236:
33:
212:
698:, then boiled with amount of water equal to the juice and desired portion of sugar, until the volume of the mixture is down to the original volume of the juice, then stored in clay urns together with folk recipes varying by localities---in some counties, traditional Uighur herbal medicines, and goji, mulberries, sea-buckthorn, cloves, etc. in others, and even raw and unfeathered pheasants or poussin in others. The brew usually takes more than a month to accomplish. It is then un-urned, filtered and bottled to be stored for long periods. In some villages, the ritual of communally gathering a mixture of folk
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vinifera cultivation in China.(...) By the studying of the ancient grapevine, we have gained new insight into the viticulture in China. Based on the physical evidence, we have been able to confirm one of the conclusions drawn by Yang (2003), namely that the cultivated grape (V. vinifera) was introduced into
Xinjiang around 300 BC. On the other hand, we would also argue that the earliest grape cultivation in China was not in the western and southern part of the Tarim Basin, but in the Turpan Basin, based on the evidence to date.
884:
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1046:. Prehistoric China - The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World’s Earliest Fermented Beverage. Professor Patrick McGovern the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine, Fermented Beverages, and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia. Retrieved on 3 January 2017.
1013:
Tombs, Turpan
District in Xinjiang, China. Anatomical features showed it to be of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiocarbon dating indicates it to be nearly 2300 years old, which would suggest that there was grape cultivation at least from that time. To date, this is the earliest physical evidence of V.
777:
is among the top ten wine markets in the world. According to a study by
Vinexpo and International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR), China was the world's fifth-largest consumer of wine (both domestic and imported) in 2011. A study by the same organizations revealed in 2014 estimates that 2.17 billion
559:
Also, as globalization has brought China onto the international economic scene, so too has its winemaking industry come onto the international wine scene. China has a long tradition of the fermentation and distillation of
Chinese wine, including all alcoholic beverages and not necessarily grape wine,
830:
A survey conducted with 1,440 respondents reveals that
Chinese prefer red wine to white wine. 94% of the respondents consumed red wine, while only 35% of them drank white wine. This trend is, however, contrasting when measured among younger generations. Chinese young people prefer white to red wine
814:
several domestic brands, to a wide variety of wines from around the world. In addition, plenty varieties of wines are also available through online shops and platforms. Among these are sweetened, flavoured wines. These are made of a mixture of grape wine and a sweetened, flavoured drink similar to
782:
were consumed in China in 2013, keeping China in fifth place. Because
Chinese mostly drink red wine, China is now the world's largest market for red wine. China's consumption of red wine has grown by 136% since 2008, whereas it has declined by 18% in France, the second-largest consumer. The United
579:
As of 2012, a small number of large companies, such as
Changyu Pioneer Wine, China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd. and the Dynasty Wine Ltd., dominate domestic production. The total production of wine in 2004 was 370 thousand tons, a 15% increase from the previous year. The total market grew 58% between
571:
Quite recently, Chinese grape wine has begun appearing on shelves in
California and in Western Canada. While some critics have treated these wines with the same type of disregard with which Chilean and Australian wines were once treated, others have recognized a new frontier with the potential to
813:
Since around 2008, many small convenience stores have begun to carry a small selection of wines, with specialty wine shops emerging in cities throughout the country. These specialize in both foreign and domestic brands. Meanwhile, major supermarkets have steadily increased their selection, from
809:
Most medium to large restaurants, regardless of the fare, sell wine by the bottle, usually only red. Generally, only high-end restaurants serve wine by the glass. Wine sold by the bottle is also available at large KTV establishments, and major hotels.
307:, and several mixed beverages of these wines. Out of more than two hundred ceramic pots discovered at the sites, seven were specifically used for grape wine. Remnants of grape seeds were also discovered. If grape wine consumption was once present in
387:
noted that grape wine "is sweeter than the wine made using ferments and sprouted grain. One recovers from it more easily when one has taken too much." Grapes continued to be grown in the following centuries, notably in the northwestern region of
547:
However, most of its products were exported abroad in the first two decades due to the low income of the local population, and it was not until after the year 2000 when the economic boom finally provided the domestic population with sufficient
659:
settlers brought the vine and more advanced irrigation techniques. However new archeological evidence has shown this to be untrue, because China produced grape wine, rice wine, mead (honey wine) 9000 years ago (7000 BC). The area around
1199:' and the envoys from foreign states began to arrive with their retinues, the lands on all sides of the emperor's summer palace and pleasure towers were planted with grapes and alfalfa as far as the eye could see." );
1195:, pp. 244–45 ("The Han envoys brought back grape and alfalfa seeds to China and the emperor for the first time tried growing these plants in areas of rich soil. Later, when the Han acquired large numbers of the '
783:
States remains the largest market for all types of wine (red, white, rosé, and sparkling), with total sales of approximately 4 billion bottles, slightly ahead of France and followed by Italy and the United
Kingdom.
748:
of Silver
Heights Vineyard is one of the top winemakers in the region, her first vintage was praised by Chinese and international winemakers, and two of her red wines are among the best known produced in China.
1203:, p. 167 ("it seems that grape seeds were brought back from Ferghana in modern Uzbekistan by General Chang Chien during the Han dynasty between 136 and 121 BC and planted in Xinjiang and Shaanxi (Xian)").
572:
yield some interesting finds. Others have simply taken notice that China is producing drinkable table wines comparable to wines from other countries. Among the latest developments is the production of
978:
2200:
872:, it is typically consumed during a group toast, and often with the entire glass being finished at once. This is particularly true when served during restaurant meals.
674:(the name he used for Turfan) produced fine grape wines. The modern wine industry is largely patterned after French methods with a concentration on varieties like
552:
to support the domestic market; this relatively recent occurrence coincided with the increased popularity of French wine in China. Other companies, including
32:
235:
3813:
2193:
690:" (from Arabic "المثلث ", meaning "the triangle") is still being brewed by households in many villages. Unlike wines west of Xinjiang, the brewing of
343:
kingdoms, some of which produced grape wine. By the end of the second century BC, Han envoys had brought grape seeds from the wine-loving kingdom of
736:
blend. This win was widely considered an upset, with some wine experts even questioning the veracity of origin of the wine. On 14 December 2011 in
3705:
859:
255:
Use of wild grapes in production of alcoholic beverages has been attested at the Jiahu archaeological site (c. 7000 BC). High quality wine called
291:
and American archaeologists under the leadership of Professor Fang Hui investigated the two archaeological sites 20 km to the northeast of
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1382:
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Both red and white wines are commonly served chilled. The wine may be poured into ordinary wine glasses in tiny amounts, or very small, glass
2160:
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1946:
1908:
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was, and still is, particularly noted for its grape production, and production of grape wines is mentioned in the historical record as well;
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The Chinese wine market has experienced a 20% annualized growth rate between 2006 and 2011, and is forecast to grow by another 54% by 2015.
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that started years ago in Paris, when several countries such as Canada realized that they may be able to produce wines as good as most
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In the "Bordeaux against Ningxia" wine challenge held in Beijing in October 2011, Grace Vineyard's 2009 Chairman's Reserve, a 100%
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1060:
1733:
838:, still the main alcoholic beverage for most males; red wine has become a symbol of the elite and rich and is usually used as a
3078:
2764:
1553:
400:
3245:
1177:
979:"Evidence for early viticulture in China: Proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang"
2141:
A toast to bargain wines: How innovators, iconoclasts, and winemaking revolutionaries are changing the way the world drinks
1813:
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3806:
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2002:
Science & Civilisation in China, Volume VI: Biology and Biological Technology, Part 5: Fermentations and Food Science
1090:
280:. The phrase translates literally to "jade-like wine", but has an idiomatic meaning along the lines of "wonderful wine".
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3736:
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The Booklovers' Guide To Wine: A Celebration of the History, the Mysteries and the Literary Pleasures of Drinking Wine
1399:
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25:
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reported that Hong Kong had become the world's largest market for fine wines at auction, surpassing previous leaders
556:, Suntime and Changyu, have also risen in prominence, and by 2005, 90% of grape wine produced was consumed locally.
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have similar labels to genuine wines, have an alcohol content of approximately 6%, and are much lower in price.
392:, but were not used to produce wine on a large scale. Wine thus remained an exotic product known by few people.
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643:. The largest producing region is Yantai-Penglai; with over 140 wineries, it produces 40% of China's wine.
561:
3494:
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1380:
Chinese Wine Marketing Conference Highlights Advantages & Issues in China's Wine Industry - wines-info
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is now being standardized by the wine producing industry in China and marketed under the brand-name of
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355:) back to China and had them planted on imperial lands near the capital Chang'an (near modern-day
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1981:
1973:
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541:
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296:
1838:
Gabriel Savage (28 January 2014). "China Leaps Into Top Spot for Red Wine". the drinks business.
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536:: the Dynasty (Wang Chao, 王朝) Wine Ltd., which was also the second joint-venture enterprise in
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2503:
2156:
2145:
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2061:
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2005:
1956:
Godley, Michael R. (1986), "Bacchus in the East: The Chinese Grape Wine Industry, 1892–1938",
1942:
1938:
1929:
1904:
1710:"Q&A: Emma Gao, winemaker-director, Silver Heights - Harpers Wine & Spirit Trade News"
1689:
1483:
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brews in a large village urn marks the occasion following the harvest and process of grapes.
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3952:
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1965:
1238:名醫別錄 for the claim that vines were successfully grown in several parts of Gansu, notably in
1000:
883:
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glasses. When served at a table with more than two people, similar to the style of drinking
260:
57:
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China, however, it was replaced by consumption of a range of alcoholic beverages made from
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French wine was the first foreign wine imported into China. In 1980, at the beginning of
493:
438:
63:
19:
For Chinese drinks sometimes translated as "wine" but not made from fermented grapes, see
834:
Statistics show that the main market for white wine is among females, who prefer it over
90:
of the 1980s. China is now numbered among the top ten global markets for wine. Ties with
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996:
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2060:, Translated by Burton Watson (revised ed.), New York: Columbia University Press,
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requires crushing of local varieties of grapes by hand, then strained using the Uighur
656:
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376:
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1985:
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1897:
Capitello, Roberta; Charters, Steve; Menival, David; Yuan, Jingxue (Jessica) (2017).
1879:
947:
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794:
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655:
have an ancient history of viticulture going back to around the 4th Century BC, when
276:, an 18th-century collection of around 50,000 poems compiled during the reign of the
44:
740:, in a competition tagged "Bordeaux against Ningxia", experts from China and France
453:, the latter of which produced wine made from the "mare teat" grape. Meng Shen's 孟詵
4251:
4194:
4158:
4153:
4138:
4128:
4088:
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2174:
http://www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/cina/upload/174/Chinese%20wine%20report%202010.pdf
1427:
1231:
903:
719:
573:
415:– in 641, the Chinese obtained the seeds of an elongated grape called "mare teat" (
396:
375:
compiled in the late Han, states that grapes could be used to produce wine. In the
340:
248:
216:
95:
74: "grape alcohol") has a long history in China. Although long overshadowed by
3206:
790:
744:
five wines from each region. Four out of five of the top wines were from Ningxia.
2139:
1174:
732:'s Red Bordeaux Varietal Over £10 International Trophy for its 2009 Jiabeilan, a
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91:
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80:(sometimes translated as "yellow wine") and the much stronger distilled spirit
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predicted that within 50 years the quality of Chinese wine will rival that of
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336:
308:
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2387:
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3557:
3447:
3427:
3363:
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3333:
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3053:
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2498:
2493:
2224:
2051:
404:
36:
1451:"The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008:wines-info"
399:(618–907) did the consumption of grape wines become more common. After the
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3298:
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3093:
3023:
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2330:
1880:"China's Wine and Spirits Market (1): Wine Consumption Trends and Habits"
1239:
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815:
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652:
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228:
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76:
20:
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team including archaeologists from the Archeology Research Institute of
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3068:
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2804:
2723:
2647:
2642:
2625:
2614:
2608:
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2354:
1977:
1504:"Chinese wine wins top honour at Decanter World Wine Awards - Decanter"
1010:
737:
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632:
624:
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600:
533:
477:
446:
380:
360:
312:
40:
2122:
682:
traditional technique has survived especially in counties surrounding
469:新修本草; 652) record that Tang people produced naturally fermented wine.
219:(618–907), China started to import grape wine from Central Asia. Tang
3721:
3684:
3308:
3196:
3191:
2629:
2342:
2326:
2318:
1529:"Decanter magazine and Jia Bei Lan 2009: Was it really Chinese wine?"
937:
912:
798:
661:
636:
604:
544:, and its products won numerous awards both domestically and abroad.
489:
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450:
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384:
344:
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224:
220:
82:
1969:
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ventured into China to set up the first joint-venture enterprise in
2301:
2264:
3791:
3221:
3176:
3146:
2799:
2589:
2211:
2109:
Insel, Barbara (January 2014). "The Evolving Global Wine Market".
2055:
1991:
774:
628:
616:
612:
537:
508:
389:
234:
210:
31:
1144:
Chinese Lexical Semantics: 15th Workshop, CLSW 2014, Macao, China
1062:
Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability
2773:
2729:
835:
320:
304:
300:
52:
3795:
3509:
2746:
2727:
2182:
2276:
3505:
1479:
Northern Lore: A Field Guide to the Northern Mind-Body-Spirit
1423:"Chateau China, a taste of wines to come with climate change"
2036:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1937:(Third ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.
239:
Illustration of the cultivation of grapes and winemaking in
540:. Over the years, the company developed over 90 brands of
331:. In the 130s and 120s BC, a Chinese imperial envoy of the
2034:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics
1603:"Wine advances on China | Articles | JancisRobinson.com"
2742:
1335:"Who Can Change Chinese People's Consumption Patterns?"
1211:
1209:
860:
Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining § Drinking
831:
and they consider the latter traditional and outdated.
424:) and learned from Gaochang a "method of wine making" (
1312:
1734:"Top 10 most influential women in China's wine trade"
850:, while 90% of wine consumed as of 2007 is red wine.
437:
versified on grape wine, celebrating wine from the "
86:, wine consumption has grown dramatically since the
4229:
4208:
4182:
3991:
3880:
3829:
3714:
3698:
3670:
3622:
3604:
3571:
3543:
3410:
3372:
3267:
3244:
3127:
3014:
3002:
2895:
2823:
2780:
2624:
2529:
2368:
2317:
2223:
1814:"China is now World's Biggest Consumer of Red Wine"
1928:
1631:On The Gas | The Art Science & Culture of Food
560:but is one of the most recent participants in the
2019:Sampson, Theos. (1869), "The Song of the Grape",
1627:"Silver Heights Wine - The Rise Of Chinese Wines"
1288:
1286:
1284:
1054:
1052:
1851:"Hong Kong becomes world's largest wine market"
106:
2057:Records of the Grand Historian, Han Dynasty II
686:. The Uighur home-made wine generally called "
580:1996 and 2001, and 68% between 2001 and 2006.
295:, and discovered the remnants of a variety of
3807:
3521:
2758:
2194:
1375:
1373:
428:
419:
194:
180:
166:
152:
138:
124:
110:
61:
8:
1807:
1805:
1677:
1675:
1059:Castro-Sowinski, Susana (17 November 2016).
43:, said to be the ancester of wine in China.
177:For which men ne'er their thirst can slake.
3814:
3800:
3792:
3528:
3514:
3506:
3011:
2765:
2751:
2743:
2724:
2201:
2187:
2179:
1579:"Chinese Wines Triumph in Decanter Awards"
1040:
1038:
2087:(First ed.). Ebury. pp. 5–249.
2004:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
339:opened diplomatic relations with several
98:have received international recognition.
1400:"China to become leading wine producer?"
3706:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1788:"US Tops Global Wine Consumption Chart"
1084:
1082:
1025:
969:
599:Notable wine-producing regions include
492:) by the overseas Chinese entrepreneur
205:And Liang-chow's rule is surely thine.
1359:Chinese Markets for Wines - wines-info
1275:
1029:
1781:
1779:
1653:"Ningxia Beats Bordeaux. Or Does It?"
1554:"Let's raise a glass to China's wine"
1293:Wine production in China - wines-info
1263:
1251:
1227:
1215:
1200:
135:We men of Tsin , such grapes so fair,
94:producers are especially strong, and
7:
2021:Notes and Queries on China and Japan
1313:"Hansen BioWine from Inner Mongolia"
1192:
1175:History of Chinese wine (in Chinese)
842:. In 2005, 80% of vineyards produce
1651:Laurie Burkitt (15 December 2011).
461:食療本草) and the government-sponsored
14:
2790:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1682:Alexander, Patrick (2017-09-19).
984:Journal of Archaeological Science
445:was particularly noted – or from
3769:
3477:
2210:
1903:. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 63–79.
1849:Malcolm Moore (6 October 2009).
1482:. Eoghan Odinsson. p. 159.
896:
882:
191:Take but a measure of this wine,
163:Of these delicious wine we make,
149:Do cultivate as gems most rare;
1878:Poon, C H (26 November 2020).
1812:Jason Chow (29 January 2014).
1786:Alan Lodge (11 January 2012).
554:China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd
429:
420:
195:
181:
167:
153:
139:
125:
111:
1:
3732:Glossary of viticulture terms
1933:, in Robinson, Jancis (ed.),
1900:The Wine Value Chain in China
1009:A stem was discovered in the
846:and 20% of vineyards produce
728:winery Helan Qingxue won the
463:Newly Compiled Materia Medica
335:(206 BC – 220 AD) named
3737:Glossary of winemaking terms
2085:The Chinese Wine Renaissance
1935:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1398:Oliver Styles (9 May 2008).
826:Demographics and preferences
1421:James Meikle (9 May 2008).
1333:Chen Jun (September 2003).
918:Chinese alcoholic beverages
26:Chinese alcoholic beverages
4324:
3657:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2083:Wang, Janet (2019-01-24).
2032:Shafer, Edward H. (1963),
1385:November 27, 2007, at the
1364:November 27, 2007, at the
1298:November 27, 2007, at the
857:
717:
653:Xinjiang Autonomous Region
283:In 1995, a joint Sino-USA
18:
3765:
3747:History of the wine press
3637:Sparkling wine production
3471:
2740:
2217:Alcoholic drinks in China
2138:Taber, George M. (2011).
1476:Odinsson, Eoghan (2010).
1230:, pp. 240–1, citing
1147:. Springer. p. 435.
1095:. Routledge. p. 17.
1005:10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010
805:Products and availability
730:Decanter World Wine Award
401:Tang conquest of Gaochang
264:
109:"The Song of the Grape" (
62:
3742:Wine tasting descriptors
3463:Wine tasting descriptors
3392:Phenolic content in wine
3284:Alternative wine closure
2868:Great French Wine Blight
1577:esperegus (2011-05-23).
1092:Alcohol in World History
1065:. Springer. p. 42.
403:– an oasis state on the
227:wine merchant holding a
3632:Malolactic fermentation
1995:(subscription required)
1958:Business History Review
1930:"China – Ancient China"
1818:The Wall Street Journal
1658:The Wall Street Journal
1348:(subscription required)
1337:. Wine Business Monthly
1028:, p. 52, cited in
585:Berry Brothers and Rudd
583:In 2008, wine merchant
526:Chinese economic reform
480:was founded in 1892 in
4014:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2144:. New York: Scribner.
1990: – via
1927:Black, Jeremy (2006),
1759:"About Grace Vineyard"
1607:www.jancisrobinson.com
1311:Hansen bioWine Group.
1180:July 11, 2011, at the
595:Wine-producing regions
521:
516:, Beiyujia Vineyards,
488:of Chefoo (now called
472:China's "first modern
267:) is mentioned in the
252:
232:
208:
48:
3433:Wine and food pairing
2477:Niulanshan Distillery
2000:Huang, H. T. (2000),
1790:. the drinks business
1141:Su, Xinchuan (2014).
923:Globalization of wine
858:Further information:
854:Method of consumption
562:globalization of wine
512:
323:, and fruits such as
238:
214:
35:
4308:Agriculture in China
3084:Muscat of Alexandria
2643:Changyu Pioneer Wine
1583:www.thebeijinger.com
1457:on February 15, 2009
1121:Chinese Text Project
1089:Hames, Gina (2010).
366:Shennong Bencao Jing
16:Wine making in China
3662:Yeast in winemaking
3614:Carbonic maceration
2531:Fermented beverages
1856:The Daily Telegraph
1738:The Drinks Business
1688:. Mango Media Inc.
1533:Grape Wall of China
997:2009JArSc..36.1458J
724:In September 2011,
576:in Inner Mongolia.
542:alcoholic beverages
297:alcoholic beverages
289:Shandong University
270:Complete Tang Poems
3652:Traditional method
3453:Wine personalities
3157:Cabernet Sauvignon
2698:Shangri-La Brewery
2693:San Miguel Brewery
2653:Great Leap Brewing
2407:Hengshui Laobaigan
2111:Business Economics
977:Jiang, H. (2009).
943:Tonghua Grape Wine
761:, was voted best.
759:Cabernet Sauvignon
734:Cabernet sauvignon
522:
484:province near the
379:era (220–280 AD),
253:
233:
49:
4275:
4274:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3553:Late harvest wine
3503:
3502:
3240:
3239:
3137:Alicante Bouschet
2885:Judgment of Paris
2721:
2720:
2683:Lucky Buddha Beer
2613:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2504:Xinghuacun Fenjiu
2419:Jiangsu Shuanggou
2347:
2341:
2335:
2319:Distilled spirits
2161:978-1-4391-9518-5
2151:978-1-4516-4436-4
2123:10.1057/be.2014.3
2077:978-0-231-08167-2
1948:978-0-19-860990-2
1910:978-0-08-100754-9
1266:, pp. 241–2.
550:disposable income
455:Materia Dietetica
257:qióng jiāng yù yè
241:Materia Dietetica
73:
4315:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3774:
3773:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3482:
3481:
3397:Proteins in wine
3064:Grüner Veltliner
3012:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2725:
2713:Zhujiang Brewery
2703:Tsingtao Brewery
2611:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2522:
2490:
2468:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2378:Beijing Hongxing
2345:
2339:
2333:
2305:
2268:
2246:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2155:
2134:
2098:
2071:
2047:
2028:
2015:
1996:
1989:
1952:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1453:. Archived from
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1395:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1016:
991:(7): 1458–1465.
974:
906:
901:
900:
899:
892:
887:
886:
432:
431:
423:
422:
266:
204:
201:
198:
197:
190:
187:
184:
183:
176:
173:
170:
169:
162:
159:
156:
155:
148:
145:
142:
141:
134:
131:
128:
127:
114:
113:
88:economic reforms
71:
67:
66:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4303:Wine by country
4298:Chinese cuisine
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4225:
4204:
4178:
4104:North Macedonia
3987:
3876:
3825:
3823:Wine by country
3820:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:Wine portal
3768:
3761:
3752:History of wine
3710:
3694:
3666:
3618:
3600:
3581:Deacidification
3567:
3539:
3534:
3504:
3499:
3484:Wine portal
3476:
3467:
3406:
3368:
3273:
3263:
3236:
3123:
3104:Sauvignon blanc
3039:Cayetana blanca
3007:
3005:grape varieties
2998:
2891:
2819:
2776:
2771:
2736:
2722:
2717:
2708:Yanjing Brewery
2673:Kingway Brewery
2658:Great Wall Wine
2620:
2550:
2525:
2516:
2484:
2462:
2455:Kweichow Moutai
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2383:Guizhou Dongjiu
2364:
2313:
2299:
2262:
2240:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2170:
2152:
2137:
2108:
2105:
2103:Further reading
2095:
2082:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1970:10.2307/3115883
1955:
1949:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1877:
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1872:
1862:
1860:
1848:
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1811:
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1793:
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1752:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
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1708:
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1703:
1696:
1681:
1680:
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1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1558:Telegraph.co.uk
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
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1458:
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1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1387:Wayback Machine
1378:
1371:
1366:Wayback Machine
1357:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1300:Wayback Machine
1291:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1197:heavenly horses
1191:
1187:
1182:Wayback Machine
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1117:"卷八百五十九:卷八百五十九"
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1024:
1020:
976:
975:
971:
967:
962:
957:
902:
897:
895:
888:
881:
878:
862:
856:
828:
807:
780:bottles of wine
772:
767:
755:
722:
716:
678:. However, the
668:mentioned that
649:
597:
514:Château Changyu
507:
505:National trends
502:
439:Western Regions
363:province). The
209:
202:
199:
188:
185:
174:
171:
160:
157:
146:
143:
132:
129:
104:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Chinese drinks
4290:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4174:United Kingdom
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Czech Republic
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Sugars in wine
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3591:Chaptalization
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Classification
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3402:Sugars in wine
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3374:Wine chemistry
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Wine dispenser
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Cabernet Franc
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3119:Welschriesling
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Müller-Thurgau
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Ancient Greece
2838:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Harbin Brewery
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2479:
2474:
2472:Luzhou Laojiao
2469:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2395:Gujing Gongjiu
2392:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2360:Guihua Chenjiu
2357:
2355:Changyu Brandy
2352:
2349:Mixiang Baijiu
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2168:External links
2166:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2135:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2066:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2010:
1997:
1964:(3): 383–409,
1953:
1947:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1889:
1884:HKTDC Research
1870:
1841:
1830:
1801:
1775:
1763:Grace Vineyard
1750:
1725:
1701:
1694:
1671:
1643:
1618:
1594:
1569:
1545:
1520:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1442:
1413:
1402:. Decanter.com
1390:
1369:
1351:
1325:
1303:
1280:
1278:, p. 383.
1268:
1256:
1254:, p. 241.
1244:
1220:
1218:, p. 240.
1205:
1185:
1167:
1154:978-3319143316
1153:
1133:
1108:
1101:
1078:
1071:
1048:
1034:
1032:, p. 145.
1018:
968:
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718:Main article:
715:
712:
648:
645:
596:
593:
506:
503:
501:
498:
459:Shiliao Bencao
441:" – that from
395:Not until the
377:Three Kingdoms
372:materia medica
278:Kangxi Emperor
274:(Quan Tangshi)
223:figurine of a
207:
206:
192:
178:
164:
150:
136:
121:
120:
105:
103:
100:
15:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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4230:South America
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4207:
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4200:United States
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4183:North America
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4079:Liechtenstein
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3398:
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3387:Acids in wine
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3382:Aroma of wine
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3202:Montepulciano
3200:
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2678:Lhasa Brewery
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2579:Xionghuangjiu
2574:
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2309:Rice wine cup
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2096:
2094:9781529103601
2090:
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2069:
2067:0-231-08166-9
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
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2043:0-520-05462-8
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2011:0-521-65270-7
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1714:harpers.co.uk
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1695:9781633536074
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1102:9781317548706
1098:
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1072:9789811025556
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949:
948:Zhuolu County
946:
944:
941:
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936:
934:
933:Kaoliang wine
931:
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795:New York City
792:
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770:Market trends
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467:Xinxiu bencao
464:
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436:
427:
418:
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410:
407:located near
406:
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354:
350:
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341:Central Asian
338:
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303:, rice wine,
302:
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193:
179:
165:
151:
137:
123:
122:
118:
108:
107:
101:
99:
97:
96:Ningxia wines
93:
89:
85:
84:
79:
78:
70:
65:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:Turpan Museum
42:
38:
34:
28:
27:
22:
4288:Chinese wine
3907:
3862:South Africa
3767:
3624:Fermentation
3475:
3458:Wine tasting
3079:Muscat blanc
3049:Chenin blanc
2850:
2846:Ancient Rome
2604:
2370:Distilleries
2163:(paperback).
2140:
2117:(1): 46–58.
2114:
2110:
2084:
2079:(paperback).
2056:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2001:
1961:
1957:
1934:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:
1844:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1792:. Retrieved
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1742:. Retrieved
1740:. 2019-03-08
1737:
1728:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1684:
1662:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1635:. Retrieved
1633:. 2013-03-19
1630:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1535:. 2011-10-30
1532:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1510:. 2011-09-08
1507:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:The Guardian
1426:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1393:
1354:
1339:. Retrieved
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1236:Mingyi Bielu
1235:
1232:Tao Hongjing
1223:
1188:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1143:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1091:
1061:
1026:Sampson 1869
1021:
1008:
988:
982:
972:
904:China portal
869:
865:
863:
833:
829:
819:
812:
808:
788:
785:
773:
756:
742:blind-tasted
723:
720:Ningxia wine
669:
650:
598:
582:
578:
574:organic wine
570:
558:
546:
523:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
425:
416:
397:Tang dynasty
394:
370:
369:, a work on
364:
282:
273:
268:
256:
254:
249:Ming dynasty
245:Shiwu Bencao
244:
240:
217:Tang dynasty
81:
75:
68:
51:
50:
24:
4221:New Zealand
4164:Switzerland
4109:Netherlands
3958:Philippines
3727:Wine bottle
3699:Other steps
3690:Wine cellar
3647:Süssreserve
3339:Wine cellar
3329:Wine bottle
3270:accessories
3268:Packaging,
3227:Tempranillo
2856:Noah's wine
2836:Phoenicians
2782:Viticulture
2561:Shaoxingjiu
2551: [
2548:Chengangjiu
2517: [
2485: [
2463: [
2446: [
2434: [
2431:Jiannanchun
2422: [
2410: [
2398: [
2386: [
2300: [
2263: [
2241: [
1921:Works cited
1768:30 December
1664:16 December
1276:Godley 1986
1030:Shafer 1963
890:Wine portal
765:Consumption
609:Zhangjiakou
566:French wine
530:Rémy Martin
494:Zhang Bishi
486:treaty port
433:). Several
333:Han dynasty
285:archaeology
251:(1368–1644)
215:During the
4282:Categories
4134:San Marino
4099:Montenegro
4084:Luxembourg
3938:Kazakhstan
3898:Azerbaijan
3606:Maceration
3596:Wine press
3586:Destemming
3537:Winemaking
3443:Wine fraud
3438:Wine fault
3423:Oenophilia
3359:Wine label
3354:Wine glass
3319:Port tongs
3217:Sangiovese
3212:Pinot noir
3172:Douce noir
3099:Rkatsiteli
3044:Chardonnay
3034:Catarratto
3008:by acreage
2982:Biodynamic
2945:Aromatized
2734:winemaking
2052:Sima, Qian
1744:2022-02-17
1719:2022-02-18
1637:2017-08-30
1612:2017-08-30
1588:2017-08-30
1563:2017-08-30
1539:2017-08-30
1514:2017-08-30
1264:Huang 2000
1252:Huang 2000
1228:Huang 2000
1216:Huang 2000
1201:Black 2006
960:References
953:Winemaking
848:white wine
840:table wine
696:atlas silk
666:Marco Polo
500:Production
435:Tang poets
411:in modern
353:Uzbekistan
351:in modern
337:Zhang Qian
329:Asian plum
309:Bronze Age
301:grape wine
299:including
4237:Argentina
4216:Australia
3953:Palestine
3558:Noble rot
3448:Winemaker
3428:Sommelier
3364:Wine rack
3344:Wine cork
3334:Wine cave
3324:Screw cap
3294:Corkscrew
3259:New World
3254:Old World
3232:Zinfandel
3207:Mourvèdre
3114:Trebbiano
3054:Colombard
2955:Noble rot
2935:Fortified
2913:Sparkling
2880:New World
2626:Breweries
2499:Xifengjiu
2494:Wuliangye
2443:Jiuguijiu
2225:Drinkware
2131:153516479
2054:(1993) ,
1986:155074079
1193:Sima 1993
791:Sotheby's
789:In 2009,
671:Carachoco
443:Liangzhou
405:Silk Road
119:(772–842)
37:Grapevine
4257:Paraguay
4149:Slovenia
4144:Slovakia
4119:Portugal
4019:Bulgaria
3973:Thailand
3888:Abkhazia
3867:Tanzania
3847:Ethiopia
3573:Pressing
3495:Glossary
3411:Industry
3304:Jug wine
3299:Decanter
3289:Box wine
3187:Isabella
3182:Grenache
3162:Carignan
3109:Sémillon
3094:Riesling
3089:Palomino
2832:Ancient
2815:Vineyard
2810:Veraison
2795:Oenology
2668:Cheerday
2630:wineries
2605:Putaojiu
2585:Lizhijiu
2544:Huangjiu
2539:Gouqijiu
2337:Kaoliang
2331:Erguotou
1859:. London
1508:Decanter
1461:June 28,
1431:. London
1383:Archived
1362:Archived
1296:Archived
1240:Dunhuang
1178:Archived
1160:6 August
1126:6 August
928:Huangjiu
876:See also
844:red wine
818:. These
816:Kool-aid
746:Emma Gao
708:Merceles
676:Cabernet
651:China's
647:Xinjiang
589:Bordeaux
518:Shandong
482:Shandong
413:Xinjiang
383:emperor
349:Ferghana
229:wineskin
221:tricolor
117:Liu Yuxi
77:huangjiu
69:pútáojiǔ
21:huangjiu
4267:Uruguay
4242:Bolivia
4209:Oceania
4169:Ukraine
4124:Romania
4094:Moldova
4069:Ireland
4064:Hungary
4054:Germany
4049:Georgia
4039:Denmark
4024:Croatia
4009:Belgium
4004:Austria
3999:Albania
3983:Vietnam
3943:Lebanon
3893:Armenia
3872:Tunisia
3857:Namibia
3852:Morocco
3837:Algeria
3757:Terroir
3715:Related
3563:Vintage
3545:Harvest
3490:Outline
3314:Muselet
3276:storage
3167:Cinsaut
3142:Barbera
3069:Macabeo
3029:Aligoté
2987:Organic
2977:Natural
2930:Dessert
2875:Georgia
2825:History
2805:Terroir
2800:Species
2648:CR Snow
2638:Beijing
2615:Ningxia
2609:Museles
2594:Choujiu
2573:Liaojiu
2567:Huadiao
2514:Yingjia
2460:Langjiu
1978:3115883
1011:Yanghai
993:Bibcode
738:Beijing
726:Ningxia
714:Ningxia
704:Museles
700:museles
692:museles
688:museles
684:Kashgar
641:Ningxia
633:Taiyuan
625:Tonghua
621:Sichuan
601:Beijing
534:Tianjin
520:, China
478:Changyu
447:Taiyuan
361:Shaanxi
313:sorghum
261:Chinese
247:食物本草),
225:Sogdian
102:History
58:Chinese
41:Yanghai
4247:Brazil
4195:Mexico
4190:Canada
4159:Sweden
4139:Serbia
4129:Russia
4114:Poland
4059:Greece
4044:France
4029:Cyprus
3992:Europe
3978:Turkey
3968:Taiwan
3933:Jordan
3923:Israel
3903:Bhutan
3830:Africa
3722:Winery
3685:Solera
3309:Kvevri
3197:Merlot
3192:Malbec
2992:Kosher
2968:Other
2923:Orange
2896:Styles
2863:France
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2509:Yanghe
2343:Maotai
2327:Baijiu
2159:
2148:
2129:
2091:
2075:
2064:
2040:
2008:
1984:
1976:
1945:
1939:167–68
1907:
1863:16 May
1823:16 May
1794:15 May
1692:
1486:
1435:16 May
1406:15 May
1341:15 May
1318:16 May
1151:
1099:
1069:
938:Maotai
913:Baijiu
870:baijiu
866:baijiu
799:London
797:, and
753:Shanxi
680:Uighur
662:Turfan
639:, and
637:Shanxi
605:Yantai
490:Yantai
474:winery
451:Shanxi
426:jiu fa
409:Turfan
385:Cao Pi
345:Dayuan
325:lychee
317:millet
293:Rizhao
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4252:Chile
4154:Spain
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4074:Italy
3963:Syria
3948:Nepal
3928:Japan
3913:India
3908:China
3842:Egypt
3672:Aging
3222:Syrah
3177:Gamay
3147:Bobal
3059:Glera
3024:Airén
3016:White
2972:Table
2960:Straw
2950:Fruit
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2851:China
2730:Wines
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2127:S2CID
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775:China
657:Greek
629:Jilin
617:Yibin
613:Hebei
538:China
390:Gansu
357:Xi'an
196:往取涼州牧
182:爲君持一斗
168:令人飲不足
154:釀之成美酒
140:種此如種玉
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3918:Iran
3881:Asia
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2157:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1865:2014
1825:2014
1796:2014
1770:2016
1690:ISBN
1666:2011
1484:ISBN
1463:2009
1437:2014
1408:2014
1343:2014
1320:2014
1162:2019
1149:ISBN
1128:2019
1097:ISBN
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