43:
988:
5645:
5635:
5625:
884:
1003:, accurately describe Windows NT internals using VMS terms. Furthermore, parts of the NT codebase's directory structure and filenames matched that of the MICA codebase. Instead of a lawsuit, Microsoft agreed to pay DEC $ 65–100 million, help market VMS, train Digital personnel on Windows NT, and continue Windows NT support for the DEC Alpha.
1091:. Programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. Kernel mode in Windows NT has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The Windows NT
1962:
The minimum hardware specification required to run each release of the professional workstation version of
Windows NT has been fairly slow-moving until the 6.0 (Vista) release, which requires a minimum of 15 GB of free disk space, a tenfold increase in free disk space alone over the previous version,
1704:
The first release was given version number 3.1 to match the contemporary 16-bit
Windows; magazines of that era claimed the number was also used to make that version seem more reliable than a ".0" release. Also the Novell IPX protocol was apparently licensed only to 3.1 versions of Windows software.
1708:
The NT version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. However, for application compatibility reasons, Microsoft kept the major version number as 6 in releases following
1920:; the latter was used internally at Microsoft during early development of 64-bit Windows. This continued for some time after Microsoft publicly announced that it was cancelling plans to ship 64-bit Windows for Alpha. Because of this, Alpha versions of Windows NT are 32-bit only.
952:
IBM continued OS/2 development alone while
Microsoft continued work on the newly renamed Windows NT. Though neither operating system would immediately be as popular as Microsoft's MS-DOS or Windows products, Windows NT would eventually be far more successful than OS/2.
1741:-specific code from slipping into the operating system, due to developers being used to developing on x86 chips, Windows NT 3.1 was initially developed using non-x86 development systems and then ported to the x86 architecture. This work was initially based on the
790:(ring 0 in x86; referred to in Windows NT as "kernel mode" on all platforms), and a set of user-space environments with their own APIs which included the new Win32 environment, an OS/2 1.3 text-mode environment and a POSIX environment. The full
782:
Windows NT 3.1 was the first version of
Windows to use 32-bit flat virtual memory addressing on 32-bit processors. Its companion product, Windows 3.1, used segmented addressing and switches from 16-bit to 32-bit addressing in pages.
1823:
Only two of the
Windows NT 4.0 variants (IA-32 and Alpha) have a full set of service packs available. All of the other ports done by third parties (Motorola, Intergraph, etc.) have few, if any, publicly available updates.
680:
to "New
Technology" but no longer carry any specific meaning. The letters were dropped from the names of releases from Windows 2000 and later, though Microsoft described that product as being "Built on NT Technology".
1029:
Like VMS, Windows NT's kernel mode code distinguishes between the "kernel", whose primary purpose is to implement processor- and architecture-dependent functions, and the "executive". This was designed as a modified
2489:
Though
Windows Vista support ended in 2017 and there was never a third Service Pack, the build number change occurs when the user opts to install KB4489887 update (released for Windows Server 2008 in 2019) on their
798:
other tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in
Windows 3.1 Windows applications (although MS-DOS applications were preemptively multitasked in Windows starting with
526:
series. Each
Windows release built on this technology is considered to be based on, if not a revision of Windows NT, even though the Windows NT name itself has not been used in many other Windows releases since
1716:, Microsoft changed the Version API Helper functions' behavior. If an application is not manifested for Windows 8.1 or later, the API will always return version 6.2, which is the version number of
1831:
stopped support for
Windows NT on that architecture; and then three days later Microsoft also canceled their AlphaNT program, even though the Alpha NT 5 (Windows 2000) release had reached
696:
One of the main purposes of NT is hardware and software portability. Various versions of NT family operating systems have been released for a variety of processor architectures, initially
2916:
1050:; from outside this module, there is little distinction between the kernel and the executive. Routines from each are directly accessible, as for example from kernel-mode device drivers.
2861:
507:
in 2001. The underlying technology of Windows NT continues to exist to this day with incremental changes and improvements, with the latest version of Windows based on Windows NT being
4872:
1931:(32-bit), Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 and Server 2008 R2 each have one edition dedicated to Itanium-based systems. In comparison with Itanium, Microsoft adopted
3801:
1820:
architecture, in conjunction with the company's planned introduction of UltraSPARC models in 1995, but neither version was sold to the public as a retail product.
4143:
763:
allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT has also supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2
814:
was strongly influenced by (and programmatically compatible with) that from Windows 3.1; Windows NT 4's interface was redesigned to match that of the brand-new
3264:
4117:
4065:
1827:
Windows NT 4.0 was the last major release to support Alpha, MIPS, or PowerPC, though development of Windows 2000 for Alpha continued until August 1999, when
4442:
2556:
514:
The name "Windows NT" originally denoted the major technological advancements that it had introduced to the Windows product line, including eliminating the
2596:
2614:
5566:
2632:
1166:. C is mostly used for the kernel code while C++ is mostly used for user-mode code. Assembly language is avoided where possible because it would impede
995:
Although NT was not an exact clone of Cutler's previous operating systems, DEC engineers almost immediately noticed the internal similarities. Parts of
620:, "NT" was removed from the product name yet is still in several low-level places in the system — including for a while as part of the product version.
4330:
5507:
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832:, a journaled, secure file system, is a major feature of NT. Windows NT also allows for other installable file systems; NT can also be installed on
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The technique that Windows NT uses is called a 'microkernel' and was influenced by the Mach microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Vista, but changed it later to 10 in Windows 10. The build number is an internal identifier used by Microsoft's developers and beta testers.
3863:
2785:
1057:; this allowed the late adoption of the Windows API (into the Win32 subsystem). Windows NT was one of the earliest operating systems to use
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1042:
at Carnegie Mellon University, but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel. Both the kernel and the executive are
5684:
4094:
1130:, and loading boot-time device drivers into memory. Once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded, the kernel starts the
3961:
2943:
843:
Windows NT introduced its own driver model, the Windows NT driver model, and is incompatible with older driver frameworks. With
5043:
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1313:
810:
subsystems. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode. Windows NT's first
795:
4016:
4914:
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291:
88:
4256:
2654:"Microsoft Renames Windows NT 5.0 Product Line to Windows 2000; Signals Evolution of Windows NT Technology Into Mainstream"
1639:
Home Single Language, Home China, Home, Pro, Education, Pro Education, Pro for Workstations, Enterprise, IoT Enterprise, SE
5539:
5472:
4459:
3809:
1842:. Microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of Windows (version 6.2.7867) running on an ARM-based computer at the 2011
1838:
On January 5, 2011, Microsoft announced that the next major version of the Windows NT family will include support for the
1115:
957:
570:
Windows NT is a group or family of products — like Windows is a group or family. Windows NT is a sub-grouping of Windows.
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Home Single Language, Home China, Home, Pro, Pro Education, Pro for Workstations, Enterprise, Education, S, IoT Core,
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181:
155:
4234:
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computers. It was commercially focused — and intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on
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in Vista and later. The boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive, starting
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791:
4413:"A description of the x64-based versions of Windows Server 2003 and of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition"
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and was referred to as "NT OS/2" before receiving the Windows brand. One of the original NT developers,
3603:
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2736:
949:. This decision caused tension between Microsoft and IBM and the collaboration ultimately fell apart.
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67:
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428:
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UPDATE: Compaq has apparently denied that any work is being done on Windows 2000/64 for the Alpha.
3455:
3125:
964:
to build Windows NT, and many elements of the design reflect earlier DEC experience with Cutler's
5447:
5442:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
3071:
2461:
2425:
project with the goal of providing binary- and device driver-level compatibility with Windows NT)
1900:
Windows 11 is the first non-server version of Windows NT that does not support 32-bit platforms.
1043:
1023:
945:
for the still unreleased NT OS/2 (as it was then known) from an extended OS/2 API to an extended
534:
Windows NT provides many more features than other Windows releases, among them being support for
496:
2653:
976:, but also an unreleased object-based operating system developed by Cutler at Digital codenamed
4842:
1053:
API sets in the Windows NT family are implemented as subsystems atop the publicly undocumented
608:
Eventually, Microsoft incorporated the Windows NT technology into the Windows product line for
5373:
5352:
5347:
4881:
4827:
3190:
3155:
3045:
2716:
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2433:
1882:
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1007:
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609:
329:
76:
1471:
Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web Server, HPC Server, Itanium-Based Systems,
3029:
1870:
1839:
1813:
1795:
1686:
1035:
903:, in October 1988. When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known as
806:
Notably, in Windows NT 3.x, several I/O driver subsystems, such as video and printing, were
728:(HAL) for each platform. However, support for MIPS, Alpha, and PowerPC was later dropped in
721:
640:, which is a lightweight version of Windows NT made for deployment of the operating system.
559:
555:
543:
515:
476:
432:
418:
309:
116:
2839:
2711:
Show Stopper!: The Breakneck Race to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft
1594:
Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Storage Server, Hyper-V Server
1427:
Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web Server, HPC Server, Itanium-Based Systems
987:
5600:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5342:
5337:
5018:
4389:
4335:
4307:
3780:
3705:
3271:
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1894:
1855:
1799:
1751:
1674:
1451:
1253:
1088:
900:
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724:
supported in later releases. An initial idea was to have a common code base with a custom
582:
535:
771:
networking (for which Microsoft used to implement a TCP/IP stack derived at first from a
3483:
1365:
Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web, Storage, Small Business Server, Compute Cluster,
5294:
5289:
5281:
5236:
5084:
5023:
5013:
5008:
4785:
4210:
3317:
3240:
2818:"Windows 2000 is a name that reflects NT's continued move to the technology mainstream"
2512:
2413:
1862:
1269:
1234:
1215:
1039:
916:
776:
598:
574:
528:
488:
399:
287:
147:
1946:
The first version of Windows NT to support ARM64 devices with Qualcomm processors was
1724:
feature was introduced with Windows 8.1, to replace GetVersion and related functions.
941:
Windows 3.0 was eventually so successful that Microsoft decided to change the primary
5663:
5329:
5050:
3266:
One Dev Question with Raymond Chen – What Programming Language is Windows Written In?
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111:
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1202:
1127:
1047:
872:
844:
800:
729:
617:
594:
391:
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907:
3.0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft and
4791:
the Windows 11 2024 Update will only run on processors based on Arm v8.1 or later
3773:"Windows XP: Kernel Improvements Create a More Robust, Powerful, and Scalable OS"
3038:
930:
in 1990. Microsoft also continued parallel development of the DOS-based and less
17:
5393:
5213:
5064:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
3189:. Microsoft Press. Chapter 1: Introduction to Microsoft Windows 2000, pp. 7–18.
3025:
2340:
1877:, an approach that Microsoft engineer Don Box called "fork and run". It exports
1713:
1514:
1031:
981:
980:. The team was joined by selected members of the disbanded OS/2 team, including
961:
946:
935:
764:
737:
649:
590:
578:
519:
492:
59:
4762:"Many PCs won't be able to run Windows 11 24H2 due to a new POPCNT requirement"
4463:
732:. Broad software compatibility was initially achieved with support for several
5178:
5074:
5069:
5033:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4963:
2457:
1963:
and the 2021 10.0 (11) release which excludes most systems built before 2018.
1951:
1936:
1851:
1742:
1698:
1694:
1634:
1543:
1488:
1377:
1337:
1307:
1184:
The following are the releases of Windows based on the Windows NT technology.
1054:
927:
912:
883:
864:
852:
815:
807:
673:
672:, code-named N10 ("N-Ten"). A 1998 question-and-answer (Q&A) session with
669:
613:
602:
539:
523:
508:
504:
317:
50:
2574:
2534:
5060:
5055:
4747:
4742:
3873:
3864:"Operating system version changes in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2"
3841:
3613:
3608:
3349:
3345:"Microsoft Releases Windows XP 64-Bit Edition Version 2003 to Manufacturing"
3322:
3276:
2790:
2681:
2657:
2582:
2542:
2344:
1917:
1847:
1767:
1738:
1717:
1482:
1445:
1084:
705:
677:
500:
480:
424:
321:
55:
1854:
on October 26, 2012, and the use of Windows NT, rather than Windows CE, in
1661:
Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Hyper-V Server
1610:
Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Hyper-V Server
2891:"POSIX and OS/2 are not supported in Windows XP or in Windows Server 2003"
4619:
4534:
4509:
4488:
4420:
2948:
2890:
2465:
2392:
CPU is now required starting with v24H2, dropping unofficial support for
1890:
1886:
1866:
1791:
1135:
977:
891:
Microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with
786:
Windows NT 3.1 featured a core kernel providing a system API, running in
374:
752:
and Windows 16-bit compatibility is achieved on IA-32 via an integrated
748:
APIs – the latter two were phased out starting with Windows XP. Partial
668:, states that the name was taken from the original target processor—the
3639:
3632:"Microsoft Confirms that Windows 10 will also be Version 10 Internally"
3460:
2597:"Announcing Windows 11 Insider Preview Build 22635.4225 (Beta Channel)"
2418:
2408:
2389:
2071:
1913:
1779:
1690:
1450:
Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate,
965:
772:
713:
709:
688:), which Microsoft was forced to acknowledge on the product packaging.
653:
484:
370:
333:
325:
3696:"Microsoft to add new Windows 10 Pro Education edition to its line-up"
2615:"Announcing Windows 11 Insider Preview Build 26120.1843 (Dev Channel)"
2557:"Releasing Windows 11 Build 26100.1586 to the Release Preview Channel"
1897:
consoles use a stripped-down version of the Windows operating system.
4781:"Windows phones say goodbye to Windows 11 starting with version 24H2"
2358:
2354:
2318:
2293:
2267:
2242:
2216:
2169:
1909:
1828:
1386:
1342:
1062:
973:
969:
768:
749:
717:
685:
586:
383:
366:
362:
305:
4850:
2633:"Announcing Windows 11 Insider Preview Build 27695 (Canary Channel)"
2535:"September 10, 2024—KB5043076 (OS Builds 22621.4169 and 22631.4169)"
4807:
4066:"OneCore to rule them all: How Windows Everywhere finally happened"
3747:"Windows 11 release date: Here's when Microsoft's new OS comes out"
3011:
1159:
82:
4527:"System requirements for Microsoft Windows 2000 operating systems"
3700:
2393:
1928:
1817:
1763:
1405:
Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Business, Enterprise, Ultimate
1346:
1119:
1058:
986:
923:
882:
753:
697:
313:
301:
2452:
For more information on how Microsoft licenses its products, see
1274:
Workstation, Server, Enterprise Server, Terminal Server, Embedded
911:. To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the
836:
file systems, and versions 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51 could be installed
756:– although this feature is not available on other architectures.
660:. However, the project was originally intended as a follow-on to
4557:"System requirements for Microsoft Windows XP operating systems"
2676:
2469:
2362:
2322:
2297:
2271:
2246:
2220:
2173:
2046:
1989:
1783:
904:
892:
829:
745:
661:
440:
387:
4854:
4331:"Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems Feature Support"
3962:"Intergraph Announces Port of Windows NT to SPARC Architecture"
2786:"Q&A: Protecting children from information on the Internet"
4924:
4000:
1950:. This is a full version of Windows, rather than the cut-down
1932:
1878:
1802:
as the PReP compliant Power Macintosh project failed to ship.
1755:
platform. Both systems were designed internally at Microsoft.
908:
811:
733:
551:
436:
4738:"Microsoft won't stop you installing Windows 11 on older PCs"
1138:, which allows the user to login. Once the user is logged in
4587:"Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition: System requirements"
4460:"Recommended Hardware Configs. for Workstations and Servers"
1812:
and later announced an intention to port Windows NT 3.51 to
1685:
series. Windows NT 4.0 onwards replaced those programs with
1519:
Core, Pro, Enterprise, RT, Embedded Industry Pro/Enterprise
1107:(HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively named
934:-demanding Windows environment, resulting in the release of
4485:"Windows NT 3.5x Setup Troubleshooting Guide (MSKB 139733)"
1912:
versions of Windows NT were originally intended to run on
4235:"Road to Gold: A Look at the Development of Windows 2000"
847:, the Windows NT driver model was enhanced to become the
491:, was released on July 27, 1993. Originally made for the
3211:"Boot Sequence of Windows Multi-Boot - Multibooters.com"
1293:
Professional, Server, Advanced Server, Datacenter Server
4841:(fact sheet), Microsoft PressPass, 1998, archived from
2648:
2646:
1846:. This eventually led to the commercial release of the
759:
NT has supported per-object (file, function, and role)
276:
253:
229:
205:
173:
4711:"Windows 10 Specifications & Systems Requirements"
3403:"Build number changing to 6003 in Windows Server 2008"
3093:
3091:
3089:
2760:
2758:
455:
4276:"Windows 2000 Reportedly Returning to Alpha Platform"
3655:"Microsoft announces Windows 10 Pro for Workstations"
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3152:
Supporting Windows NT and 2000 Workstation and Server
1026:, which DEC did not implement until VMS 7.0 in 1995.
562:, with a 64-bit kernel and 64-bit memory addressing.
2575:"September 10, 2024—KB5043080 (OS Build 26100.1742)"
2474:
Microsoft TechNet § Subscriptions and downloads
86:(user mode applications, kernel graphical subsystem)
5402:
5361:
5328:
5280:
5255:
5225:
5212:
5191:
5164:
5083:
4999:
4990:
4962:
4923:
3771:Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David (December 2001),
3625:
3623:
3604:"Windows 8.1 is ready for its October 17th release"
3067:"Microsoft Widens Its Split With IBM Over Software"
1935:on a greater scale: every version of Windows since
499:markets, the Windows NT line was made available to
450:
417:
398:
358:
340:
297:
283:
180:
154:
130:
104:
96:
66:
49:
4838:A Brief History of the Windows NT Operating System
4506:"Info: Windows NT 4.0 Setup Troubleshooting Guide"
4359:"Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems"
4095:"Xbox and Windows NT 3.5 source code leaks online"
3037:
2708:
546:kernel with 32-bit memory addressing, support for
423:Depending on version, edition or customer choice:
4612:"System requirements for Microsoft Windows Vista"
4044:"Microsoft demonstrates early build of Windows 8"
2365:instruction set) is required starting with v24H2.
1778:platforms. Windows NT 3.51 added support for the
1034:, as the Windows NT kernel was influenced by the
1794:PowerStack series; but despite meetings between
684:"NT" was a trademark of Northern Telecom (later
518:limitations of earlier Windows releases such as
4563:. Microsoft. September 14, 2007. Archived from
4443:"Windows 10 1709 Supported Qualcomm Processors"
4297:
4295:
3187:MCSE Exam 70-215, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
3126:"'Windows-NT' is 'VMS Reimplemented' (sort of)"
2944:"Microsoft, TCP/IP, Open Source, and Licensing"
558:and more. Newer versions of Windows NT support
240:24H2 (10.0.26120.1843) (September 20, 2024
216:23H2 (10.0.22635.4225) (September 20, 2024
192:24H2 (10.0.26100.1742) (September 10, 2024
160:23H2 (10.0.22631.4169) (September 10, 2024
4826:(discussion of ancestry of NT), archived from
4618:. Microsoft. November 13, 2007. Archived from
4533:. Microsoft. November 13, 2007. Archived from
3779:, Developer network, Microsoft, archived from
3548:"Windows server 8 named Windows server 2012",
2976:"Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems"
4866:
4508:. Microsoft. October 31, 2006. Archived from
4487:. Microsoft. November 1, 2006. Archived from
4462:. Microsoft. November 1, 2006. Archived from
3996:"Can Linux break Intel's hold on the market?"
3808:. Microsoft. October 14, 2008. Archived from
1535:Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter
1506:Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter
8:
4303:"Comparison of Windows Server 2003 Editions"
4200:
4198:
4196:
35:
4820:"Windows NT and VMS: The Rest of the Story"
4606:
4604:
4521:
4519:
4500:
4498:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4454:
4452:
3745:DeNisco Rayome, Alison (October 24, 2021).
3100:"Windows NT and VMS: The Rest of the Story"
2737:"Microsoft Windows NT OS/2 Design Workbook"
956:Microsoft hired a group of developers from
652:intended the initialism "WNT" as a play on
628:Versions of Windows NT are installed using
601:was released, including the new shell from
5634:
5624:
5222:
4996:
4873:
4859:
4851:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4140:"Xbox One Is "Literally a Windows Device""
2702:
2700:
2698:
1965:
1758:Windows NT 3.1 was released for Intel x86
1186:
676:revealed that the letters were previously
487:product line, the first version of which,
34:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4639:
4637:
3941:"Windows: A Software Engineering Odyssey"
2868:(resource kit), Microsoft, archived from
1967:Windows NT minimum hardware requirements
1873:based upon a heavily modified version of
554:, and many other system services such as
3994:Petreley, Nicholas (September 3, 1999).
2672:"OperatingSystem.VersionString Property"
2351:(TPM) 2.0 or equivalent crypto-processor
1749:system and, later, the MIPS R4000-based
1673:Windows NT 3.1 to 3.51 incorporated the
855:, but was based on the NT driver model.
794:kernel could interrupt running tasks to
4206:"Windows minimum hardware requirements"
3098:Russinovich, Mark (November 30, 1998).
2840:"Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows"
2767:"Windows Server 2003: The Road To Gold"
2503:
2445:
1046:together into the single loaded module
4146:from the original on December 27, 2015
1162:, with a very small amount written in
1083:that consists of two main components,
4385:"Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition"
4120:from the original on November 2, 2018
3456:"Windows 7 To Be Released October 22"
3429:"A closer look at the Windows 7 SKUs"
3427:LeBlanc, Brandon (February 4, 2009).
2329:, CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF
2278:, CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF
2227:, CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF
997:VAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures
263:10.0.27695.1000 (August 30, 2024
7:
4019:. The AlphaNT Source. Archived from
3979:"New ports of call for Windows NT".
3918:"GetVersion function (sysinfoapi.h)"
3630:Thurrott, Paul (November 22, 2014).
3263:Chen, Raymond (September 28, 2016).
3044:(fourth ed.), Microsoft Press,
4233:Thurott, Paul (December 15, 1999).
3501:"Announcing the Windows 8 Editions"
3499:LeBlanc, Brandon (April 16, 2012).
2765:Thurrott, Paul (January 24, 2003).
2429:Windows Preinstallation Environment
1111:), which all exist in kernel mode.
638:Windows Preinstallation Environment
4779:Carrasqueira, João (May 6, 2024).
4181:from the original on June 25, 2021
3653:Pidgeon, Elana (August 10, 2017).
2513:"The Programming Languages Beacon"
2511:Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010).
2470:MSDN § Software subscriptions
1180:List of Microsoft Windows versions
851:, which was first introduced with
779:, then later rewritten in-house).
25:
3939:Lucovsky, Mark (August 9, 2000).
3681:"Introducing Windows 10 Editions"
3527:"Windows 8 will be available on…"
3065:Pollack, Andrew (July 27, 1991).
1122:in versions before Vista and the
1079:Windows NT uses a layered design
943:application programming interface
573:The first version of Windows NT,
27:Microsoft operating system family
5644:
5643:
5633:
5623:
3721:"Windows Server 2022 Is Coming!"
3694:Foley, Mary Jo (July 27, 2016).
3454:Rothman, Wilson (June 2, 2009).
1782:processor in 1995, specifically
1697:), which originally appeared in
41:
4736:Warren, Tom (August 27, 2021).
4678:"Windows 8 system requirements"
4645:"Windows 7 system requirements"
4274:Thurott, Paul (June 21, 2000).
4042:Warren, Tom (January 5, 2011).
3602:Warren, Tom (August 24, 2013).
2984:. Microsoft. September 23, 2021
1786:-compliant systems such as the
1099:; the architecture comprises a
1018:are very similar. Windows NT's
658:incrementing each letter by one
3679:Prophet, Tony (May 13, 2015).
3578:"Windows Server 2012 Editions"
3244:. Microsoft. February 20, 2014
3146:Mohr, Jim (December 1, 1999).
863:, which is also available for
292:Windows Server Update Services
1:
4589:. Microsoft. January 21, 2005
4255:Chen, Raymond (August 2008).
3920:. Microsoft. December 5, 2018
2897:. Microsoft. November 5, 2007
2820:. Microsoft. October 27, 1998
1116:booting process of Windows NT
958:Digital Equipment Corporation
859:added native support for the
612:computing and deprecated the
4393:. Microsoft. August 15, 2001
4311:. Microsoft. October 8, 2009
4093:Warren, Tom (May 21, 2020).
3983:. October 1993. p. 174.
3236:"Windows NT System Overview"
2942:Barr, Adam (June 19, 2001).
2784:Gates, Bill (June 5, 1998).
2454:Microsoft Software Assurance
1220:Workstation, Advanced Server
887:Original Windows NT wordmark
5199:Preinstallation Environment
5174:Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
4419:. Microsoft. Archived from
4171:"Windows 11 Specifications"
4110:"The Xbox Operating System"
3896:"App (executable) manifest"
3869:Microsoft Developer Network
3837:Microsoft Developer Network
3379:. Microsoft. Archived from
3040:Microsoft Windows Internals
2866:MS Windows NT 4 Workstation
1798:and Bill Gates, not on the
1322:Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
926:in late 1989, and then the
736:"personalities", including
648:It has been suggested that
5701:
4812:(official page), Microsoft
3898:. Microsoft. July 11, 2018
3832:"Operating System Version"
3529:. Microsoft. July 18, 2012
3313:"Operating System Version"
2707:Zachary, G Pascal (1994).
1881:similar to those found in
1320:, Home N, Professional N,
1177:
1105:hardware abstraction layer
1075:Architecture of Windows NT
1072:
726:Hardware Abstraction Layer
5619:
5611:Windows Server Essentials
5596:Windows for Pen Computing
4888:
4339:. Microsoft. July 2, 2012
2917:"x64 editions deployment"
2862:"28 – OS/2 Compatibility"
2375:
2370:
2367:
2336:
2313:
2308:
2288:
2262:
2238:10 for IA-32 (RTM-v1809)
2237:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2167:
2164:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2117:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1844:Consumer Electronics Show
1808:ported Windows NT to its
1788:IBM ThinkPad Power Series
1609:
1539:
1524:
1521:
1510:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1458:
1455:
1441:
1396:
1354:
1351:
1333:
1328:
1303:
1238:
1154:Windows NT is written in
1132:Session Manager Subsystem
991:Windows 2000 architecture
861:Windows Driver Foundation
40:
4417:Microsoft Support Center
4259:. Windows Confidential.
3004:"NT Drivers – FAQ – WDM"
1948:Windows 10, version 1709
1383:Professional x64 Edition
1144:graphical user interface
1142:is started, loading the
1134:. This process launches
1022:differs by implementing
121:Shared Source Initiative
92:(user mode applications)
5685:Advanced RISC Computing
4363:Windows Server Editions
4015:Aaron Sakovich (2001).
3981:Personal Computer World
2349:Trusted Platform Module
2263:10 for x64 (RTM-v1809)
2132:Vista (other editions)
2003:NT 3.1 Advanced Server
1487:Core, Pro, Enterprise,
792:preemptive multitasking
767:networking, as well as
632:, which, starting with
188:Release Preview Channel
4257:"Building on the Past"
3373:"Overview of Editions"
3028:(2005), "Preface", in
2289:10 for IA-32 (v1903+)
1806:Intergraph Corporation
1720:. This is because the
1531:Windows Server 2012 R2
1467:Windows Server 2008 R2
1316:, Tablet PC, Starter,
992:
888:
616:family. Starting with
136:; 31 years ago
4466:on February 27, 2013.
3725:Virtualization Review
3719:Schnackenburg, Paul.
3407:support.microsoft.com
3185:Finnel, Lynn (2000).
2621:. September 20, 2024.
2603:. September 20, 2024.
2478:client access license
2096:Pentium, 233 MHz
1958:Hardware requirements
1941:dedicated x64 edition
990:
886:
265:; 23 days ago
194:; 12 days ago
162:; 12 days ago
62:as the lead architect
4768:. February 12, 2024.
4622:on February 12, 2015
4445:. November 10, 2021.
3966:The Florida SunFlash
3844:. September 15, 2020
3325:. September 15, 2020
3215:www.multibooters.com
2956:on December 29, 2015
2923:on December 18, 2014
2637:Windows Insider Blog
2619:Windows Insider Blog
2601:Windows Insider Blog
2561:Windows Insider Blog
2314:10 for x64 (v1903+)
2027:NT 3.51 Workstation
1943:) has x64 editions.
1927:only supports Intel
1810:Clipper architecture
1737:In order to prevent
1552:, Mobile Enterprise
1312:Home, Professional,
1188:Windows NT releases
1150:Programming language
1124:Windows Boot Manager
849:Windows Driver Model
761:access control lists
516:16-bit memory access
503:with the release of
242:; 2 days ago
218:; 2 days ago
5606:Microsoft PowerToys
5263:Embedded Automotive
4818:Russinovich, Mark,
4423:on October 17, 2011
4054:on January 9, 2011.
3377:Windows Server 2008
3148:"Windows NT Basics"
2660:. October 27, 1998.
2380:Qualcomm Snapdragon
2043:NT 4.0 Workstation
2011:NT 3.5 Workstation
1968:
1766:platforms, and for
1728:Supported platforms
1657:Windows Server 2025
1622:Windows Server 2022
1606:Windows Server 2019
1597:September 26, 2016
1590:Windows Server 2016
1502:Windows Server 2012
1473:Home Server Premium
1423:Windows Server 2008
1361:Windows Server 2003
1239:Workstation, Server
1189:
1006:Windows NT and VMS
919:, switching to the
869:Windows Server 2003
754:DOS Virtual Machine
577:, was produced for
429:commercial software
37:
5562:Version comparison
5247:Embedded Compact 7
4512:on March 20, 2014.
3659:Microsoft 365 Blog
3072:The New York Times
3014:on April 21, 2009.
2639:. August 30, 2024.
2563:. August 19, 2024.
2462:DreamSpark Premium
2382:850, 7c, 8c, 8cx;
2068:2000 Professional
1966:
1437:6003 (SP2 Update)
1417:6003 (SP2 Update)
1242:September 21, 1994
1187:
1020:process management
993:
889:
871:and to an extent,
818:, moving from the
775:-based stack from
540:multi-user systems
316:(and historically
134:July 27, 1993
5680:Microsoft Windows
5657:
5656:
5499:Removed features
5276:
5275:
5268:Embedded Industry
5204:MultiPoint Server
5187:
5186:
4882:Microsoft Windows
4491:on June 22, 2014.
3812:on April 15, 2012
3806:Windows Team Blog
3783:on April 24, 2003
3485:Developer network
3161:978-0-13-083068-5
3154:. Prentice Hall.
3030:Russinovich, Mark
2722:978-0-02-935671-5
2656:(Press release).
2579:Microsoft Support
2539:Microsoft Support
2434:Microsoft Servers
2400:
2399:
2118:Vista Home Basic
1883:Microsoft Windows
1671:
1670:
1430:February 4, 2008
1408:November 8, 2006
1296:December 15, 1999
1164:assembly language
1008:memory management
464:
463:
77:Assembly language
18:Windows NT family
16:(Redirected from
5692:
5647:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5629:List of versions
5627:
5626:
5223:
5129:Home Server 2011
4997:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4845:on June 10, 2004
4831:
4813:
4794:
4793:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4707:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4674:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4567:on July 17, 2013
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4261:TechNet Magazine
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:. September 2021
4202:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4167:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4114:Xbox Engineering
4108:Trinder, Garry.
4105:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:. Archived from
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3914:
3908:
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3905:
3903:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3558:on June 10, 2016
3554:, archived from
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3505:Blogging Windows
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3433:Blogging Windows
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3309:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3034:Solomon, David A
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:. Archived from
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:. Archived from
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2919:. Archived from
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2872:on March 3, 2016
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2842:. Win super site
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:. Archived from
2781:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2741:American history
2733:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:(v10.0 ed.)
2508:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2450:
2357:CPU (supporting
2317:1 GHz with
2292:1 GHz with
2266:1 GHz with
2241:1 GHz with
2215:1 GHz with
2168:1 GHz with
1981:Free disk space
1972:Windows version
1969:
1904:64-bit platforms
1871:operating system
1840:ARM architecture
1814:Sun Microsystems
1796:Michael Spindler
1733:32-bit platforms
1687:Windows Explorer
1642:October 5, 2021
1626:August 18, 2021
1613:October 2, 2018
1522:August 27, 2013
1190:
1036:Mach microkernel
560:64-bit computing
556:Active Directory
548:instruction sets
477:operating system
460:
457:
451:Official website
433:volume licensing
279:
273:
271:
266:
256:
250:
248:
243:
232:
226:
224:
219:
208:
202:
200:
195:
176:
170:
168:
163:
144:
142:
137:
117:Source-available
45:
38:
32:Operating system
21:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5615:
5601:Microsoft Plus!
5535:Version history
5398:
5357:
5324:
5272:
5251:
5242:Embedded CE 6.0
5228:
5217:
5215:
5208:
5183:
5166:
5160:
5117:HPC Server 2008
5086:
5079:
5001:
4986:
4958:
4919:
4884:
4879:
4835:
4817:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4537:on May 30, 2014
4525:
4524:
4517:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4390:Microsoft Learn
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4336:Microsoft Learn
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4308:Microsoft Learn
4301:
4300:
4293:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4023:on July 8, 2008
4017:"Windows 2000?"
4014:
4013:
4009:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3968:. July 7, 1993.
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3706:CBS Interactive
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3383:on May 15, 2009
3371:
3370:
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3354:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3310:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3272:Microsoft Learn
3262:
3261:
3257:
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3234:
3233:
3229:
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3059:
3052:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2981:Microsoft Learn
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
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2898:
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2888:
2884:
2875:
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2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2838:
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2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2798:on May 26, 2001
2783:
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2510:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2405:
2387:
2352:
2035:NT 3.51 Server
1960:
1906:
1895:Xbox Series X/S
1856:Windows Phone 8
1800:Power Macintosh
1735:
1730:
1675:Program Manager
1650:
1648:
1646:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1493:August 1, 2012
1460:
1436:
1434:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1392:April 25, 2005
1326:August 24, 2001
1254:Windows NT 3.51
1182:
1176:
1152:
1146:of Windows NT.
1077:
1071:
999:, published by
901:multiprocessing
899:and supporting
881:
820:Program Manager
788:supervisor mode
694:
646:
626:
568:
536:multiprocessing
483:as part of its
454:
401:
382:
275:
269:
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145:
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131:Initial release
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91:
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79:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5307:
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5297:
5295:Pocket PC 2002
5292:
5290:Pocket PC 2000
5286:
5284:
5282:Windows Mobile
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5148:
5143:
5141:Server 2012 R2
5138:
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5124:Server 2008 R2
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4889:
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4885:
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4878:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4833:
4830:on May 3, 2002
4815:
4802:
4801:External links
4799:
4796:
4795:
4786:XDA Developers
4771:
4753:
4728:
4695:
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4225:
4211:Microsoft Docs
4192:
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4131:
4100:
4085:
4074:. May 20, 2016
4057:
4034:
4007:
3986:
3971:
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3909:
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3876:. May 31, 2018
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3569:
3551:Windows valley
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3318:Microsoft Docs
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3241:Microsoft Docs
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3116:
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2715:. Free Press.
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2201:8.1 for IA-32
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2074:, 133 MHz
2069:
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2060:NT 4.0 Server
2057:
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2040:
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2028:
2024:
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2020:
2019:NT 3.5 Server
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
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1905:
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1734:
1731:
1729:
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1712:Starting with
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1555:July 15, 2015
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1456:July 22, 2009
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1352:March 28, 2003
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1270:Windows NT 4.0
1267:
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1247:
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1243:
1240:
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1235:Windows NT 3.5
1232:
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1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:Windows NT 3.1
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:Marketing name
1194:
1175:
1172:
1151:
1148:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1040:Richard Rashid
917:RISC processor
880:
877:
840:file systems.
777:Spider Systems
693:
692:Major features
690:
645:
642:
625:
622:
599:Windows NT 4.0
567:
564:
529:Windows NT 4.0
495:, office, and
489:Windows NT 3.1
462:
461:
452:
448:
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421:
415:
414:
404:
402:user interface
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360:
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288:Windows Update
285:
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260:Canary Channel
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190:
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182:Latest preview
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156:Latest release
152:
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148:Windows NT 3.1
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5464:New features
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5330:Windows Phone
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4721:September 10,
4716:
4715:microsoft.com
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4688:September 10,
4683:
4679:
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4048:winrumors.com
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3816:September 14,
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2983:
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2977:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2743:. Smithsonian
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2683:
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2507:
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2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:Microsoft SQ1
2381:
2378:
2376:11 for ARM64
2374:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Intel 8th-Gen
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
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2277:
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2269:
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2257:
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2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
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2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:, 25 MHz
2048:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:, 25 MHz
1991:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:(which has a
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:run a custom
1868:
1864:
1861:The original
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:PC compatible
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:(including a
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:26100 (24H2)
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:19045 (22H2)
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Windows Vista
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:July 31, 1996
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:July 27, 1993
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:Build number
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:File Explorer
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:simple kernel
1098:
1097:hybrid kernel
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:developed by
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:Digital Press
998:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
948:
944:
939:
938:in May 1990.
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
885:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Windows Vista
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
824:Windows shell
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
797:
793:
789:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Mark Lucovsky
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
634:Windows Vista
631:
630:Windows Setup
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
459:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:Windows shell
408:
405:
403:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
359:Influenced by
357:
353:
349:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
284:Update method
282:
278:
259:
258:
257:
255:
235:
234:
233:
231:
211:
210:
209:
207:
187:
186:
185:
183:
179:
175:
159:
157:
153:
149:
133:
129:
122:
118:
115:
113:
112:Closed-source
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
97:Working state
95:
90:
84:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
52:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5567:Vista and XP
5409:Development
5044:Media Center
4991:
4843:the original
4837:
4828:the original
4823:
4808:
4790:
4784:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4741:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4714:
4686:. Retrieved
4681:
4653:. Retrieved
4648:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:the original
4615:
4593:November 29,
4591:. Retrieved
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4565:the original
4560:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:the original
4530:
4510:the original
4489:the original
4464:the original
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:the original
4416:
4407:
4397:November 29,
4395:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4343:November 29,
4341:. Retrieved
4334:
4325:
4315:November 29,
4313:. Retrieved
4306:
4286:
4279:. Retrieved
4269:
4263:. Microsoft.
4260:
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4209:
4183:. Retrieved
4174:
4148:. Retrieved
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4088:
4078:November 30,
4076:. Retrieved
4071:Ars Technica
4069:
4060:
4052:the original
4047:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4010:
3999:
3989:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3934:
3924:November 24,
3922:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:November 24,
3900:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:November 24,
3878:. Retrieved
3867:
3858:
3848:November 24,
3846:. Retrieved
3835:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:the original
3805:
3796:
3787:December 19,
3785:, retrieved
3781:the original
3776:
3766:
3756:September 5,
3754:. Retrieved
3750:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:
3714:
3699:
3689:
3683:. Microsoft.
3674:
3664:December 24,
3662:. Retrieved
3658:
3648:
3635:
3607:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3582:Server cloud
3581:
3572:
3560:, retrieved
3556:the original
3550:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3504:
3494:
3484:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3459:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:the original
3376:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3353:. March 2003
3348:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3316:
3280:. Retrieved
3270:
3265:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3220:November 19,
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3167:November 29,
3165:. Retrieved
3151:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3124:Neil Rieck.
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:
3078:September 2,
3076:. Retrieved
3070:
3060:
3039:
3026:Cutler, Dave
3020:
3012:the original
3007:
2998:
2988:November 29,
2986:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2960:February 22,
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2947:
2937:
2927:November 24,
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2911:
2901:November 24,
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2876:November 24,
2874:, retrieved
2870:the original
2865:
2856:
2846:November 24,
2844:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:November 13,
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2789:
2779:
2770:
2745:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2710:
2687:November 10,
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2538:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2506:
2485:
2448:
2347:-based CPU;
2212:8.1 for x64
2165:8 for IA-32
2146:7 for IA-32
2121:800 MHz
2110:133 MHz
2107:Server 2003
2085:2000 Server
1961:
1945:
1925:Windows 2000
1922:
1907:
1899:
1875:Windows 2000
1860:
1837:
1826:
1822:
1804:
1790:laptops and
1757:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1683:Windows 3.1x
1679:File Manager
1672:
1649:22631 (23H2)
1647:22621 (22H2)
1582:19044 (21H2)
1580:19043 (21H1)
1578:19042 (20H2)
1576:19041 (2004)
1574:18363 (1909)
1572:18362 (1903)
1570:17763 (1809)
1568:17134 (1803)
1566:16299 (1709)
1564:15063 (1703)
1562:14393 (1607)
1560:10586 (1511)
1314:Media Center
1289:Windows 2000
1258:May 30, 1995
1203:Release date
1183:
1153:
1118:begins with
1113:
1081:architecture
1078:
1069:Architecture
1065:internally.
1055:"native" API
1052:
1048:ntoskrnl.exe
1028:
1005:
996:
994:
955:
951:
940:
890:
873:Windows 2000
845:Windows 2000
842:
828:
805:
785:
781:
758:
730:Windows 2000
695:
683:
647:
627:
618:Windows 2000
607:
597:). In 1996,
595:Windows 3.1x
572:
569:
566:Product line
533:
513:
479:produced by
466:
465:
392:Windows 3.1x
239:
215:
212:Beta Channel
191:
105:Source model
29:
5300:Mobile 2003
5218:Windows IoT
5216:Embedded /
5192:Specialized
5156:Server 2022
5151:Server 2019
5146:Server 2016
5136:Server 2012
5107:Server 2008
5100:Home Server
5095:Server 2003
4717:. Microsoft
4684:. Microsoft
4651:. Microsoft
4427:October 14,
4369:October 14,
4365:. Microsoft
4124:October 31,
3946:November 2,
3636:ITPro Today
3507:. Microsoft
3488:, Microsoft
3482:"Windows",
3439:February 5,
3435:. Microsoft
3412:November 1,
3357:January 14,
3282:October 15,
3131:February 9,
2771:ITPro Today
2423:open source
2337:11 for x64
1774:-compliant
1714:Windows 8.1
1645:22000 (RTM)
1558:10240 (RTM)
1515:Windows 8.1
1461:7601 (SP1)
1371:Home Server
1168:portability
1089:kernel mode
1032:microkernel
982:Moshe Dunie
962:Dave Cutler
947:Windows API
936:Windows 3.0
879:Development
801:Windows/386
765:LAN Manager
738:Windows API
650:Dave Cutler
636:, uses the
591:Windows 1.0
589:(including
579:workstation
550:other than
542:, a "pure"
520:Windows 3.1
493:workstation
471:proprietary
277:[±]
254:[±]
236:Dev Channel
230:[±]
206:[±]
174:[±]
60:Dave Cutler
5670:Windows NT
5664:Categories
5639:Comparison
5320:Mobile 6.5
5315:Mobile 6.1
5310:Mobile 6.0
5305:Mobile 5.0
4992:Windows NT
4964:Windows 9x
4908:Comparison
4893:Components
4571:August 10,
4281:January 2,
4240:January 2,
4218:August 18,
4027:January 1,
3248:August 16,
3109:January 2,
2519:January 4,
2498:References
2458:DreamSpark
2190:8 for x64
2154:7 for x64
2135:1 GHz
1952:Windows RT
1937:Windows XP
1885:, such as
1852:Windows RT
1743:Intel i860
1699:Windows 95
1695:Start menu
1664:Fall 2024
1635:Windows 11
1544:Windows 10
1459:7600 (RTM)
1435:6002 (SP2)
1433:6001 (RTM)
1415:6002 (SP2)
1413:6001 (SP1)
1411:6000 (RTM)
1378:Windows XP
1338:Windows XP
1308:Windows XP
1178:See also:
1128:the kernel
1016:scheduling
928:Intel i386
913:Intel i860
865:Windows XP
853:Windows 98
816:Windows 95
674:Bill Gates
670:Intel i860
624:Installing
614:Windows 9x
603:Windows 95
524:Windows 9x
509:Windows 11
505:Windows XP
467:Windows NT
394:(userland)
318:Intel i860
270:2024-08-30
247:2024-09-20
223:2024-09-20
199:2024-09-10
167:2024-09-10
141:1993-07-27
68:Written in
36:Windows NT
5574:Criticism
5550:10 Mobile
5429:Editions
5374:Nashville
5362:Cancelled
5353:10 Mobile
5348:Phone 8.1
5227:Embedded
4915:Criticism
4748:Vox Media
4743:The Verge
4150:April 18,
3874:Microsoft
3842:Microsoft
3614:Vox Media
3609:The Verge
3511:April 17,
3350:Microsoft
3329:August 7,
3323:Microsoft
3277:Microsoft
2791:Microsoft
2747:March 17,
2682:Microsoft
2658:Microsoft
2583:Microsoft
2543:Microsoft
2355:X86-64 v2
1918:DEC Alpha
1850:-derived
1848:Windows 8
1768:DEC Alpha
1739:Intel x86
1718:Windows 8
1681:from the
1483:Windows 8
1446:Windows 7
1345:Edition (
1109:Executive
1085:user mode
1024:threading
1012:processes
808:user-mode
706:DEC Alpha
531:in 1996.
511:in 2021.
501:consumers
481:Microsoft
474:graphical
425:Trialware
407:Graphical
322:DEC Alpha
298:Platforms
119:(through
56:Microsoft
51:Developer
5649:Category
5214:Windows
5167:releases
5112:EBS 2008
5085:Windows
5002:releases
4898:Versions
4824:Win 2000
4185:June 25,
4179:Archived
4144:Archived
4118:Archived
4116:. MSDN.
3802:"Why 7?"
3777:MSDN mag
3730:June 18,
3562:June 10,
3533:July 18,
3036:(eds.),
2949:Kuro5hin
2802:June 26,
2466:BizSpark
2403:See also
2345:AMD Zen+
1891:Xbox One
1887:Direct3D
1867:Xbox 360
1835:status.
1792:Motorola
1722:manifest
1318:Embedded
1199:Editions
1174:Releases
1136:winlogon
932:resource
826:design.
796:schedule
678:expanded
610:personal
593:through
522:and the
381:(kernel)
5403:Related
5389:Polaris
5384:Odyssey
5379:Neptune
5343:Phone 8
5338:Phone 7
5229:Compact
5039:Pro x64
5019:NT 3.51
4903:History
4809:Windows
4766:Winaero
4682:Support
4649:Support
4616:Support
4561:Support
4531:Support
3640:Informa
3587:July 8,
3467:June 6,
3461:Gizmodo
3387:May 18,
2895:Support
2490:system.
2419:ReactOS
2409:F6 disk
2394:ARMv8.0
2390:ARMv8.1
2343:CPU or
2113:128 MB
2102:1.5 GB
2088:128 MB
2080:650 MB
2072:Pentium
2055:124 MB
1986:NT 3.1
1914:Itanium
1780:PowerPC
1745:-based
1691:taskbar
1452:Thin PC
1193:Version
960:led by
822:to the
773:STREAMS
714:Itanium
710:PowerPC
708:, with
485:Windows
456:windows
439:-only,
419:License
400:Default
371:OpenVMS
334:PowerPC
326:Itanium
268: (
245: (
221: (
197: (
165: (
139: (
100:Current
58:, with
5237:CE 5.0
5165:Other
5087:Server
5024:NT 4.0
5014:NT 3.5
5009:NT 3.1
4927:-based
3193:
3158:
3104:IT Pro
3048:
3008:CMKrnl
2719:
2476:, and
2386:, SQ2.
2371:64 GB
2363:POPCNT
2359:SSE4.2
2319:NX bit
2309:32 GB
2294:NX bit
2284:20 GB
2268:NX bit
2258:16 GB
2243:NX bit
2233:20 GB
2217:NX bit
2207:16 GB
2196:20 GB
2185:16 GB
2170:NX bit
2160:20 GB
2149:16 GB
2141:40 GB
2127:20 GB
2124:512 MB
2063:16 MB
2038:16 MB
2030:12 MB
2022:16 MB
2014:12 MB
2006:16 MB
1998:90 MB
1923:While
1910:64-bit
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1667:26100
1629:20348
1616:17763
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203:)
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5256:Other
5051:Vista
5000:Base
3701:ZDNet
2440:Notes
2332:2 GB
2099:64 MB
2077:32 MB
2052:12 MB
1995:12 MB
1929:IA-32
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1764:PC-98
1540:10.0
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4220:2023
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4080:2020
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3904:2020
3882:2020
3850:2020
3818:2019
3789:2006
3758:2021
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3732:2021
3666:2018
3589:2012
3564:2012
3535:2012
3513:2012
3469:2009
3441:2009
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3389:2009
3359:2008
3331:2021
3284:2022
3250:2023
3222:2020
3191:ISBN
3169:2023
3156:ISBN
3133:2023
3111:2018
3080:2008
3046:ISBN
2990:2023
2962:2013
2929:2010
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2878:2010
2848:2010
2826:2011
2804:2005
2749:2017
2717:ISBN
2689:2014
2677:MSDN
2521:2010
2421:(an
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2361:and
2323:SSE2
2306:1 GB
2298:SSE2
2281:2 GB
2272:SSE2
2255:1 GB
2247:SSE2
2230:2 GB
2221:SSE2
2204:1 GB
2193:2 GB
2182:1 GB
2174:SSE2
2157:2 GB
2138:1 GB
2047:i486
1990:i386
1978:RAM
1975:CPU
1916:and
1908:The
1893:and
1879:APIs
1865:and
1863:Xbox
1784:PReP
1776:MIPS
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1762:and
1752:Jazz
1693:and
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1511:6.3
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1442:6.1
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1226:528
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330:MIPS
312:and
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4954:3.1
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2302:PAE
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1933:x64
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1231:3.5
1212:3.1
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722:ARM
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5555:11
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