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The planning process for onshore community wind farms has low success rates. Difficulties arise from local government authorities' decisions on what counts as a representative community group, limiting community projects to more minor scales. Developing community wind energy faces barriers such as uncoordinated organizational structures, local authority decisions, and intricate planning requirements. Community-led projects demand substantial efforts and expertise, often comparable to commercial developments. Intermediaries like NGOs or private professionals help bridge relationships between local communities and big companies. Collaboration challenges arise because large companies require majority stakes in projects. Community wind projects are notable for receiving substantial support from local communities, distinguishing them from other energy projects that often face opposition. The positive reception is attributed to various factors, including the economic benefits community members enjoy. Involving residents as investors or shareholders in these projects has increased acceptance and public support. The flexibility of applications for community wind projects may play a role in garnering higher levels of support from residents. An example is Kiowa County
Memorial Hospital in Greensburg, Kansas, which installed a second wind turbine. It shows the success and satisfaction that can come with community wind initiatives.
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will be needed to maintain and operate the facility. According to a study by the New York State Energy
Research and Development Authority, wind energy produces 27% more jobs per kilowatt-hour than coal plants and 66% more jobs than natural gas plants. 3. Landowners will also collect revenues for hosting turbines on their property. Given a typical wind turbine spacing requirements, a 250-acre farm could increase annual farm income by $ 14,000 per year with little effect on their normal farming and ranching operations. 4. Community wind energy projects increase local property tax revenue because there was very little to be taxed previously due to the sparse population and vast farm land. Once the wind turbines are in service they are taxed, creating much needed revenue for the local community.
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utilized locally or sold to local utilities through fixed-rate power purchase agreements, ensuring long-term stability in energy prices. This can be advantageous in regions where high electricity costs result from fuel imports, as community wind projects can help stabilize or even reduce energy expenses. Community wind projects find applications in many sectors, such as schools, hospitals, businesses, farms, ranches, and community facilities, providing a local source of electricity. Ownership of community wind projects can extend to rural electric cooperatives, municipal utilities, or groups of local individuals forming limited liability corporations. This ownership model allows local communities to participate actively and benefit from wind power initiatives.
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power, from the yearly power bill. Owners only have to pay for the power they used in excess of the amount their share generated. The
Windcentrale started with 2 existing turbines that were sold in about 3 months. 8 months later they sold a turbine in a single evening. By the end of 2016 they were a community of about 17.000 members with 10 turbines and about 15 MW rated power. Every turbine is owned by a separate cooperative, with the Windcentrale doing all organizational work in the cooperative. In three years they grew to the same size, in members, than older wind cooperatives with the average age of 25 years. Two of these older wind cooperatives, DeltaWind and Zeeuwind are run as a business and are building a 100 MW wind farm in Krammer
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2009 and 2010 can choose to receive a 30% investment tax credit instead of the PTC. The investment tax credit is also an option for wind projects that are in service before 2013 if the final construction is complete before the end of 2010. Smaller wind farms (100 kW or less) can receive a credit for 30% towards the cost of installment of the system. The ITC, written into law through the
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, is available for equipment installed from October 3, 2008 through December 31, 2016. The value of the credit is now uncapped, through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
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turbines do not use any water since there is no considerable amount of heat produced during energy generation. Wind energy adds power to the electric grid which decreases the amount of oil needed to generate a community's electricity. Local land owners, who produce the wind energy, can also control the amount of energy produced, which expands the regional energy mix. Overall community wind energy reduces the local community's dependence on oil but, because of the subsidies involved, can greatly increase their costs for electricity.
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the US Senate
Committee on Environmental and Public Works has control over the legislation and will begin to complete a markup by September 25, 2009. The House of Representatives passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act on June 26, 2009, comprising a provision to reduce carbon dioxide emissions 17% below 2005 levels by 2020 and 83% below 2005 levels by 2050. It also allocates a portion of the allowances given away for free to
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607:, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. While a wind farm may cover a large area of land, many land uses such as agriculture are compatible, with only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure made unavailable for use.
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409:). They were commissioned on 21 January 2005 and are capable of generating up to 675 kW of power. Revenue is produced by selling the electricity to the grid via an intermediary called Green Energy UK. Gigha residents control the whole project and profits are reinvested in the community. The North Harris Trust has installed several turbines on Harris.
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project that is jointly owned by local community members, such as the MinWind
Projects near Luverne, Minnesota. The third type is a flip-style ownership. This model allows local investors to partner with a corporation in order to take advantage of Production Tax Credit federal incentives. Flip projects have been built in Minnesota and Texas.
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In order to ensure wind energy's future in the energy market, the renewable electricity standard (RES) is a policy in which market mechanisms guarantee a growing percentage of electricity produced comes from renewable sources, like wind energy. The RES exists in 28 states (not at a national level).
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Some places have enacted policies to encourage development of municipally owned and operated wind turbines on town land. These projects are publicly owned and tax exempt. An example is the Hull Wind One project in
Massachusetts' Boston Harbor in 2001. A 660 kW wind turbine was installed, and is
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The
Netherlands has an active community of wind cooperatives. They build and operate wind parks in all regions of the Netherlands. This started in the 1980s with the first Lagerweij turbines. Back then, these turbines could be financed by the members of the cooperatives. Today, the cooperatives build
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Typically, the ideal form of a community wind energy project is created by and for local people. Community wind energy in a social scope can be seen as strong or weak based on how farms prioritize social motivations, what local benefits they produce, and how well they respond to local energy demand.
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Once a wind farm project is established in a community, jobs are needed for: manufacturing the materials needed to build the project, transportation of supplies to the project area, and construction of the project as well as building roads leading to the project. After the project is complete, jobs
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In a community-based model, the developer/manager of a wind farm shares ownership of the project with area landowners and other community members. While the renewables sector often spearheads shared ownership initiatives, communities can proactively invite participation from renewable energy firms.
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In 2012 a new company launched a new business model for community energy, Windcentrale. The wind turbine is sold in physical shares to families. Every share does not give financial gains, but real power, 500 kWh per year, average. A power company, part of the model, subtracts the generated amount of
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A pressing issue of concern is the lack of a modern interstate transmission grid which delivers carbon free electricity to customers. Currently the US Senate and the
Natural Resources Committee have reported the bill out of committee on June 17, 2009. A combined energy and climate bill is expected
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In 1992, the renewable energy production tax credit of 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour was established. In
February 2009, through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Congress acted to provide a three-year extension of the PTC through December 31, 2012. Wind projects that were up and running in
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Community wind projects can offer benefits in stabilizing energy prices for local communities. Due to the absence of fuel costs and relatively low operating expenses, the owners of these projects can accurately predict their energy costs over the project's lifetime. The projects can generate energy
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Community wind energy involves diverse activities such as electricity generation, heat generation, energy efficiency, collective purchasing, storage, transport, education, and awareness. There is a debated focus on understanding factors encouraging community participation. A sense of belonging to a
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In Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90,000 people and generated 8 percent of Germany's electricity. Wind power
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The clean air and climate change policy is goal to switch from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable carbon-free energy sources for electricity production. Generating 20% of U.S. electricity from wind would be the climate equivalent of removing 140 million vehicles from the roadways. Currently
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The Midwest and the Great Plains regions in the United States are ideal areas for community wind energy projects; they are also often prone to drought. Fossil fuel plants use large amounts of water for cooling purposes which is detrimental to communities' water supply if there is a drought. Wind
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projects are locally owned by farmers, investors, businesses, schools, utilities, or other public or private entities who utilize wind energy to support and reduce energy costs to the local community. The key feature is that local community members have a significant, direct financial stake in the
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In 2009, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory published a report that identified three different types of community wind projects in the United States. The first model describes a project owned by a municipal utility, such as the Hull Wind Project in Massachusetts. The second model is a wind
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Community Renewable Energy (CoRE) has worked with Berwick Community Development Trust who agreed on the installation of a 500 kW Enercon turbine near the A1. The Trust now has an income of ÂŁ60,000 a year (increasing) after the turbine was installed in 2014. CoRE supported Oakenshaw Community
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near Coimbatore city comprises 11 villages and has a population of about 8,000. By 2009, it had set up its own 350 kW windfarm to meet its energy needs. The windmill was set up at Malwadi near Udumalpet and generates about 8 lakh (800,000) units annually. The power requirement for Odanthurai
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As of 2012, there are 43 communities that are in the process of or already producing renewable energy through co-operative structures in the UK. They are set up and run by everyday people, mostly local residents, who are investing their time and money and together installing large wind turbines,
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Because of the very unproductive state policies for financing wind parks in the Netherlands, the cooperatives have developed a new financing model, where members of a cooperative do not have to pay taxes for the electricity they generate with their community wind park. In this construction the
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Overall federal funding for community wind research and development is insufficient and even more so when compared to other fuels and energy sources. In 2009 the US Department of Energy (DOE) received $ 118 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for wind energy research and
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The village cooperative is also using other sources of renewable energy. It has 65 solar streetlights in two hamlets and a nine-KW (kilowatt) biomass gasifier to pump drinking water from the river to the overhead tanks. Doing so, Odanthurai became the first local body in India to utilize the
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There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures. The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant, depending on specific circumstances. Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities, and protection of
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Zelfleveringsmodel the cooperative operates the wind park, and a traditional energy company only acts as a service provider, for billing and energy balance on the public grid. This is the new role for energy companies in the future, where production is largely decentralized.
134:. Pukwis will be unique in that it is a joint Aboriginal/Community wind project that will be majority-owned by the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, with a local renewable energy co-operative (the Pukwis Energy Co-operative) owning the remainder of the project.
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Telecommunication towers will be repowered with small wind turbines under a new project led by a Newcastle startup. Ten small wind turbines will be installed at ten remote Australian communication sites as part of a new project to boost the uptake of the technology.
284:, have entered into a cooperative agreement that aims to develop a wind farm of at least 108 MW. The project will include the installation of three phases of 12 wind turbines with capacities of 3 to 4.5 MW each. The aim is to put the wind farm into service in 2012.
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is often noted as necessary for voluntary engagement in community renewable energy projects. Participation experiences and outcomes are not universally positive, and there are accessibility concerns that community wind energy may favor affluent communities.
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420:. It consists of five 1.3 megawatt turbines, and is described by its promoters as the UK's largest community-owned wind farm. It was structured as a cooperative, whose shares and loan stock were sold to the local community. Other businesses, such as
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Unity Wind Ltd is an industrial and provident society that intends to install two 2MW wind turbines at North Walsham in North Norfolk. Its key aim is community wind turbines and run by community investment and for financial benefit to the community.
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there are more than 60 wind farms with a capacity of about 700 MW, and 90 percent are community-owned. North Frisia is seen to be a model location for community wind, leading the way for other regions, especially in southern Germany.
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This mutually beneficial collaboration can prove advantageous for both sides. Property owners whose land was used for the wind farm are generally given a choice between a monthly cash lease and ownership units in the development.
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has four Vestas wind turbines that can generate up to 750 kW. These make the community net exporters of renewable-generated electricity. Most of the generation is used on-site with any surplus exported to the
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advocates for renewable energy cooperatives to have fair access to the market, linking individual cooperatives and federations under its umbrella, representing around 1,000,000 citizens and 1,500 cooperatives.
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A proportion of the profits is invested in local community environmental initiatives through the Baywind Energy Conservation Trust. As of 2006, Baywind owns a 2.5 megawatt five-turbine
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to be considered by the full Senate this fall. In the US House of Representatives the House Energy and Commerce Committee approved a comprehensive energy and climate bill on May 21, 2010.
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project beyond land lease payments and tax revenue. Projects may be used for on-site power or to generate wholesale power for sale, usually on a commercial-scale greater than 100 kW.
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development. In 2010 the Senate passed a bill granting the DOE $ 85 million for the DOE wind program. For the same purpose, the House of Representatives allowed the DOE $ 70 million.
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In Denmark, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to wind turbine
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Creamer, Emily; Eadson, Will; van Veelen, Bregje; Pinker, Annabel; Tingey, Margaret; Braunholtz-Speight, Tim; Markantoni, Marianna; Foden, Mike; Lacey-Barnacle, Max (July 2018).
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There are anecdotal reports of negative effects from noise on people who live very close to wind turbines. Peer-reviewed research has generally not supported these statements.
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This is the first Australian community-owned wind farm. The initiative has emerged because the community felt that the state and federal governments were not doing enough to
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Compared to the environmental impact of traditional energy sources, the environmental impact of wind power is relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no
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comprising 10 turbines (making a total of 21 altogether including land-based windmills), was completed, funded by the islanders. Now 100% of its electricity comes from
442:. The stated aim of Community Energy Scotland is 'to build confidence, resilience and wealth at community level in Scotland through sustainable energy development'.
130:. A number of community wind projects are in development in Ontario but the first project that is likely to obtain a FIT contract and connect to the grid is the
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larger wind parks, but not as large as commercial parties do. Some still operate self-sufficiently, others partner with larger commercial wind park developers.
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Association setting up a 500 kW wind turbine near Durham. The turbine begun operating in 2014 and the Association now receives substantial yearly income.
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A wind turbine cooperative, also known as a wind energy cooperative, is a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise that follows the
1929:"The animals don't care at all. We find cows and antelope napping in the shade of the turbines." – Mike Cadieux, site manager, Wyoming Wind Farm
246:(local self-governing body) in Tamil Nadu state has become completely self-sufficient in energy by using renewable sources like wind, solar and
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stands at about 4.5 lakh (450,000) units, and the local panchayat body is now selling the surplus power to the state grid. This gives the
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An example is the Obama-Biden New Energy for America plan, which sets future goals of rapid renewable energy production at 10% by 2012.
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1735:"Governing community energy—Feed-in tariffs and the development of community wind energy schemes in the United Kingdom and Germany"
174:. Wind power has gained very high social acceptance in Denmark, with the development of community wind farms playing a major role.
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established in 2008 that provides advice and financial support for renewable energy projects developed by community groups in
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Community wind power is in its infancy in Canada but there are reasons for optimism. One such reason is the launch of a new
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and renewable energy. However, the allowances flow through state governments rather than directly to renewable generators.
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W. David Colby, Robert Dobie, Geoff Leventhall, David M. Lipscomb, Robert J. McCunney, Michael T. Seilo, Bo Søndergaard.
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has gained very high social acceptance in Germany, with the development of community wind farms playing a major role.
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2079:"AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION | Explore the Issues | Policy | Production Tax Credit"
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Livestock ignore wind turbines, and continue to graze as they did before wind turbines were installed.
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2013:"WIND FARMS AND BLANKET PEAT The Bog Slide of 16 October 2003 at Derrybrien, Co. Galway, Ireland"
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1497:"Economic Development Impacts of Community Wind Projects: A Review and Empirical Evaluation"
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Economic Development Impacts of Community Wind Projects. A Review and Empirical Evaluation
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model, investing in wind turbines or wind farms. The cooperative model was developed in
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364:(operational since 29 January 1997), and one of the 600 kilowatt turbines at the
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group, which promotes community ownership. A number of other schemes supported by
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170:, which had installed 86% of all the wind turbines in Denmark, a world leader in
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2107:"AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION | Explore the Issues | Legislative"
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1572:. Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. Archived from
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Sixty-three farmers in "De Zuidlob", the southern part of the municipality of
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1798:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). 2010-05-01.
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387:. The Heritage Trust set up Gigha Renewable Energy to buy and operate three
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743:"Community Wind Power Benefits: Local communities get a piece of the action"
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1694:"Scaling up community wind energy: the relevance of autonomy and community"
201:. An Energy Academy has opened in Ballen, with a visitor education center.
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1819:"Community energy: Entanglements of community, state, and private sector"
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Community-Owned Wind Development in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands
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337:. Baywind was modeled on the similar wind turbine cooperatives and other
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solar panels, or hydro-electric power for their local communities.
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29:
1776:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
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2130:
2066:"Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review"
1621:"Fox Islands Electric Cooperative — a model for community wind"
1992:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 14 September 2005
1130:"The communities taking renewable energy into their own hands"
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in 1996. It grew to exceed 1,300 members, each with one vote.
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1526:"Hull Wind.org, Wind Power, Wind Energy in Hull, MA - Awards"
1397:
Highlands and Islands Community Energy Company Annual Review"
1092:
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2018:. The Derrybrien Development Cooperative Ltd. Archived from
1277:
Westmill Wind Farm Celebrates Success of Public Share Launch
1796:
Wind Power Today, 2010, Wind and Water Power Program (WWPP)
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Warlenius, Rikard Hjorth; Nettelbladt, Sonja (2023-09-11).
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remunerative enterprises' scheme of the state government.
527:, with isolated examples elsewhere. At a European level,
1670:"Wind Power: Economic Development for Rural Communities"
1540:"Minwind III - IX, Luverne, MN: Community Wind Project"
814:
709:
World Wind Energy Association's community wind website
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still a great example of small scale commercial wind.
1226:. greenenergy.uk.com. 26 January 2005. Archived from
615:, affect the siting and operation of wind turbines.
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Community-owned schemes in Scotland include schemes
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2259:
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2164:
1874:The American Wind Energy Association (2010-10-26).
1566:"Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)"
714:
U.S. Department of Energy Community Wind Fact Sheet
416:, opened in May 2008 in the Oxfordshire village of
2068:, Canadian Wind Energy Association, December 2009.
1961:Eilperin, Juliet; Mufson, Steven (16 April 2009).
1434:Community Energy Scotland. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
1852:20.500.11820/1e406e01-2571-4e15-a68e-6b2acd50a8d2
97:which produce enough power for 2,300 households.
38:make the community a net exporter of electricity.
181:won a government competition to become a model
1093:"Wek je eigen groene stroom op met Winddelen!"
766:Victorian community goes it alone on wind farm
462:Highlands and Islands Community Energy Company
456:Boyndie Wind Farm Co-operative is part of the
2142:
8:
1404:. Inverness: hie.co.uk. 2006. Archived from
2101:
2099:
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1963:"Renewable Energy's Environmental Paradox"
1043:"Organisatie voor Duurzame Energie |"
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921:"Danish Island Is Energy Self-Sufficient"
903:"Danish Island Is Energy Self-Sufficient"
869:Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office
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871:, published 2001. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
858:Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative
848:, published 1996. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
734:
27:Local ratepayer-owned air current power
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2036:
1506:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1322:
1310:
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1177:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1024:. Renewableenergyworld.com. 2008-10-31
761:
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1915:. Uinta County Herald. Archived from
1644:. Greenchipstocks.com. Archived from
1022:"Dutch Farmers Ready For Wind Energy"
1008:"Dutch Farmers Ready For Wind Energy"
879:
877:
7:
2579:
1249:"Wind turbines – North Harris Trust"
943:. Energiakademiet.dk. Archived from
745:. Greeneconomypost.com. 3 March 2010
262:an annual income of 19 lakh rupees.
1772:Lantz, E.; Tegen, S. (2009-04-01).
412:Another community-owned wind farm,
1698:Energy, Sustainability and Society
1484:http://www.unitywind.com/installed
1342:Press Release, February 1, 2008.
1287:. Retrieved on November 14, 2006.
990:"Community Wind Arrives Stateside"
591:Environmental impact of wind power
128:program in the Province of Ontario
25:
2011:Lindsay, Richard (October 2004).
1274:Press Release, December 5, 2005,
341:co-operatives that are common in
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1942:. Wind Measurement International
671:
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545:Impacts of community wind energy
511:. The model has also spread to
347:industrial and provident society
306:Wind power in the United Kingdom
1733:Nolden, Colin (December 2013).
1068:"Zelfleverings Model - ODEwiki"
622:Policy, issues, and legislation
193:and 75% of its heat comes from
414:Westmill Wind Farm Cooperative
401:Creideas, Dòchas is Carthannas
1:
2463:Blade element momentum theory
1911:Buller, Erin (11 July 2008).
276:Wind power in the Netherlands
2453:2020s in wind power research
1224:"Green Energy press release"
988:Bayar, Tildy (5 July 2012).
811:"Pukwis Community Wind Park"
724:AWEA Community Wind Projects
333:to own wind turbines in the
242:Starting in 2006, a village
2473:Energy return on investment
1759:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.050
1355:Retrieved on March 8, 2008.
1128:Mayo, Ed (6 January 2012).
813:. Pukwis.ca. Archived from
327:Baywind Energy Co-operative
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1711:10.1186/s13705-023-00411-6
687:List of onshore wind farms
588:
490:Community shared ownership
303:
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223:In the German district of
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132:Pukwis Community Wind Park
115:
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2520:Variable renewable energy
1888:10.1002/9781118984048.ch6
1111:"Home - Windpark Krammer"
786:, BSI British Standards,
432:Community Energy Scotland
424:, also invested, and the
238:Renewable energy in India
2540:Wind resource assessment
1467:Retrieved 6 July 2007.
1447:. Ecovillagefindhorn.com
966:Community Power Empowers
422:Midcounties Co-operative
345:, and was founded as an
93:. It comprises two 2MW
1193:"Let's Talk Renewables"
971:March 25, 2009, at the
679:Renewable energy portal
406:Faith, Hope and Charity
253:The Odanthurai village
185:community. An offshore
148:Middelgrunden wind farm
69:Wind power in Australia
18:Wind energy cooperative
2535:Wind profile power law
2530:Wind power forecasting
2046:Cite journal requires
1642:"Community Wind Power"
1471:July 26, 2011, at the
994:Renewable Energy World
941:"Samsø Energy Academy"
889:July 20, 2008, at the
600:
319:
310:Wind power in Scotland
163:
102:address climate change
81:at Leonards Hill near
64:
39:
2561:Wind power portal
1445:"Findhorn Ecovillage"
1198:. HIE. Archived from
598:
574:place-based community
464:are in the pipeline.
356:at Harlock Hill near
317:
211:Wind power in Germany
155:
144:Wind power in Denmark
62:
33:
2366:Consulting companies
2174:Airborne wind energy
1913:"Capturing the wind"
1576:on 29 September 2011
1495:Lantz, E; Tegen, S.
1465:Boyndie Co-operative
1366:"Westmill Wind Farm"
1253:www.north-harris.org
884:Community Wind Farms
697:Community solar farm
83:Daylesford, Victoria
75:Hepburn Wind Project
50:Community wind farms
2630:Energy cooperatives
2595:Additional portals:
2525:Virtual power plant
2358:Wind power industry
2236:Lists of wind farms
2025:on 18 December 2013
1968:The Washington Post
1835:2018GComp..12E2378C
1751:2013EnPol..63..543N
1623:. Maineinsights.com
1596:"Executive Summary"
1230:on 21 December 2006
446:Findhorn Ecovillage
395:, known locally as
215:Paderborn Wind Farm
36:Findhorn Ecovillage
1843:10.1111/gec3.12378
1350:2008-06-02 at the
1282:2006-01-04 at the
863:2007-08-17 at the
840:2012-05-10 at the
601:
434:is an independent
397:The Dancing Ladies
320:
318:Westmill Wind Farm
164:
65:
40:
2612:
2611:
2204:on public display
1897:978-0-87629-261-7
1823:Geography Compass
1619:Houx, Ramona Du.
1321:Missing or empty
976:Discovery Channel
909:. 26 August 2011.
641:energy efficiency
428:provided a loan.
426:Co-operative Bank
63:Hepburn Wind Farm
34:Wind turbines at
16:(Redirected from
2637:
2599:Renewable energy
2594:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2405:GE Offshore Wind
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2081:. Archived from
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1372:. Archived from
1362:
1356:
1345:Fresh Wind Farm.
1337:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1153:. Archived from
1152:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:Windpark Krammer
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1070:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1045:. Archived from
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:
985:
979:
964:Stefan Gsänger.
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
937:
931:
930:
917:
911:
910:
899:
893:
881:
872:
855:
849:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
807:
801:
800:
799:
798:
792:10.3403/30248233
778:
772:
771:, July 25, 2008.
763:
754:
753:
751:
750:
739:
681:
676:
675:
667:
662:
661:
436:Scottish charity
339:renewable energy
183:renewable energy
85:, north-west of
21:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2553:
2544:
2515:Tip-speed ratio
2510:Net energy gain
2468:Capacity factor
2441:
2380:
2352:
2255:
2241:Community-owned
2222:
2160:
2155:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1920:
1919:on 31 July 2008
1910:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:10.2172/1219190
1771:
1770:
1766:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1473:Wayback Machine
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:Wayback Machine
1338:
1334:
1320:
1308:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:Wayback Machine
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:"Archived copy"
1146:
1145:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
987:
986:
982:
973:Wayback Machine
963:
959:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
929:. 8 March 2007.
919:
918:
914:
901:
900:
896:
891:Wayback Machine
882:
875:
865:Wayback Machine
856:
852:
842:Wayback Machine
833:
829:
820:
818:
809:
808:
804:
796:
794:
780:
779:
775:
764:
757:
748:
746:
741:
740:
736:
732:
705:
703:Further reading
677:
670:
663:
656:
653:
624:
593:
587:
561:
552:
547:
538:
501:
492:
487:
485:Business models
478:
368:wind farm near
312:
302:
278:
272:
270:The Netherlands
240:
234:
217:
207:
150:
140:
120:
114:
71:
57:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Energy subsidy
2487:
2486:
2485:
2478:Energy storage
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Siemens Gamesa
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2314:Unconventional
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Crosswind kite
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2246:Offshore farms
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2070:
2057:
2048:|journal=
2003:
1981:
1953:
1931:
1903:
1896:
1880:Green Building
1866:
1809:
1804:10.2172/979823
1787:
1764:
1725:
1684:
1658:
1633:
1611:
1587:
1557:
1531:
1517:
1487:
1476:
1457:
1436:
1424:
1386:
1370:Westmill Co-op
1357:
1332:
1264:
1240:
1215:
1184:
1139:
1120:
1102:
1084:
1059:
1034:
1013:
999:
980:
957:
932:
912:
894:
873:
850:
827:
802:
773:
755:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
683:
682:
668:
652:
649:
623:
620:
589:Main article:
586:
583:
560:
557:
551:
548:
546:
543:
537:
534:
525:United Kingdom
500:
497:
491:
488:
486:
483:
477:
474:
381:Outer Hebrides
335:United Kingdom
329:was the first
301:
300:United Kingdom
298:
271:
268:
233:
230:
206:
203:
199:biomass energy
139:
136:
124:Feed-in Tariff
113:
110:
56:
53:
51:
48:
43:Community wind
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:Manufacturers
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Manufacturers
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:Vertical-axis
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Pitch bearing
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:Wind turbines
2258:
2252:
2251:Onshore farms
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Land vehicles
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2113:on 2010-12-07
2112:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2085:on 2010-12-07
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2040:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:Energy Policy
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1648:on 2011-03-03
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1544:windustry.org
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1411:on 2007-05-08
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1376:on 2008-09-15
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1316:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1205:on 2008-04-07
1201:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1160:on 2007-09-29
1156:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1074:on 2010-03-24
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1049:on 2013-07-03
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
984:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
961:
958:
947:on 2011-05-11
946:
942:
936:
933:
928:
927:
922:
916:
913:
908:
907:MetaEfficient
904:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
854:
851:
847:
844:, Paul Gipe,
843:
839:
836:
831:
828:
817:on 2010-11-18
816:
812:
806:
803:
793:
789:
785:
784:
783:Wind turbines
777:
774:
770:
767:
762:
760:
756:
744:
738:
735:
729:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
674:
669:
666:
665:Energy portal
660:
655:
650:
648:
644:
642:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
616:
614:
608:
606:
605:air pollution
597:
592:
585:Environmental
584:
582:
578:
575:
569:
565:
558:
556:
549:
544:
542:
535:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
489:
484:
482:
476:United States
475:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:National Grid
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:wind turbines
390:
386:
385:Isle of Gigha
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
307:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
277:
269:
267:
263:
261:
256:
251:
249:
245:
239:
231:
229:
226:
221:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
162:
158:
157:Middelgrunden
154:
149:
145:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
119:
111:
109:
105:
103:
98:
96:
95:wind turbines
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
61:
54:
49:
47:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2583:
2571:
2552:
2500:Hybrid power
2269:Aerodynamics
2240:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2073:
2060:
2039:cite journal
2027:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:"Wind farms"
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1934:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1906:
1879:
1876:"Wind Power"
1869:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1790:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1600:www.gov.scot
1599:
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499:Cooperative
383:and on the
372:, Cumbria.
366:Haverigg II
343:Scandinavia
195:solar power
2625:Wind power
2619:Categories
2505:Laddermill
2458:Betz's law
2403:including
2336:Yaw system
2228:Wind farms
2179:By country
2166:Wind power
2158:Wind power
2117:2010-12-10
2089:2010-12-10
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1946:11 January
1923:4 December
1678:2010-12-25
1652:2010-12-25
1627:2010-12-25
1605:2024-01-22
1580:13 January
1550:13 January
1510:13 January
1451:2010-12-25
1432:"About Us"
1415:2012-06-27
1380:2008-08-13
1340:Energy4All
1311:|url=
1272:Energy4All
1258:2023-04-23
1234:2007-02-01
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951:2010-12-25
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797:2022-08-16
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260:panchayat
255:panchayat
244:panchayat
187:wind farm
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161:wind park
159:offshore
118:WindShare
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79:wind farm
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2324:Savonius
2289:Floating
2274:Airborne
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2211:Windmill
2199:Turbines
2194:Offshore
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1469:Archived
1348:Archived
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838:Archived
769:ABC News
651:See also
550:Economic
440:Scotland
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2585:Commons
2422:Senvion
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