees"
3024:
3022:
2779:Lyrics: Writing Better Words for Your Songs
2522:. Seattle, Washington: Seal Press. p.
2387:
2385:
1266:List of live albums, with selected details
1077:Hall Of Fame Award, "Hound Dog" (Single),
3702:
3688:
3680:
3275:"Big Mama Thornton: Biography | Billboard"
2176:. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press.
1795:
1364:
1264:
1119:
42:
31:
3393:
2928:"No.31 - "Hound Dog" - Big Mama Thornton"
2547:
2545:
2543:
2450:
2448:
2195:
2193:
1689:Rock-A-Bye-Baby: The 1950–1961 Recordings
635:In 1965, Thornton toured Europe with the
3838:, George Brown, Robert "Spike" Mickens,
3144:"Big Mama Thornton – The Life and Music"
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2042:"Their Ain't Nothing You Can Do Part I"
652:. It featured backing by blues veterans
2597:"Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music"
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2457:"The Untold Truth of Big Mama Thornton"
2130:
1774:The Best of Big Mama Thornton 1951–1958
988:racial segregation in the United States
3643:Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
3641:Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music.
3304:Neff, Robert; Connor, Anthony (1975).
3029:Shearer, Cynthia (February 15, 2017).
2954:Encyclopedia of the Blues, 2nd Edition
2730:
2728:
2641:
2639:
2481:Dasgupta, Pubali (December 11, 2020).
2332:from the original on December 21, 2014
1070:, Blues Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee
1059:, Blues Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee
3470:
3468:
3466:
3142:Thompson, Mark (September 12, 2014).
2926:Hill, Charles A. (January 11, 2024).
2862:
2860:
2366:Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music
2271:Treadwell, Jaine (October 12, 2022).
2204:. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 177.
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1131:
1128:
1125:
995:Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music
954:remarked "If you go back and look at
773:He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
730:, provided backup for the two songs.
7:
4048:Alcohol-related deaths in California
4043:Ace Records (United Kingdom) artists
3056:Gaar, Gillian G. (August 17, 2017).
422:Start of recording career in Houston
409:Left home to perform at 14 years old
305:", made famous in the late 1960s by
4038:20th-century American women singers
2932:Songsthatsavedyourlife.substack.com
2900:Hill, Charles A. (April 12, 2016).
2868:The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits
2753:University of North Texas Libraries
2275:. Troy, Alabama: The Troy Messenger
1564:Hound Dog: The Essential Collection
1026:in the musical influence category.
602:Big Brother and the Holding Company
344:and got a job washing and cleaning
313:in the musical influence category.
4093:Musicians from Montgomery, Alabama
4083:Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
3451:Suer, Kinsley (January 30, 2019).
2174:Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul
1740:The Very Best of Big Mama Thornton
746:, which reached number 198 in the
738:By 1969, Thornton had signed with
623:With the success of Big Brother's
520:while attending their show at the
273:Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul
25:
4068:American rhythm and blues singers
2952:Herzhaft, Gerard (July 1, 1997).
2800:March 2019. "Smithsonian", of. 42
1926:"Tarzan and the Dignified Monkey"
1530:Hound Dog: The Peacock Recordings
822:The Blues — A Real Summit Meeting
279:Thornton was the first to record
27:American blues singer (1926–1984)
4098:People from Dale County, Alabama
4058:American blues harmonica players
3215:"Willie Mae 'Big Mama' Thornton"
2980:. ScottyMoore.net. July 26, 2012
2619:"Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton"
2103:
1993:"Before Day (Big Mama's Blues)"
1757:The Singles Collection 1950–1961
1581:The Complete Vanguard Recordings
958:, Big Mama Thornton — they were
850:The Complete Vanguard Recordings
3609:"Billboard Top R&B Records"
3554:Greene, Andy (April 22, 2024).
3085:Why Willie Mae Thornton Matters
2978:"City Auditorium - Houston, TX"
2455:Zabo, Marta (October 3, 2022).
2226:"Big Mama Thornton – Biography"
828:). Thornton's last albums were
771:", "Glory, Glory Hallelujah", "
357:Self-taught singer and musician
4028:20th-century American drummers
1039:, Best Rhythm and Blues song,
904:Los Angeles County, California
258:Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton
1:
4033:20th-century American singers
3355:. New York: Thunder's Mouth.
2646:Holden, Stephen (July 1984).
2394:"Big Mama Thornton Interview"
650:Big Mama Thornton – In Europe
518:Freddie Bell and the Bellboys
484:Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
49:
3909:Award for Musical Excellence
3533:Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
3489:10.1080/0740770X.2014.994840
2326:Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
1846:"Every Time I Think of You"
1050:San Francisco Blues Festival
1035:1953: "Hound Dog" (Single),
868:San Francisco Blues Festival
859:and included the guitarists
637:American Folk Blues Festival
3969:Award for Musical Influence
2261:; accessed October 12, 2021
1439:Quit Snoopin' Round My Door
464:Billy Ward and his Dominoes
446:Joined Johnny Otis' Caravan
4134:
4113:West Coast blues musicians
3711:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
3031:"The Thinning of Big Mama"
2906:Charlesd A. Hill Mediation
2781:. Backbeat Books. p. 171;
2559:. WFMT Radio Network. 1970
2089:
1832:
1253:
1104:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
1097:Alabama Music Hall of Fame
1024:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
979:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
714:Thornton performed at the
385:Hired after first audition
311:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2400:. The Arhoolie Foundation
2368:. McFarland. p. 70.
2069:
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2041:
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2003:
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1981:
1970:
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1880:"I Ain't No Fool Either"
1879:
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1378:
1373:
1370:
1343:The Rising Sun Collection
1341:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1230:
1210:
1187:
1167:
1144:
1136:
369:singers Bessie Smith and
41:
4108:Vanguard Records artists
4078:Arhoolie Records artists
3639:Spörke, Michael (2014).
3146:. Bluesblastmagazine.com
2364:Spörke, Michael (2014).
2172:Stambler, Irwin (1974).
1872:"They Call Me Big Mama"
1712:Released: March 31, 2017
1706:The Essential Recordings
1587:Released: April 18, 2000
857:George "Harmonica" Smith
818:Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
777:Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
4088:Mercury Records artists
4073:American women drummers
4053:American blues drummers
3848:Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas
3376:Steptoe, Tyina (2018).
3347:Waterman, Dick (2003).
3241:African American Review
3165:Dicaire, David (1999).
3082:Denise, Lynnée (2023).
2999:Cushing, Steve (2014).
2902:"Who Owns "Hound Dog"?"
2825:Mahon, Maureen (2011).
2119:List of blues musicians
2031:"Don't Do Me This Way"
1780:Released: July 14, 2023
1763:Released: June 19, 2020
1729:Released: July 12, 2019
1286:Released: December 1969
900:Inglewood Park Cemetery
898:Thornton was buried in
325:, in an interview with
4063:American blues singers
2697:Oakley, Giles (1997).
2514:Gaar, Gillian (1992).
2200:Russell, Tony (1997).
1746:Released: October 2019
1669:The Complete 1950–1961
1493:The Original Hound Dog
716:Monterey Jazz Festival
670:Walter "Shakey" Horton
445:
294:in 1953. According to
60:Background information
4103:Texas blues musicians
3891:(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
3840:Claydes Charles Smith
3457:Portland Center Stage
2888:The Big Book of Blues
2843:10.1353/wam.2011.0005
2777:Rooks, Rikky (2006).
2052:Ball and Chain Part 1
1899:"Stop Hoppin' on Me"
1808:Peak chart positions
1723:The Story of My Blues
1615:They Call Me Big Mama
1573:Label: Spectrum Music
1510:They Call Me Big Mama
1195:Released: August 1969
1132:Peak chart positions
895:(204 to 43 kg).
872:Newport Jazz Festival
866:She performed at the
810:Newport Jazz Festival
769:Down By The Riverside
611:Monterey Pop Festival
548:
3867:Ali Shaheed Muhammad
3862:A Tribe Called Quest
3395:10.1353/aq.2018.0003
3219:The Blues Foundation
2599:. Mcfarlandbooks.com
2557:StudsTerkel.wfmt.com
2487:Faroutmagazine.co.uk
2020:"Because It's Love"
1824:"Partnership Blues"
1749:Label: Not Now Music
1652:Vanguard Visionaries
1352:Label: Just a Memory
1099:, Tuscumbia, Alabama
944:gender nonconformity
795:Second European tour
775:", "Lord Save Me", "
728:Edward "Bee" Houston
3844:James "J.T." Taylor
3827:Kool & the Gang
3589:. September 6, 1969
3581:"Billboard Top LPs"
3123:on January 16, 2005
2870:. Billboard Books;
2392:Strachwitz, Chris.
2072:Let's Go Get Stoned
2004:"Swing It on Home"
1960:"You Did Me Wrong"
1798:
1388:and Larry Williams)
1367:
1267:
1152:Released: June 1966
1122:
1090:Library of Congress
848:(the third disc in
812:with Muddy Waters,
707:(bass guitar), and
644:Arhoolie recordings
631:First European tour
418:I just got tired".
348:in a local tavern.
335:Montgomery, Alabama
296:New York University
99:Oakland, California
70:Willie Mae Thornton
18:Willie Mae Thornton
4118:Androgynous people
3937:Fred "Sonic" Smith
3850:, Ricky Westfield)
3832:Robert "Kool" Bell
3744:Dave Matthews Band
3382:American Quarterly
3334:The New York Times
2886:Santelli, Robert.
2652:The New York Times
2623:Spontaneous Lunacy
2259:Washingtonpost.com
2084:Stronger Than Dirt
2026:Non-album singles
1949:"Don't Talk Back"
1929:(with Elroy Peace)
1907:"Rock a Bye Baby"
1833:Non-album singles
1796:
1365:
1361:Compilation albums
1265:
1189:Stronger Than Dirt
1175:Released: May 1967
1120:
1068:Blues Hall of Fame
1057:Blues Hall of Fame
972:Blues Music Awards
950:. Music historian
932:The New York Times
753:Dixie Hummingbirds
744:Stronger Than Dirt
666:Jimmy Lee Robinson
600:in San Francisco,
549:Johnny Ace's death
391:Diamond Teeth Mary
281:Leiber and Stoller
118:, California, U.S.
4000:
3999:
3991:Big Mama Thornton
3671:Big Mama Thornton
3662:Big Mama Thornton
3649:978-0-7864-7759-3
3279:www.billboard.com
3095:978-1-4773-2118-8
2718:978-0-306-80743-5
2700:The Devil's Music
2595:Spörke, Michael.
2438:978-0-465-00071-5
2375:978-0-7864-7759-3
2211:978-1-85868-255-6
2094:
2093:
1838:"No Jody for Me"
1789:
1788:
1680:Le Chant du Monde
1476:You Ole Houn' Dog
1386:Lightnin' Hopkins
1358:
1357:
1335:Label: Intermedia
1258:
1257:
884:Three Generations
748:Billboard Top 200
724:Wade in the Water
598:Divisadero Street
428:Eldorado Ballroom
329:Records producer
252:
251:
85:December 11, 1926
36:Big Mama Thornton
16:(Redirected from
4125:
3959:Norman Whitfield
3899:Suzanne de Passe
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3540:
3535:. April 22, 2024
3525:
3519:
3518:
3517:. June 18, 2022.
3507:
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3432:. April 24, 2024
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3308:. D. R. Godine.
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3281:. Archived from
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3198:In Europe review
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2232:. Archived from
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2160:
2158:
2135:
2113:
2111:Biography portal
2108:
2107:
2106:
1930:
1888:"I Smell a Rat"
1799:
1414:Label: Back Beat
1389:
1368:
1327:
1268:
1221:Label: Pentagram
1123:
1102:2024: Inductee,
1095:2020: Inductee,
1092:, Washington, DC
1055:1984: Inductee,
952:Evelyn McDonnell
890:Death and burial
870:in 1979 and the
838:Vanguard Records
734:Later recordings
678:Chris Strachwitz
585:"Ball And Chain"
579:Arhoolie Records
458:Named "Big Mama"
367:rhythm-and-blues
331:Chris Strachwitz
185:
135:rhythm and blues
112:
84:
82:
67:
54:
53: 1955–1960
51:
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3749:Carter Beauford
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3336:. July 4, 1980.
3328:
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3316:
3303:
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3298:
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3286:
3285:on June 3, 2016
3273:
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3253:10.2307/3042356
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3062:goldminemag.com
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3035:Oxford American
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2865:
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2736:Gilliland, John
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2301:. United States
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2236:on June 3, 2016
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1661:Label: Vanguard
1607:Label: Classics
1590:Label: Vanguard
1468:Label: Arhoolie
1431:Label: Vanguard
1397:Label: Arhoolie
1383:
1382:
1363:
1317:
1316:
1314:Live at Newport
1306:Label: Vanguard
1263:
1178:Label: Arhoolie
1140:
1118:
1113:
1086:Peacock Records
1079:Peacock Records
1064:Peacock Records
1037:Peacock Records
1032:
968:
916:
892:
880:Aretha Franklin
846:Big Mama Swings
806:
797:
757:Mahalia Jackson
740:Mercury Records
736:
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633:
587:
571:
551:
543:Esther Phillips
534:
503:R&B chart.
476:
468:Have Mercy Baby
460:
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440:Peacock Records
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323:Ariton, Alabama
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3889:Non-performers
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3820:Peter Frampton
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3668:
3657:
3656:External links
3654:
3653:
3652:
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3629:
3628:
3617:. May 16, 1953
3600:
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3368:
3362:978-1933784458
3361:
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3321:
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3266:
3247:(2): 221–236.
3231:
3205:
3190:
3184:978-0786406067
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3074:
3048:
3018:
3012:978-0252096204
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2748:Pop Chronicles
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2610:
2570:
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2533:978-1580050784
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2322:"Mama's Voice"
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2064:Ball and Chain
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1783:Label: Acrobat
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1766:Label: Acrobat
1764:
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1696:
1695:Released: 2014
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1675:Released: 2013
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1617:
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1604:Released: 2004
1600:
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1571:
1570:Released: 1999
1566:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:Released: 1996
1549:
1547:The Big Change
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:Released: 1992
1532:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:Released: 1991
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:Released: 1990
1495:
1489:
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1483:
1482:Released: 1989
1478:
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1471:
1470:
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1465:Released: 1989
1461:
1455:
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1446:
1445:Released: 1986
1441:
1435:
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1429:
1428:Released: 1978
1424:
1418:
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1416:
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1412:
1411:Released: 1970
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:Released: 1968
1390:
1380:Ball and Chain
1376:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:Released: 1994
1345:
1339:
1338:
1337:
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1333:
1332:Released: 1982
1328:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:Released: 1975
1299:
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1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:Label: Mercury
1287:
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1272:
1262:
1259:
1256:
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1251:
1250:
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1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:Released: 1975
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:Released: 1971
1214:
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1093:
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1071:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1028:
967:
964:
920:Apollo Theater
915:
912:
891:
888:
876:Sippie Wallace
826:Buddha Records
805:
802:
796:
793:
781:One More River
735:
732:
705:Luther Johnson
645:
642:
632:
629:
591:Ball And Chain
586:
583:
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533:
530:
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423:
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371:Memphis Minnie
358:
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333:, she claimed
318:
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303:Ball and Chain
254:Musical artist
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113:(aged 57)
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47:
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3979:
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3977:Alexis Korner
3974:
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3967:
3961:
3960:
3956:
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3949:
3946:
3942:
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3929:Michael Davis
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3917:Jimmy Buffett
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3855:Ozzy Osbourne
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3730:Mary J. Blige
3727:
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3715:Class of 2024
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3621:September 15,
3616:
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3593:September 15,
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3576:
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3561:
3560:Rolling Stone
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3315:9780879231521
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3213:O'Neal, Jim.
3209:
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2876:0-8230-7677-6
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2750:
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2705:Da Capo Press
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2096:
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2062:
2059:
2056:
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2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
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1731:
1728:
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1720:
1714:
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1707:
1703:
1698:Label: Hoodoo
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
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1672:
1670:
1666:
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1589:
1586:
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1572:
1569:
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1561:
1556:Label: Altaya
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
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1507:
1501:
1498:
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1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
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1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:Ball n' Chain
1456:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:The Way It Is
1277:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1116:Studio albums
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:Austin Butler
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
991:
989:
983:
980:
975:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
934:
933:
927:
925:
921:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
896:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
801:
794:
792:
788:
786:
785:Go Down Moses
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Oh, Happy Day
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:Ball n' Chain
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
699:(harmonica),
698:
694:
693:Sammy Lawhorn
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
674:Fred McDowell
671:
667:
664:(keyboards),
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
638:
630:
628:
626:
625:Cheap Thrills
620:
618:
617:
616:Cheap Thrills
612:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
584:
582:
580:
575:
568:
566:
562:
558:
556:
546:
544:
540:
539:Junior Parker
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Elvis Presley
510:
508:
507:
506:Rolling Stone
502:
501:
495:
491:
489:
488:rock and roll
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
443:
441:
437:
432:
429:
421:
419:
415:
408:
406:
403:
398:
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
374:
372:
368:
363:
356:
351:
349:
347:
341:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
292:R&B chart
291:
286:
282:
277:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
245:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
181:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
157:
154:
153:
151:
147:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
117:
109:July 25, 1984
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3990:
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3801:Al Greenwood
3793:Ed Gagliardi
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3777:Boyd Tinsley
3773:Rashawn Ross
3769:Tim Reynolds
3742:
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3675:Find a Grave
3640:
3634:Bibliography
3619:. Retrieved
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2398:Arhoolie.org
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2299:ancestry.com
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2229:
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2157:December 10,
2155:. Retrieved
2140:
2133:
2083:
2063:
2013:
1773:
1756:
1739:
1732:Label: Primo
1722:
1715:Label: Primo
1705:
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1651:
1644:Label: Disky
1634:
1614:
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1422:Mama's Pride
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1320:Muddy Waters
1313:
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861:Doug MacLeod
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709:Francis Clay
697:James Cotton
689:Muddy Waters
684:
682:
668:(bass), and
649:
647:
634:
624:
621:
614:
606:Janis Joplin
604:'s vocalist
595:
588:
576:
572:
569:1960s career
563:
559:
552:
535:
532:1950s career
511:
504:
499:
496:
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402:Studs Terkel
399:
395:Bessie Smith
388:
375:
364:
360:
342:
339:
320:
307:Janis Joplin
300:
289:
278:
272:
270:
257:
256:
184:Years active
111:(1984-07-25)
29:
4018:1984 deaths
4013:1926 births
3984:John Mayall
3836:Ronald Bell
3765:LeRoi Moore
3753:Jeff Coffin
3515:Variety.com
3224:January 16,
3150:January 28,
3101:January 27,
3067:January 28,
3041:January 14,
2984:January 27,
2937:January 26,
2911:January 16,
2768:. pp. 61–65
2682:January 22,
2628:January 22,
2563:January 28,
2492:January 22,
2466:January 22,
2404:January 22,
2305:January 22,
2279:January 20,
2240:October 12,
1915:"The Fish"
1261:Live albums
1232:Sassy Mama!
1111:Discography
974:six times.
804:Late career
522:Sands Hotel
474:"Hound Dog"
452:Johnny Otis
166:Instruments
149:Occupations
140:Texas blues
116:Los Angeles
4007:Categories
3871:Phife Dawg
3813:Rick Wills
3805:Mick Jones
3722:Performers
3127:October 7,
2963:1557284520
2707:. p.
2603:October 7,
2461:Grunge.com
2183:0312250258
2125:References
1982:"Tom Cat"
1817:US R&B
1539:Label: MCA
1502:Label: Ace
1485:Label: Ace
1405:She's Back
1324:B. B. King
1017:soundtrack
834:Sassy Mama
814:B. B. King
701:Otis Spann
695:(guitar),
691:(guitar),
662:Eddie Boyd
658:Fred Below
656:(guitar),
555:Johnny Ace
317:Early life
158:songwriter
81:1926-12-11
66:Birth name
3945:Rob Tyner
3797:Lou Gramm
3784:Foreigner
3614:Billboard
3586:Billboard
3565:April 22,
3539:April 22,
3497:142981288
3483:: 59–81.
3412:149727178
3404:1080-6490
2851:191365511
2230:Billboard
2014:In Europe
1859:Hound Dog
1598:1950–1953
1146:In Europe
1030:Accolades
840:in 1975.
711:(drums).
703:(piano),
660:(drums),
654:Buddy Guy
526:Las Vegas
500:Billboard
480:Hound Dog
436:Don Robey
379:Big Maceo
346:spittoons
290:Billboard
285:Hound Dog
240:Pentagram
210:Back Beat
188:1947–1984
175:harmonica
48:Thornton
3430:NBC News
3202:AllMusic
2890:. p. 464
2837:: 1–17.
2738:(1969).
2330:Archived
2097:See also
1971:"Mercy"
1374:Details
1274:Details
1243:Vanguard
1157:Arhoolie
1129:Details
1045:magazine
1042:Cash Box
783:", and "
327:Arhoolie
244:Vanguard
214:Bay-Tone
205:Arhoolie
3261:3042356
2743:(audio)
2336:June 2,
1792:Singles
1678:Label:
1624:Label:
1519:Label:
1448:Label:
1241:Label:
1200:Mercury
1198:Label:
1155:Label:
687:, with
266:R&B
236:Peacock
231:Mercury
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2180:
2148:
1811:Album
1802:Title
1626:Proper
1384:(with
1371:Title
1318:(with
1271:Title
1126:Title
1081:(1953)
1075:GRAMMY
1073:2013:
1048:1979:
1008:biopic
966:Legacy
852:set).
816:, and
466:hit "
352:Career
223:Galaxy
193:Labels
172:Vocals
155:Singer
123:Genres
101:, U.S.
95:Origin
90:, U.S.
3875:Q-Tip
3493:S2CID
3408:S2CID
3306:Blues
3257:JSTOR
2847:S2CID
2077:1969
2057:1968
2034:1967
2007:1966
1996:1965
1985:1964
1974:1963
1963:1961
1952:1958
1941:1957
1918:1955
1891:1954
1864:1953
1849:1952
1827:1951
1805:Year
1635:Blues
1212:Saved
1052:Award
1003:Elvis
948:queer
914:Style
761:Saved
262:blues
130:Blues
3737:Cher
3666:IMDb
3645:ISBN
3623:2024
3595:2024
3567:2024
3541:2024
3438:2024
3400:ISSN
3357:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3291:2015
3226:2024
3179:ISBN
3152:2024
3129:2015
3103:2024
3090:ISBN
3069:2024
3043:2024
3007:ISBN
2986:2024
2958:ISBN
2939:2024
2913:2024
2872:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2684:2024
2630:2024
2605:2015
2565:2024
2528:ISBN
2494:2024
2468:2024
2433:ISBN
2429:1845
2406:2024
2370:ISBN
2338:2014
2307:2024
2281:2024
2242:2015
2206:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2159:2018
2146:ISBN
1322:and
1297:Jail
1206:198
1006:, a
842:Jail
836:for
832:and
830:Jail
779:", "
767:", "
755:and
541:and
283:'s "
271:The
264:and
227:Irma
218:Duke
106:Died
75:Born
3924:MC5
3673:at
3664:at
3485:doi
3390:doi
3249:doi
3200:at
3175:212
2839:doi
2709:214
1521:MCA
1450:Ace
902:in
787:".
524:in
200:Ace
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
