498:
464:
517:
2135:
1843:
3217:
483:
3181:
3191:
2555:
106:
88:
31:
115:
97:
336:
352:
bridge. This is followed by the formation of xanthylium salt yellowish pigments and their ethylesters, resulting from the dehydration of the colorless dimers, followed by an oxidation process. The loss of a water molecule takes place between two A ring hydroxyl groups of the colorless dimers.
983:
Caillé, Soline; Samson, Alain; Wirth, Jérémie; Diéval, Jean-Baptiste; Vidal, Stéphane; Cheynier, Véronique (2010). "Sensory characteristics changes of red
Grenache wines submitted to different oxygen exposures pre and post bottling".
943:
Escribano-BailĂłn, Teresa; Alvarez-GarcĂa, Marta; Rivas-Gonzalo, Julian C.; Heredia, Francisco J.; Santos-Buelga, Celestino (2001). "Color and
Stability of Pigments Derived from the Acetaldehyde-Mediated Condensation between Malvidin
1054:
712:
Schwarz, Michael; Hofmann, Glenn; Winterhalter, Peter (2004). "Investigations on
Anthocyanins in Wines from Vitis vinifera cv. Pinotage: Factors Influencing the Formation of Pinotin A and Its Correlation with Wine Age".
347:
In model solutions, colorless compounds, such as catechin, can give rise to new types of pigments. The first step is the formation of colorless dimeric compounds consisting of two flavanol units linked by
827:
Mateus, Nuno; Silva, Artur M. S.; Rivas-Gonzalo, Julian C.; Santos-Buelga, Celestino; De
Freitas, Victor (2003). "A New Class of Blue Anthocyanin-Derived Pigments Isolated from Red Wines".
800:
Mateus, Nuno; Pascual-Teresa, Sonia de; Rivas-Gonzalo, Julián C; Santos-Buelga, Celestino; De
Freitas, Victor (2002). "Structural diversity of anthocyanin-derived pigments in port wines".
873:
Morata, A; González, C; Suárez-Lepe, JA (2007). "Formation of vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins by selected yeasts fermenting red grape musts supplemented with hydroxycinnamic acids".
1058:
228:(exposing wine to red grape skins for only a short period of time in order to give it a lighter feel closer to that of white wine) or by blending a white wine with a red wine.
587:
677:
Atanasova, Vessela; Fulcrand, Hélène; Cheynier, Véronique; Moutounet, Michel (2002). "Effect of oxygenation on polyphenol changes occurring in the course of wine making".
1027:
Es-Safi, Nour-Eddine; Guernevé, Christine; Fulcrand, Hélène; Cheynier, Véronique; Moutounet, Michel (2000). "Xanthylium salts formation involved in wine colour changes".
2807:
497:
168:
grape is an exception in that it also has a pigmented pulp. The blending of two or more varieties of grapes can explain the color of certain wines, like the addition of
908:
Asenstorfer, Robert E.; Lee, David F.; Jones, Graham P. (2006). "Influence of structure on the ionisation constants of anthocyanin and anthocyanin-like wine pigments".
300:. Acetaldehyde-induced reactions yield ethyl-linked species such as malvidin glucoside-ethyl-catechin. This compound has a better color stability at pH 5.5 than
296:. Flavanol-anthocyanin adducts are formed during wine ageing through reactions between anthocyanins and tannins present in grape, with yeast metabolites such as
463:
536:
715:
2958:
2069:
2812:
2948:
2177:
642:
Céline, Malien-Aubert; Olivier, Dangles; Josèphe, Amiot Marie (2002). "Influence of procyanidins on the color stability of oenin solutions".
1891:
3024:
1153:
618:
289:
152:. Since pigments are localized in the center of the grape drupe, not in the juice, the color of the wine depends on the method of
2969:
3194:
3148:
1442:
1128:
2964:
2953:
1609:
516:
3029:
2095:
482:
271:
267:
2100:
556:
2832:
2492:
2266:
293:
200:
3207:
3034:
2621:
2170:
2020:
1987:
1816:
180:
3257:
2799:
2692:
2350:
2110:
2000:
283:
199:
by reactions between different active molecules present in the wine, these reactions generally giving rise to a
3009:
2827:
2477:
2210:
2105:
1884:
1826:
1755:
1647:
1248:
1231:
3004:
2999:
2994:
179:
and the juice not allowed to be in contact with the skins. The color is mainly due to plant pigments, notably
3061:
3014:
1995:
1368:
1204:
308:. When the pH was increased from 2.2 to 5.5, the solution of the pigment became progressively more violet (
3237:
3019:
1858:
1781:
1226:
71:
2943:
2698:
2242:
2163:
1796:
1565:
1209:
315:= 560 nm at pH 5.5), whereas similar solutions of the anthocyanin were almost colorless at pH 4.0.
301:
2417:
392:(although this is a general term for dark wines, whose color can be as far from "red" as bluish-violet)
218:
of anthocyanidins with other non-pigmented flavonoids or natural phenols (cofactors or "copigments").
3252:
2916:
2599:
2587:
1447:
1199:
993:
917:
686:
450:
2631:
2563:
2025:
1977:
1877:
1427:
1121:
428:, a special and characteristic type of white wine made in the Jura wine region in eastern France,
386:, a white wine that has spent some time in contact with its skin, giving it a slightly darker hue.
3046:
2452:
2360:
2254:
2015:
1520:
610:
3242:
3156:
3109:
2706:
2521:
2460:
2412:
2345:
2340:
2318:
2247:
1969:
1916:
1500:
1437:
1009:
965:
890:
844:
782:
731:
659:
540:
470:
383:
263:
161:
588:"The Copigmentation of Anthocyanins and Its Role in the Color of Red Wine: A Critical Review"
3104:
3099:
3079:
3074:
2837:
2604:
2482:
2432:
2427:
2399:
2365:
2355:
2225:
2134:
1842:
1760:
1687:
1550:
1452:
1036:
1001:
957:
925:
882:
836:
809:
772:
762:
723:
694:
651:
602:
565:
456:
Ox blood, probably referring to ancient practice of fining red wines with dry powdered blood
444:
433:
319:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3084:
2986:
2822:
2769:
2659:
2592:
2407:
2323:
2301:
2115:
1936:
1853:
1639:
1467:
1402:
1345:
1308:
1188:
544:
523:
379:
215:
429:
997:
921:
690:
3184:
3129:
3114:
3094:
3089:
2872:
2686:
2681:
2509:
2487:
2422:
2294:
2259:
2232:
2010:
2005:
1954:
1908:
1765:
1737:
1712:
1633:
1622:
1617:
1515:
1482:
1298:
1276:
1243:
1219:
1114:
777:
750:
251:
of its pigments molecules. The newly formed molecules are more stable to the effect of
188:
176:
63:
59:
886:
813:
698:
3247:
3231:
3069:
2654:
2540:
2465:
2442:
2382:
2306:
2289:
2195:
2035:
1944:
1750:
1745:
1422:
1238:
1214:
1082:
1040:
405:
204:
196:
192:
184:
149:
614:
3221:
2904:
2867:
2860:
2666:
2649:
2641:
2582:
2574:
2437:
2281:
1821:
1412:
1350:
1340:
1293:
749:
Mateus, Nuno; Oliveira, Joana; Haettich-Motta, Mafalda; De
Freitas, Victor (2004).
561:
340:
297:
248:
153:
55:
35:
1570:
66:, a shallow cup allowing one to see the color of the liquid in the dim light of a
3041:
2899:
2676:
2671:
2535:
2504:
2470:
2375:
2271:
2237:
2139:
2090:
2053:
1847:
1702:
1692:
1590:
1472:
1355:
1286:
1145:
508:
329:
241:
237:
67:
3051:
2894:
2731:
2722:
2626:
2614:
2554:
2370:
2333:
2328:
2311:
2043:
1959:
1949:
1900:
1806:
1801:
1786:
1722:
1717:
1682:
1580:
1575:
1535:
1462:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1379:
1335:
1323:
1313:
1271:
1097:
1005:
929:
767:
606:
415:
409:
325:
208:
165:
124:
105:
87:
30:
2911:
2884:
2879:
2388:
1921:
1811:
1791:
1727:
1707:
1697:
1657:
1595:
1477:
1417:
1318:
504:
425:
259:
136:
96:
1013:
969:
894:
848:
786:
735:
663:
114:
17:
3166:
2889:
2497:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1545:
1525:
1492:
1457:
1387:
1303:
1266:
1178:
1173:
1158:
861:
389:
369:
279:
247:
As it ages, the wine undergoes chemical autoxidation reactions involving
128:
2938:
2220:
2120:
1926:
1677:
1530:
1505:
1432:
1281:
1168:
1087:
474:
399:
395:
349:
275:
256:
225:
221:
169:
132:
961:
840:
727:
655:
3161:
2764:
2754:
2085:
2048:
1672:
1560:
1555:
489:
421:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2744:
2215:
2186:
1585:
1540:
1510:
1163:
334:
145:
51:
29:
2779:
2759:
2739:
2609:
2526:
1137:
1093:
365:
157:
47:
2159:
2155:
1873:
1110:
1091:
335:
2855:
2749:
2514:
862:
Malvidin glucoside-ethyl-catechin on Yeast
Metabolome Database
328:
are another class of colorless molecules derived from colored
1869:
539:(OIV) provides methods to assess the color of a wine using a
175:
Red drupe grapes can produce white wine if they are quickly
252:
46:
is one of the most easily recognizable characteristics of
144:
The color of the wine mainly depends on the color of the
1106:
1029:
International
Journal of Food Science & Technology
211:
barrels) in aging also affects the color of the wine.
3205:
58:
since heavy wines generally have a deeper color. The
3147:
3060:
2985:
2978:
2929:
2848:
2798:
2730:
2721:
2640:
2573:
2562:
2451:
2398:
2280:
2203:
2194:
2078:
2062:
2034:
1986:
1968:
1935:
1907:
1774:
1736:
1631:
1608:
1491:
1378:
1366:
1259:
1187:
1144:
62:traditionally used to judge the wine color was the
2808:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
322:can be beneficial to the wine. It affects color.
160:is in contact with those skins, a process called
191:, etc.). The color depends on the presence of
2171:
1885:
1122:
244:can increase the stability of color in wine.
8:
537:International Organisation of Vine and Wine
123:Four glasses of wine (from left to right):
3190:
2982:
2727:
2570:
2200:
2178:
2164:
2156:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1375:
1129:
1115:
1107:
1088:
950:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
875:International Journal of Food Microbiology
829:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
644:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
776:
766:
751:"New Family of Bluish Pyranoanthocyanins"
224:wine is commonly made by the practice of
214:The color of a wine can be partly due to
2959:International Commission on Illumination
1083:Wine color on www.wine-tasting-guide.com
755:Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
207:. The use of a wooden barrel (generally
203:of the wine, leading from red to a more
3212:
2070:Clarification and stabilization of wine
578:
459:
2949:Color Association of the United States
543:and the calculation of indices in the
453:, a color that resembles SangrĂa wine
236:The presence of a complex mixture of
7:
343:, a xanthylium pigment found in wine
424:(or straw color), see for instance
34:Judging color is the first step in
2813:Blue–green distinction in language
25:
1154:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
887:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.032
290:Malvidin glucoside-ethyl-catechin
70:. The color is an element in the
3215:
3189:
3180:
3179:
2970:International Colour Association
2553:
2133:
1841:
1041:10.1046/j.1365-2621.2000.00339.x
515:
496:
481:
462:
113:
104:
95:
86:
2965:International Color Consortium
2954:International Colour Authority
948:-Glucoside and (+)-Catechin".
531:Scientific color determination
1:
3030:List of Crayola crayon colors
2096:Glossary of viticulture terms
814:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00281-3
699:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01617-8
361:The main colors of wine are:
2101:Glossary of winemaking terms
557:Glossary of winemaking terms
320:oxygen in limited quantities
262:. The new compounds include
2833:Traditional colors of Japan
2610:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2493:Multi-primary color display
2267:Spectral power distribution
294:flavanol-anthocyanin adduct
3274:
2021:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
284:polymeric derived pigments
3175:
2693:Color realism (art style)
2551:
2351:Evolution of color vision
2129:
2111:History of the wine press
2001:Sparkling wine production
1835:
1104:
1006:10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.049
930:10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.040
768:10.1155/S1110724304404033
607:10.5344/ajev.2001.52.2.67
447:, a shade of purplish red
3010:List of colors (compact)
2828:Color in Chinese culture
2478:Digital image processing
2211:Electromagnetic spectrum
2106:Wine tasting descriptors
1827:Wine tasting descriptors
1756:Phenolic content in wine
1648:Alternative wine closure
1232:Great French Wine Blight
507:with its characteristic
318:The exposure of wine to
3015:List of colors by shade
1996:Malolactic fermentation
586:Boulton, Roger (2001).
568:, the color of red wine
72:classification of wines
3020:List of color palettes
986:Analytica Chimica Acta
910:Analytica Chimica Acta
679:Analytica Chimica Acta
344:
172:to intensify redness.
54:is also an element in
39:
2944:Color Marketing Group
2699:On Vision and Colours
2632:Tinctures in heraldry
2243:Structural coloration
1797:Wine and food pairing
488:Glass of Amontillado
338:
195:. It is altered with
33:
3025:List of color spaces
2917:Tint, shade and tone
2800:Cultural differences
2615:Polychromatic colors
2600:Complementary colors
2588:Monochromatic colors
1448:Muscat of Alexandria
716:J. Agric. Food Chem.
418:(light colored wine)
3005:List of colors: N–Z
3000:List of colors: G–M
2995:List of colors: A–F
2026:Yeast in winemaking
1978:Carbonic maceration
998:2010AcAC..660...35C
922:2006AcAC..563...10A
691:2002AcAC..458...15A
27:Wine characteristic
3052:List of web colors
3047:List of RAL colors
2453:Color reproduction
2418:LĂĽscher color test
2255:Color of chemicals
2016:Traditional method
1817:Wine personalities
1521:Cabernet Sauvignon
595:Am. J. Enol. Vitic
345:
264:pyranoanthocyanins
181:phenolic compounds
40:
3203:
3202:
3143:
3142:
2925:
2924:
2717:
2716:
2707:Theory of Colours
2549:
2548:
2461:Color photography
2413:Color preferences
2356:Impossible colors
2346:Color vision test
2341:Color temperature
2319:Color calibration
2248:Animal coloration
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
1917:Late harvest wine
1867:
1866:
1604:
1603:
1501:Alicante Bouschet
1249:Judgment of Paris
962:10.1021/jf001081l
841:10.1021/jf020943a
728:10.1021/jf035034f
656:10.1021/jf011392b
650:(11): 3299–3305.
541:spectrophotometer
471:Beaumes de Venise
384:Skin-contact wine
193:acids in the wine
156:and the time the
16:(Redirected from
3265:
3258:Color in culture
3220:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
2983:
2849:Color dimensions
2838:Human skin color
2728:
2605:Analogous colors
2571:
2557:
2483:Color management
2400:Color psychology
2366:Opponent process
2282:Color perception
2201:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2138:
2137:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1846:
1845:
1761:Proteins in wine
1428:GrĂĽner Veltliner
1376:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1024:
1018:
1017:
980:
974:
973:
940:
934:
933:
905:
899:
898:
870:
864:
859:
853:
852:
824:
818:
817:
797:
791:
790:
780:
770:
746:
740:
739:
709:
703:
702:
674:
668:
667:
639:
633:
632:
630:
629:
623:
617:. Archived from
592:
583:
566:burgundy (color)
519:
500:
485:
466:
445:Burgundy (color)
226:short maceration
117:
108:
99:
90:
21:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3171:
3139:
3056:
2974:
2931:
2921:
2844:
2823:Blue in culture
2794:
2713:
2660:Secondary color
2636:
2593:black-and-white
2565:
2558:
2545:
2447:
2433:National colors
2428:Political color
2408:Color symbolism
2394:
2324:Color constancy
2302:Color blindness
2276:
2233:Spectral colors
2190:
2184:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:Wine portal
2132:
2125:
2116:History of wine
2074:
2058:
2030:
1982:
1964:
1945:Deacidification
1931:
1903:
1898:
1868:
1863:
1848:Wine portal
1840:
1831:
1770:
1732:
1637:
1627:
1600:
1487:
1468:Sauvignon blanc
1403:Cayetana blanca
1371:
1369:grape varieties
1362:
1255:
1183:
1140:
1135:
1100:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1026:
1025:
1021:
982:
981:
977:
942:
941:
937:
907:
906:
902:
872:
871:
867:
860:
856:
826:
825:
821:
799:
798:
794:
748:
747:
743:
711:
710:
706:
676:
675:
671:
641:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
590:
585:
584:
580:
575:
553:
545:Lab color space
533:
526:
524:White Zinfandel
520:
511:
501:
492:
486:
477:
467:
451:Sangria (color)
359:
314:
266:like vitisins (
234:
232:Color evolution
216:co-pigmentation
142:
141:
140:
139:
120:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
100:
92:
91:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:Color history
2817:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:(Schopenhauer)
2695:
2690:
2687:Color analysis
2684:
2682:Color triangle
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2488:Color printing
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Kruithof curve
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:Sonochromatism
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Sugars in wine
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:Chaptalization
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Classification
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1766:Sugars in wine
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:Wine chemistry
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Wine dispenser
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Cabernet Franc
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1483:Welschriesling
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:MĂĽller-Thurgau
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Ancient Greece
1202:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:External links
1075:
1072:
1071:
1055:"OIV web site"
1046:
1019:
992:(1–2): 35–42.
975:
935:
916:(1–2): 10–14.
900:
865:
854:
835:(7): 1919–23.
819:
808:(3): 335–342.
802:Food Chemistry
792:
761:(5): 299–305.
741:
722:(3): 498–504.
704:
669:
634:
577:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
559:
552:
549:
532:
529:
528:
527:
521:
514:
512:
502:
495:
493:
487:
480:
478:
468:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
438:
437:
419:
413:
403:
393:
387:
377:
358:
355:
312:
233:
230:
185:anthocyanidins
122:
121:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
93:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
79:
76:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Shades of red
3236:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:organizations
2928:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:Pastel colors
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Primary color
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Light-on-dark
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2542:
2541:Color mapping
2539:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Color balance
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2443:Chromotherapy
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:Tetrachromacy
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Achromatopsia
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:Chromesthesia
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:Color physics
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Color science
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Acids in wine
1749:
1747:
1746:Aroma of wine
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1610:Major regions
1607:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Montepulciano
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1061:on 2016-03-03
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(3): 1213–7.
955:
951:
947:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:(1): 144–52.
880:
876:
869:
866:
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
717:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
635:
624:on 2011-07-20
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
582:
579:
572:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
530:
525:
518:
513:
510:
506:
499:
494:
491:
484:
479:
476:
472:
465:
460:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
364:
363:
362:
356:
354:
351:
342:
339:Structure of
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
316:
311:
307:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:grape variety
147:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
107:
98:
89:
78:Color origins
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:color of wine
37:
32:
19:
2905:Fluorescence
2868:Colorfulness
2861:Dichromatism
2705:
2697:
2667:Chromaticity
2650:Color mixing
2642:Color theory
2575:Color scheme
2438:Chromophobia
2387:
2131:
1988:Fermentation
1839:
1822:Wine tasting
1443:Muscat blanc
1413:Chenin blanc
1210:Ancient Rome
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1049:
1032:
1028:
1022:
989:
985:
978:
953:
949:
945:
938:
913:
909:
903:
878:
874:
868:
857:
832:
828:
822:
805:
801:
795:
758:
754:
744:
719:
714:
707:
685:(1): 15–27.
682:
678:
672:
647:
643:
637:
626:. Retrieved
619:the original
601:(2): 67–87.
598:
594:
581:
562:Wine (color)
534:
439:
373:
360:
346:
341:compound NJ2
324:
317:
309:
303:
298:acetaldehyde
288:
249:acetaldehyde
246:
242:procyanidins
238:anthocyanins
235:
220:
213:
174:
154:vinification
143:
56:wine tasting
43:
41:
3253:Wine styles
3042:Color chart
2900:Iridescence
2732:Basic terms
2723:Color terms
2677:Color wheel
2672:Color solid
2536:Color space
2522:subtractive
2505:Color model
2376:Unique hues
2272:Colorimetry
2238:Chromophore
2091:Wine bottle
2063:Other steps
2054:Wine cellar
2011:SĂĽssreserve
1703:Wine cellar
1693:Wine bottle
1634:accessories
1632:Packaging,
1591:Tempranillo
1220:Noah's wine
1200:Phoenicians
1146:Viticulture
509:amber color
503:A glass of
469:Glasses of
330:anthocyanin
326:Castavinols
205:tawny color
18:Wine colour
3232:Categories
3062:Shades of:
2895:Brightness
2627:Web colors
2583:Color tool
2566:philosophy
2471:Color cast
2371:Afterimage
2361:Metamerism
2334:Color code
2329:Color task
2312:Dichromacy
1970:Maceration
1960:Wine press
1950:Destemming
1901:Winemaking
1807:Wine fraud
1802:Wine fault
1787:Oenophilia
1723:Wine label
1718:Wine glass
1683:Port tongs
1581:Sangiovese
1576:Pinot noir
1536:Douce noir
1463:Rkatsiteli
1408:Chardonnay
1398:Catarratto
1372:by acreage
1346:Biodynamic
1309:Aromatized
1098:winemaking
1065:2011-03-02
628:2011-03-01
573:References
473:white and
416:White wine
410:tawny port
402:in French)
332:pigments.
306:-glucoside
302:malvidin-3
282:and other
197:wine aging
166:Teinturier
162:maceration
2912:Grayscale
2885:Lightness
2880:Luminance
2689:(fashion)
2389:The dress
1922:Noble rot
1812:Winemaker
1792:Sommelier
1728:Wine rack
1708:Wine cork
1698:Wine cave
1688:Screw cap
1658:Corkscrew
1623:New World
1618:Old World
1596:Zinfandel
1571:Mourvèdre
1478:Trebbiano
1418:Colombard
1319:Noble rot
1299:Fortified
1277:Sparkling
1244:New World
1035:: 63–74.
522:Beringer
505:Vin Santo
434:Sauternes
426:vin jaune
398:(meaning
374:gray wine
280:portosins
260:bleaching
137:port wine
135:and aged
60:accessory
3243:Oenology
3185:Category
3167:Lighting
2890:Darkness
2710:(Goethe)
2510:additive
2498:Quattron
1937:Pressing
1859:Glossary
1775:Industry
1668:Jug wine
1663:Decanter
1653:Box wine
1551:Isabella
1546:Grenache
1526:Carignan
1473:SĂ©millon
1458:Riesling
1453:Palomino
1196:Ancient
1179:Vineyard
1174:Veraison
1159:Oenology
1014:20103141
970:11312838
895:17303275
849:12643652
787:15577193
736:14759139
664:12010001
615:45892759
551:See also
430:Jurançon
408:, as in
390:Red wine
382:, as in
370:vin gris
368:, as in
348:carboxy-
276:pinotins
201:browning
64:tastevin
3149:Related
3110:Magenta
3035:history
2939:Pantone
2226:Visible
2221:Rainbow
2121:Terroir
2079:Related
1927:Vintage
1909:Harvest
1854:Outline
1678:Muselet
1640:storage
1531:Cinsaut
1506:Barbera
1433:Macabeo
1393:Aligoté
1351:Organic
1341:Natural
1294:Dessert
1239:Georgia
1189:History
1169:Terroir
1164:Species
994:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
778:1082895
687:Bibcode
440:Other:
400:pinkish
350:methine
257:sulfite
189:tannins
177:pressed
170:Rubired
148:of the
38:a wine.
36:tasting
3208:Portal
3162:Qualia
3157:Vision
3105:Purple
3100:Violet
3080:Yellow
3075:Orange
2770:Orange
2765:Purple
2755:Yellow
2189:topics
2086:Winery
2049:Solera
1673:Kvevri
1561:Merlot
1556:Malbec
1356:Kosher
1332:Other
1287:Orange
1260:Styles
1227:France
1012:
968:
893:
847:
785:
775:
734:
662:
613:
490:sherry
422:Yellow
380:Orange
357:Colors
164:. The
68:cellar
3222:Drink
3195:Index
3135:Black
3125:White
3120:Brown
3085:Green
2987:Lists
2979:Names
2961:(CIE)
2930:Color
2790:Brown
2785:White
2775:Black
2745:Green
2564:Color
2260:Water
2216:Light
2187:Color
2036:Aging
1586:Syrah
1541:Gamay
1511:Bobal
1423:Glera
1388:Airén
1380:White
1336:Table
1324:Straw
1314:Fruit
1272:White
1215:China
1094:Wines
622:(PDF)
611:S2CID
591:(PDF)
406:Tawny
292:is a
146:drupe
125:white
52:Color
48:wines
3248:Wine
3130:Gray
3115:Pink
3095:Blue
3090:Cyan
2780:Gray
2760:Pink
2740:Blue
2527:CMYK
1638:and
1367:Top
1282:Rosé
1138:Wine
1096:and
1010:PMID
966:PMID
891:PMID
845:PMID
783:PMID
759:2004
732:PMID
660:PMID
535:The
475:rosé
396:Rosé
366:Gray
278:and
270:and
240:and
222:Rosé
158:must
133:rosé
42:The
3070:Red
2856:Hue
2750:Red
2515:RGB
2044:Oak
1493:Red
1304:Ice
1267:Red
1037:doi
1002:doi
990:660
958:doi
926:doi
914:563
883:doi
879:116
837:doi
810:doi
773:PMC
763:doi
724:doi
695:doi
683:458
652:doi
603:doi
564:or
432:or
313:max
274:),
255:or
209:oak
129:red
3234::
1033:35
1031:.
1008:.
1000:.
988:.
964:.
954:49
952:.
944:3-
924:.
912:.
889:.
877:.
843:.
833:51
831:.
806:76
804:.
781:.
771:.
757:.
753:.
730:.
720:52
693:.
681:.
658:.
648:50
646:.
609:.
599:52
597:.
593:.
547:.
376:).
286:.
253:pH
187:,
131:,
127:,
74:.
50:.
3210::
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1893:e
1886:t
1879:v
1636:,
1130:e
1123:t
1116:v
1068:.
1043:.
1039::
1016:.
1004::
996::
972:.
960::
946:O
932:.
928::
920::
897:.
885::
851:.
839::
816:.
812::
789:.
765::
738:.
726::
701:.
697::
689::
666:.
654::
631:.
605::
436:.
412:.
372:(
310:λ
304:O
272:B
268:A
183:(
20:)
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