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1311:"...consider a sail that is nothing but a vertical wing (generating side-force to propel a yacht). ...it is obvious that the distance between the stagnation point and the trailing edge is more or less the same on both sides. This becomes exactly true in the absence of a mast—and clearly the presence of the mast is of no consequence in the generation of lift.
953:
invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. These two new branches of wings have been since extensively studied and applied in new branches of aircraft, especially altering the personal recreational aviation landscape.
1178:"If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force on the body"
330:
aircraft as they provide practical performance whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin membrane with no path-length difference between one side and the other.
266:. When that occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must also exert an equal and opposite force on the wing.
1167:...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component.
454:
Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight.
338:), airfoils with complex asymmetrical shapes are used to minimize the drastic increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound. Such airfoils, called
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166:(in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of
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on the upper surface to disrupt the lift and to provide additional traction to an aircraft that has just landed but is still moving.
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255:. However, except for simple geometries, these equations are notoriously difficult to solve and simpler equations are used.
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558:, structures whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. For example, flap track fairings
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225:(green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with
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84:
772:, which use rigid wing shaped structures to lift a vessel out of the water to reduce drag and increase speed.
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supported by inflated or rigid struts, which ushered in new possibilities for aircraft. Near that time,
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or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (i.e., take-off and landing) and
464:
339:
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239:
The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of
226:
30:
20:
1313:
Thus, the generation of lift does not require different distances around the upper and lower surfaces.
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to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading roll direction.
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1203:"The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward acceleration of air by the airfoil..."
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mitigate flow separation at low speeds and high angles of attack, especially over control surfaces.
356:
247:. In principle, the properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the
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461:(usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or counterclockwise about its long axis
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is the governing science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of underwater foils occur in
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50:
1250:
Laitone, E. V. (1997). "Wind tunnel tests of wings at
Reynolds numbers below 70 000".
712:, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces.
2026:
1812:
1728:
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Semi-span full-scale tests of a business-jet wing with a natural laminar flow airfoil
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893:
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314:. Wings with a symmetrical cross section can also generate lift by using a positive
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as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water.
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1455:. New Zealand Government Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment
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450:, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.
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are avid swimmers using their wings to propel themselves through water.
701:, which use a variety of surfaces to attain lift and maintain stability.
115:
on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller
1827:
1028:
929:
826:
749:
604: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
458:
299:
92:
1051:– Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models)
1785:
1373:, Scientific and Technical Information Office. p. 5 – via
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229:(red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.
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1981:
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171:
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728:, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a
310:). Wings with an asymmetrical cross section are the norm in
210:
Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an
1346:"Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top "upside down" look"
1605:– Audio segment on NPR's Talk of the Nation Science Friday
318:
to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher
485:
allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the
442:, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases
154:
For many centuries, the word "wing", from the Old Norse
119:
to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.
928:, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped
1969:
1908:
1848:
1751:
1669:
1550:
390:Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:
1598:How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
122:Lifting structures used in water include various
103:. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and
1553:The Golden Knights: The U.S. Army Parachute Team
426:or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)
1389:"The Physics Of Kite Flying – Aerodynamic Lift"
687:, which use wings ranging from fully flexible (
1363:Hahne, David E.; Jordan, Frank L. Jr. (1991).
1639:
1371:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
753:) to provide greater traction at high speeds.
8:
718:, whose blades generate lift for propulsion.
342:, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.
1205:Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin.
334:For flight speeds near the speed of sound (
1646:
1632:
1624:
1286:"What are acrobatic and aerobatic flight?"
695:), flexible (framed sail wings), to rigid.
2002:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
680:, applications for wing shapes include:
436:from increasing drag and decreasing lift
1103:
866:
76:while moving through air or some other
1549:Hopkins, Ellen; Bledsoe, Glen (2001).
1526:"Rogallo Wing -the story told by NASA"
326:of the same wing area but are used in
290:) is the shape of a wing, blade (of a
1476:"Aerodynamics on Formula 1 Race Cars"
1474:Zoechling, Moritz (20 January 2015).
1039:Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
732:. These types of aircraft are called
7:
602:adding citations to reliable sources
262:, it must be oriented at a suitable
38:, a wing that flaps to enable flight
1609:NASA's explanations and simulations
1603:Demystifying the Science of Flight
1350:NASA Dryden Flight Research Center
1157:Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert.
747:, which use upside-down wings (or
158:, referred mainly to the foremost
14:
1589:How Wings Work - Holger Babinsky
1414:López, Harm Frederik Althuisius.
1395:. real-world-physics-problems.com
1319:Physics Education November 2003,
540:to improve flight characteristics
502:for high-speed flight (including
1742:
917:
905:
885:
869:
578:
1291:Federal Aviation Administration
589:needs additional citations for
546:, which may blend into the wing
99:efficiency is expressed as its
1207:"Physics of Flight – reviewed"
446:around the roll axis, whereas
422:Trailing-edge devices such as
1:
1112:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
876:Winged tree seeds that cause
853:and scoter ducks, and diving
408:Leading-edge devices such as
1614:Flight of the StyroHawk wing
1573:Domina Jalbert ram air wing.
1393:RealWorldPhysicsProblems.com
1212:Goethe University Frankfurt
214:, passing through humid air
2079:
1858:Flying and gliding animals
1694:Fin and flipper locomotion
991:Flying and gliding animals
786:
780:
564:minor independent surfaces
349:
232:
80:. Accordingly, wings have
18:
1740:
1133:"Navier-Stokes Equations"
1035:(experimental wing types)
570:Applications and variants
16:Appendage used for flight
2043:Aircraft wing components
1181:"Lift from Flow Turning"
1231:"Incorrect Lift Theory"
1159:Fundamentals of Physics
1008:(winged seeds of trees)
550:Leading-edge droop flap
249:Navier-Stokes equations
243:, which is a branch of
111:greater than the total
2038:Aerospace technologies
1997:Terrestrial locomotion
1941:Evolution of cetaceans
1936:Origin of avian flight
1921:Evolution of tetrapods
1333:Introduction to Flight
1331:John D. Anderson, Jr.
829:and other flighted or
793:In nature, wings have
705:Flying model airplanes
387:
360:The wing of a landing
340:supercritical airfoils
258:For a wing to produce
230:
215:
198:to increase traction.
61:
39:
25:Wings (disambiguation)
2012:Undulatory locomotion
1961:Homologous structures
1557:. Capstone. pp.
1449:"Rocket aerodynamics"
1264:10.1007/s003480050128
1252:Experiments in Fluids
1236:Glenn Research Center
1185:Glenn Research Center
1163:John Wiley & Sons
1137:Glenn Research Center
1001:List of soaring birds
945:invented a kite-like
825:. Various species of
787:Further information:
781:Further information:
562:Wings may have other
359:
270:Cross-sectional shape
221:
209:
45:
33:
21:Wing (disambiguation)
1956:Analogous structures
1951:Convergent evolution
1416:"Helicopter physics"
862:Wing forms in nature
833:water birds such as
598:improve this article
552:, a high-lift device
87:that are subject to
19:For other uses, see
2007:Rotating locomotion
1946:Comparative anatomy
1506:Stanford university
1453:Sciencelearn.org.nz
1423:ColoradoCollege.edu
815:Scansoriopterygidae
678:fixed-wing aircraft
496:Variable-sweep wing
150:Etymology and usage
109:orders of magnitude
57:a trapezoidal-wing
1926:Evolution of birds
1679:Aquatic locomotion
1317:How do Wings Work?
1315:" Holger Babinsky
1060:Wing configuration
937:Tensile structures
896:, exhibiting the "
506:), such as in the
388:
352:Wing configuration
231:
216:
107:can be one to two
101:lift-to-drag ratio
89:aerodynamic forces
62:
40:
2020:
2019:
1977:Animal locomotion
1916:Evolution of fish
1796:facultative biped
1591:Physics Education
1033:Flettner airplane
674:
673:
666:
648:
504:supersonic flight
471:Vortex generators
324:cambered airfoils
188:inverted airfoils
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1987:Robot locomotion
1761:Limb development
1746:
1719:Lobe-finned fish
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1619:See How It Flies
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1530:History.nasa.gov
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1482:. A Plus Physics
1480:APlusPhysics.com
1471:
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1429:Dept. of Physics
1427:Colorado College
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1335:4th ed page 271.
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1258:(405): 405–409.
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1215:. Archived from
1201:
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1161:(3rd ed.).
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1114:. Etymonline.com
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821:) as a means of
817:), and mammals (
745:Formula One cars
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658:
655:
649:
647:
606:
582:
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500:swept back wings
491:aircraft carrier
444:spiral stability
432:to keep wingtip
336:transonic flight
280:American English
194:that generate a
2078:
2077:
2073:
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2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
1965:
1931:Origin of birds
1904:
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1766:Limb morphology
1747:
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1724:Ray-finned fish
1689:Fish locomotion
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1165:. p. 378.
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1087:Forces on sails
1070:Wingsuit flying
1055:Otto Lilienthal
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943:Francis Rogallo
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516:Panavia Tornado
354:
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346:Design features
316:angle of attack
312:subsonic flight
288:British English
272:
264:angle of attack
245:fluid mechanics
237:
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184:some sail boats
152:
105:angle of attack
36:Eurasian magpie
28:
17:
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2058:Insect anatomy
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72:that produces
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996:Insect flight
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970:Natural world
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615: –
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609:Find sources:
603:
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587:This section
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483:Folding wings
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405:cross-section
404:
403:trailing edge
400:
398:cross-section
397:
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384:trailing edge
381:
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132:Hydrodynamics
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68:is a type of
67:
60:
56:
52:
49:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2048:Bird anatomy
2033:Aerodynamics
1849:
1662:
1590:
1572:
1552:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1479:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1422:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1375:Google Books
1365:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1217:the original
1210:
1199:
1188:. Retrieved
1174:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1139:. 2012-04-16
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1106:
947:tensile wing
940:
878:autorotation
792:
759:, which use
748:
685:Hang gliders
675:
660:
651:
641:
634:
627:
620:
608:
596:Please help
591:verification
588:
561:
453:
447:
443:
396:leading edge
389:
386:are extended
376:leading edge
333:
322:speeds than
306:(as seen in
283:
275:
273:
259:
257:
241:aerodynamics
238:
235:Lift (force)
202:Aerodynamics
155:
153:
121:
65:
63:
2053:Bird flight
1890:Insect wing
1840:Webbed foot
1781:unguligrade
1776:plantigrade
1771:digitigrade
1049:Ornithopter
981:Bird flight
847:shearwaters
789:Insect wing
783:Bird's wing
741:racing cars
734:spaceplanes
710:Helicopters
689:paragliders
532:B-1B Lancer
512:F-14 Tomcat
487:hangar deck
477:Wing fences
212:Airbus A340
136:hydroplanes
97:aerodynamic
95:. A wing's
91:and act as
82:streamlined
59:F-22 Raptor
2027:Categories
1818:Cephalopod
1734:Pelvic fin
1704:Dorsal fin
1699:Caudal fin
1535:2012-12-23
1511:2012-04-25
1502:"Swimming"
1486:28 January
1459:28 January
1433:28 January
1399:28 January
1297:26 October
1190:2011-06-29
1143:2012-04-25
1118:2012-04-25
1098:References
1044:Kite types
976:Bat flight
880:in descent
843:guillemots
839:cormorants
831:flightless
823:locomotion
803:pterosaurs
770:Hydrofoils
716:Propellers
693:parachutes
691:, gliding
654:March 2019
624:newspapers
418:extensions
394:A rounded
180:boomerangs
176:pterosaurs
144:submarines
128:hydrofoils
48:swept wing
34:Wing of a
1909:Evolution
1868:Bird wing
1813:Arthropod
1806:quadruped
1272:122755021
1065:Wing root
941:In 1948,
926:crane fly
900:" outline
898:gull wing
807:dinosaurs
777:In nature
757:Sailboats
534:warplanes
328:aerobatic
292:propeller
192:race cars
140:sailboats
1900:Wingspan
1883:feathers
1878:skeleton
1863:Bat wing
1823:Tetrapod
1709:Fish fin
1092:Wingsail
1019:Aircraft
1013:Aviation
958:See also
930:halteres
827:penguins
750:airfoils
676:Besides
556:Fairings
530:and the
465:Spoilers
459:Ailerons
448:anhedral
440:Dihedral
434:vortices
430:Winglets
401:A sharp
378:and the
368:A319-100
320:stalling
284:aerofoil
227:spoilers
93:airfoils
1970:Related
1828:dactyly
1714:Flipper
1076:Sailing
1029:FanWing
855:petrels
799:insects
795:evolved
638:scholar
538:Strakes
382:at its
374:at its
300:turbine
276:airfoil
168:insects
55:refuels
1992:Samara
1801:triped
1786:uniped
1565:
1270:
1006:Samara
964:Flight
730:runway
640:
633:
626:
619:
613:"Wing"
611:
528:Tu-160
526:, the
524:MiG-27
522:, the
520:MiG-23
518:, the
514:, the
510:, the
489:of an
370:; the
365:Airbus
302:), or
186:, and
142:, and
117:thrust
53:(top)
1850:Wings
1835:Digit
1791:biped
1753:Limbs
1663:wings
1659:limbs
1419:(PDF)
1268:S2CID
1082:Sails
851:eider
811:birds
764:sails
739:Some
699:Kites
645:JSTOR
631:books
544:Chine
424:flaps
416:, or
414:slots
410:slats
380:flaps
372:slats
298:, or
296:rotor
282:) or
223:Flaps
164:birds
160:limbs
156:vængr
126:like
124:foils
78:fluid
1982:Gait
1873:keel
1671:Fins
1661:and
1655:Fins
1593:2003
1563:ISBN
1488:2022
1461:2022
1435:2022
1401:2022
1299:2022
1031:and
835:auks
819:bats
723:NASA
721:The
617:news
304:sail
260:lift
172:bats
113:drag
74:lift
66:wing
23:and
1321:PDF
1260:doi
797:in
600:by
362:BMI
274:An
251:of
190:on
162:of
70:fin
2029::
1657:,
1571:.
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924:A
892:A
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412:,
294:,
182:,
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146:.
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130:.
64:A
46:A
1647:e
1640:t
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809:(
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667:)
661:(
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652:(
642:·
635:·
628:·
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594:.
286:(
278:(
27:.
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