193:
136:
155:. This is a large cylinder mounted upright on a ship's deck and mechanically spun. The effect of this spinning area in contact with the wind flowing around it creates a thrust effect that is used to propel the ship. Flettner Rotors were invented in the 1920s and have seen limited use since then. In 2010 a 10,000 dwt cargo ship was equipped with four Flettner Rotors to evaluate their role in increasing fuel efficiency. Since then, several cargo ships and a passenger ferry have been equipped with rotors.
82:
facilitate cargo handling. Another design consideration in designing a sail propulsion system for a commercial ship is that in order for it to be economically advantageous it cannot require a significantly larger crew to operate and it cannot compromise the stability of the ship. Taking into account these design criteria, three main concepts have emerged as the leading designs for wind-assisted propulsion: the “Wing Sail
Concept,” the “Kite Sail,” and the “Flettner Rotor.”
144:
181:
158:
The only parameter of the
Flettner Rotor requiring control is the rotational speed of the rotor, meaning this method of wind propulsion requires very little operator input. In comparison to kite sails, Flettner rotors often offer considerable efficiency gains when compared to the size of a sail or
56:
A key barrier for the implementation of any decarbonisation technology and in particular of wind-assisted ones, is frequently discussed in the academia and the industry is the availability of capital. On the one hand, shipping lenders have been reducing their commitments overall while on the other
208:
The efficiency gains of these three propulsion assistance mechanisms are typically around 15–20% depending on the size of the system. As of 2009, shipping companies had been hesitant to install untested equipment. As of 2019, several initiatives were looking into the feasibility of cost-effective
98:
would be the most effective. The wingsail option studied consisted of an automated system of large rectangular solid sails supported by cylindrical masts. These would be symmetrical sails, which would allow a minimal amount of handling to maintain the sail orientation for different wind angles;
81:
for a ship is the subject of much recent study. Where early ships designed primarily for sailing were designed around the sails that propelled them, commercial ships are now designed largely around the cargo that they carry, requiring a large clear deck and minimal overhead rigging in order to
115:
The idea of using kites was, in 2012, the most popular form of wind-assisted propulsion on commercial ships, largely due to the low cost of retrofitting the system to existing ships, with minimal interference with existing structures. This system also allows a large amount of automation, using
107:
The kite sail concept has recently received a lot of interest. This rig consists of flying a gigantic kite from the bow of a ship using the traction developed by the kite to assist in pulling the ship through the water. Other concepts that have been explored were designed to have the kite rig
116:
computer controls to determine the ideal kite angle and position. Using a kite allows the capture of wind at greater altitudes, where wind speed is higher and more consistent. This system has seen use on several ships, with the most notable in 2009 being
53:, sails came to be used for recreational sailing only. In recent years with increasing fuel costs and an increased focus on reducing emissions, there has been increased interest in harnessing the power of the wind to propel commercial ships.
99:
however, this design was less efficient. A small freighter was outfitted with this system to evaluate its actual fuel gains, with the result that it was estimated to save between 15–25% of the vessel's fuel.
313:
90:
As a result of rising oil prices in the 1980s, the US government commissioned a study on the economic feasibility of using wind assisted propulsion to reduce the fuel consumption of ships in the
65:
business models, where benefits from reduced consumption of fossil fuels as well as gains from carbon allowances or reduced levies are shared among users, technology providers and operators.
57:
hand, low-carbon newbuilds as well as retrofit projects entail higher-than-usual capital expenditure. Therefore, research effort is directed towards the development of
693:
607:
Traut
Michael. (2014, January). Propulsive power contribution of a kite and a Flettner rotor on selected shipping routes. Applied Energy, 113, 362–372.
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811:
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alternately pull out and retract on a reel, driving a generator. The kite used in this setup is similar to the kites used by recreational
642:
192:
668:
112:, on a much larger scale. This design also allows users to expand its scale by flying multiple kites in a stacked arrangement.
617:
273:
770:
91:
595:
Konrad, John. (2009, April). Mariners
Weather Log Vol.53 No. 1. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Commerce website:
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743:"This cargo-ship concept is powered by gigantic wings and wants to reduce emissions by 90% — check out 'Oceanbird'"
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concept for using wing sails, the
Japanese Wind Challenger Project, and several coordinating associations.
135:
971:
258:
336:"Decarbonization Pathways for International Maritime Transport: A Model-Based Policy Impact Assessment"
176:
The ultramax bulk carrier Afros received four rotors, which can be moved aside during port operations.
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to evaluate the claims of efficiency and the feasibility of fitting this system to other ships.
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513:"Fuzzy real options and shared savings: Investment appraisal for green shipping technologies"
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466:"A pay-as-you-save model for the promotion of greening technologies in shipping"
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694:"Ultramax bulker installed with wind engines; awarded Ship of the Year 2018"
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Finance and Risk
Management for International Logistics and the Supply Chain
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Halim, Ronald; Kirstein, Lucie; Merk, Olaf; Martinez, Luis (2018-06-29).
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Cruise ferry Viking Grace became the first passenger vessel with a rotor.
95:
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Schinas, Orestis; Ross, Harm Hauke; Rossol, Tobias Daniel (2018-12-01).
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314:"Global shipping finance tanks, but Greek and French banks are buoyant"
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Sustainable
Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources
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kite, versus the size of the rotor and prevailing wind conditions.
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Diagram showing the operating principals of the
Flettner Rotor
162:
Examples of 2018 Flettner rotor installations include :
94:. This study considered several designs and concluded that a
37:
through the use of sails or some other wind capture device.
771:"Why cargo ships might (literally) sail the high seas again"
227:, a bulk carrier retrofitted with wind-propulsion technology
209:
wind propulsion for commercial ships, including the
Swedish
561:
Wind
Propulsion for ships of the American merchant marine
517:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
470:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
381:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
33:
is the practice of decreasing the fuel consumption of a
643:"Flettner Rotor Trial Delivers Real-World Fuel Savings"
139:
An early ship demonstrating the use of Flettner Rotors
669:"Maersk Tankers Sells its First Wind-Assisted Vessel"
377:"Financing green ships through export credit schemes"
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718:"Mariners Weather Log Vol. 53, No. 1, April 2009"
618:"Viking Line Installs Rotor Sail on Cruise Ferry"
597:http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/apr_09/skysails.shtml
511:Metzger, Daniel; Schinas, Orestis (2019-12-01).
464:Schinas, Orestis; Metzger, Daniel (2019-04-01).
564:. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
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8:
255: – Modern form of sailing ship rigging
27:System for generating thrust for watercraft
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1224:
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558:Wind Ship Development Corporation (1981).
424:"Financing Ships of Innovative Technology"
351:
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73:The mechanical means of converting the
249: – Type of ship propulsion system
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279:Combined nuclear and steam propulsion
7:
151:The third design considered is the
123:, a merchant ship chartered by the
769:Spross, Jeff (February 26, 2019).
436:10.1016/b978-0-12-813830-4.00007-1
312:Furber, Sophia (21 October 2019).
25:
667:Kundu, Ankur (January 29, 2021).
173:was retrofitted with two rotors.
41:used to be the primary means of
837:including limited use, outdated
692:Roker, Stephanie (2018-12-14).
430:, Elsevier, pp. 167–192,
274:Integrated electric propulsion
235:, a rotor assisted cruise ship
1:
243:, a wind assisted cruise ship
45:, but with the advent of the
184:Flensburg catamaran at the
125:US Military Sealift Command
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294:Air-independent propulsion
1103:Spritsail (square-rigged)
835:
529:10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.016
482:10.1016/j.trd.2019.01.018
422:Schinas, Orestis (2018),
393:10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.013
269:Internal drive propulsion
264:Nuclear marine propulsion
31:Wind assisted propulsion
18:Wind assisted propulsion
586:. London, UK: CRC Press
570:2027/mdp.39015000478001
169:The liquid bulk tanker
1002:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
972:Asymmetrical spinnaker
673:The Maritime Executive
647:The Maritime Executive
622:The Maritime Executive
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1073:Mainsail (square rig)
259:Hydrogen-powered ship
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582:Rizzuto, E. (2012).
199:with Flettner rotors
649:. October 25, 2019
353:10.3390/su10072243
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92:US Merchant Marine
1639:Marine propulsion
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445:978-0-12-813830-4
289:Marine propulsion
284:Astern propulsion
77:of the wind into
16:(Redirected from
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624:. April 11, 2018
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1567:Parrel beads
1515:Belaying pin
1510:Baggywrinkle
1494:Topping lift
956:sailing rigs
878:Fore-and-aft
847:jury rigging
778:. Retrieved
774:
750:. Retrieved
746:
741:Levin, Tim.
736:
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317:. Retrieved
307:
239:
232:Viking Grace
231:
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207:
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150:
119:
114:
110:kiteboarders
106:
89:
72:
55:
47:steam engine
30:
29:
965:Three-sided
476:: 184–195.
387:: 300–311.
346:(7): 2243.
319:20 November
224:Pyxis Ocean
1633:Categories
1609:Turnbuckle
1537:Clevis pin
1503:Components
1437:Cunningham
1417:Boomkicker
1382:Stay mouse
1304:Crosstrees
1148:Components
1128:Topgallant
1123:Tanja sail
1041:Four-sided
898:Ljungström
780:2023-08-22
752:2020-10-08
727:2023-08-22
703:2021-07-23
678:2021-07-23
653:2020-11-20
628:2020-11-20
451:2020-11-20
300:References
1604:Traveller
1592:gooseneck
1572:Ring bolt
1479:Preventer
1442:Clewlines
1432:Buntlines
1422:Boom vang
1360:Lazy jack
1255:Jackstaff
1206:Tell-tale
1196:Sailcloth
1161:Bolt rope
1138:Watersail
1108:Spritsail
1078:Moonraker
1063:Junk sail
1053:Fisherman
1022:Spinnaker
1017:Screecher
977:Crab claw
934:Turbosail
929:Rotorsail
545:208839914
537:1361-9209
498:115879277
490:1361-9209
409:116208589
401:1361-9209
362:2071-1050
247:Turbosail
240:Wind Surf
211:Oceanbird
186:Kiel Week
103:Kite sail
1557:Footrope
1552:Fairlead
1447:Downhaul
1397:forestay
1392:backstay
1375:ratlines
1347:Standing
1314:Spreader
1238:Bowsprit
1181:Jackline
1118:Studding
1112:Optimist
1083:Ringtail
1068:Lug sail
1058:Foresail
1027:Staysail
1012:Ringtail
982:Gennaker
939:Wingsail
903:Mast-aft
775:The Week
698:Dry Bulk
523:: 1–10.
217:See also
118:MS
96:wingsail
86:Wingsail
49:and the
1599:Trapeze
1582:Shackle
1542:Deadeye
1474:Outhaul
1457:Halyard
1409:Running
1355:Bobstay
1338:Rigging
1289:Boomkin
1260:Jibboom
1171:Emblems
1166:Cringle
1133:Topsail
1098:Spanker
1093:Skysail
1032:Trysail
868:B&R
863:Bermuda
856:Textile
829:rigging
253:DynaRig
63:leasing
1587:Swivel
1562:Gasket
1547:Earing
1467:throat
1427:Braces
1370:Shroud
1156:Batten
1048:Course
1007:Raffee
997:Lateen
952:Sails
913:Square
908:Pinisi
888:Gunter
543:
535:
496:
488:
442:
407:
399:
360:
79:thrust
69:Design
1614:Winch
1530:bitts
1525:Cleat
1520:Block
1484:Sheet
1387:Stays
1319:Sprit
1299:Truck
1220:Spars
1191:Roach
1176:Draft
1088:Royal
987:Genoa
922:Other
843:Rigs
825:spars
821:Sails
541:S2CID
494:S2CID
405:S2CID
39:Sails
1644:Wind
1489:Tack
1462:peak
1324:Yard
1294:Gaff
1284:Boom
1276:mast
893:Junk
883:Gaff
827:and
533:ISSN
486:ISSN
440:ISBN
397:ISSN
358:ISSN
321:2020
188:2007
61:and
1452:Guy
1274:On
1230:bow
1228:On
992:Jib
873:Cat
566:hdl
525:doi
478:doi
432:doi
389:doi
348:doi
1635::
823:,
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761:^
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