1492:
plural. They have particular suffixes (possessive for instrumental functions and for marking plural humans.) They are also very similar to verbs. Nouns have a variety of roots, they are an open class, they may show number in rare forms and they do not distinguish possessive from instrumental functions. Nouns can be classified in possessed and non possessed. The noun is composed of two elements:a stem and a suffix. The stem is usually a root. The suffixes specify numbers, animateness, personification or individuation. Some nouns have the same stem but have a different generic and particular meaning. Ex. /tu/ (particular aspect) eye; (generic aspect) face(s). The suffixes of the nouns can also have different cases: object (sedem-coyote), genitive(seden), locative , instrumental , possessive, emphatic possessive (reduplication of the last syllable).
1611:. The head is usually a noun and it is not dependent on other forms as for example /winthu/Wintu people. The attributive preceded and modify the head as for example in /winthuꞏn qewelin/ in a Wintu house. On the other hand, the satellite only occurs in clauses. A satellite could be either the subject or the object of a verb. If the satellite is the subject of the verb, it precedes the verb, as for example /poꞏ m yel-hura/land destroyed, but if the satellite is the object and it is in a dependent clause or a noun-phrase containing a genitive attributive, follows. For example: /sedet ʔelew'kiyemtiꞏn/ coyote never speaks wisely, or /wayda meꞏm hina/ a northern flood of water (will) arrive.
2757:
1586:. The clitic word, is always dependent on the non-clitic. The clitic words can be proclitic and postclitic depending on their position. Some morphemic words can be both clitics and full words. For example: the morphemic word / ʔel/, in, is both a full word in /qewelʔel/, in the house, and a proclitic in /ʔel-qewel/, which have the same meaning. The largest syntactic unit is the
1466:
the height of the vowel in the following syllable, while the suffix vowel assimilation is conditioned by the quantity of the vowel in the preceding syllable. An example of dissimilation takes place when /e/ and /o/, which occurs only in root syllables, are raised in height when they are preceded by a single consonant and followed by the low vowel /a/ in the next syllable.
1465:
is a change in the height (gradation) of the root-syllable vowels and it affects the vowel quantity. In Wintu, the vowel ablaut occurs only in the mutations of some verb-root vowels (called dissimilation), or in some root-deriving suffixes (assimilation). Root-vowel dissimilation is conditioned by
1179:
Like the plus juncture, the hyphen juncture affects the location of higher pitch and stress. But instead of conditioning the location of the syllables like the plus juncture, the hyphen shifts the pitch and the stress. The Hyphen juncture is the juncture with the least magnitude, being the only one
1143:
In the primary stress the greater is the magnitude of the preceding juncture, the greater is the intensity of the stress. The secondary stress, on the other hand, occurs when a heavy syllable follows the prominent syllable and varies in intensity. The weakest stress occurs when a syllable is not
1132:
Syllables are determined by the presence or absence of vowels and semi-vowels. Light syllables contain short vowels. Heavy syllables contain short vowels followed by a semi-vowel. Extra-heavy syllables contain long vowels. The prominent syllable of a phonemic word is always the first, unless the
1491:
Substantives are marked for aspect and case. There are two different types of substantives: those formed directly from roots (pronouns, non possessed nouns, kinship terms) and those based on forms of complex derivation from radical and stems (mostly nouns). Pronouns can be singular, dual, and
1594:
if it contains verbs, sentence if it contains nouns. Sentences never contains main verbs. Clauses can be dependent or independent. This depends on the kind of suffix who forms the verb. Independent verbs take the personal inflectional suffixes while dependent verbs are characterised by the
1452:
Wintu possesses a sophisticated morphology with some polysynthetic characteristics. The combination of its morphemes into words involves several processes such as suffixation, prefixation, compounding, reduplication and consonant and vocalic ablaut. Nevertheless, the most common process is
1595:
subordinating suffixes{r},{tan},{ʔa], {n},}{so}, and {ta}. In the sentences the syntactic relationships between full words and clitics are indicated by the word order and by the inflectional and derivational suffixes. Four types of functions can be distinguished for the sentences:
1500:
Verbs are the wider class of words in Wintu. Also several nouns derivate from verbs. The category of verbs has a very sophisticated morphological structure. Pitkin (1964) identifies three stem forms: indicative, imperative and nominal.
1086:
Consonant clusters result only from conjoined closed syllables. For example, clusters of consonants occur when a syllable ending in a consonant is followed in the same word by another syllable. Some examples of consonant clusters are:
1573:
The basic word order in Wintu is very flexible. A morphological word is the basic syntactical unit. In some cases a morphological word that is phonemically a single word can be syntactically two different words. A
1045:
Segmental phonemes require obligatorily a single onset consonant. The rhyme is usually composed of a vowel nucleus of a long or a short vowel optionally followed by a single consonant. The syllabic canon is
1128:
is a central juncture. In Plus
Juncture the location of the pitch and the stress in a phonemic word is determined by the structure of the syllable and its position relative to the juncture.
3174:
1121:
in Wintu are predictable components of two junctures hyphen/-/ and plus/+/. There are four phonemic junctures ranked by their magnitude: Plus/+/, hyphen/-/, comma/,/ and period/./.
1559:
1 position inflectional suffixes:non visual sensory evidential, hearsay evidential, inferential evidential, experiential evidential, subordinating causal anteriority, approximation
808:
is usually a fricative but occasionally an affricate among McCloud speakers while
Trinity speakers have only the affricate. It is interdental after non-low front vowels
1884:
1713:
1780:
337:
As of 2011, Headman Marc Franco of the
Winnemem Wintu has been working with the Indigenous Language Institute on revitalization of the Winnemem Wintu language.
1562:
2 position inflectional suffixes:first person, second person, dubitative, completive, subordinating temporal anteriority, subordinating unexpected simultaneity
2795:
1472:
An example of dissimilation takes place when the morphophoneme assimilates completely to the quality of the vowel that precedes in the previous syllable.
3169:
1551:
3 position class= negative, dual hortative, necessary temporal anteriority, impersonal interrogative, temporal simultaneity or anteriority, personal object
1175:
occurs with phonemic words and it represents a phonemically functional unity with particular phonetic proprieties that contrast with other junctures.
1291:
The glottalized velars are pronounced with a slight friction of the tongue when they are in contact with certain vowels in particular contexts.
1877:
1846:
1835:
1816:
1797:
1756:
314:
language phylum or stock of languages of western North
America, more closely related to four other families of Penutian languages spoken in
578:
572:
746:
755:
513:
1911:
801:
Dental stops are denti-alveolar: , , , . Younger speakers, however, employ (apico-)alveolar-stop articulations as in
English , , , .
523:
860:
is weakly articulated except when the speaker is being deliberate or emphatic. It is always fully articulated in word-final position.
1676:
2788:
2761:
1870:
648:
589:
1514:: the most part are monosyllabic and with the shape CVC or CVꞏC. Two important processes are root derivation and reduplication.
2944:
1008:
967:
953:
631:
182:
2669:
1590:. Sentences are considered a sequences of full words terminated by a period juncture /./. The sentence can be considered a
1483:
A small amount of consonant ablaut is also present in Wintu, for example before word juncture /cʼ/ and /b/ change in /p/.
443:
1522:
Root-deriving suffixes (suffixes added to the root): distributive, repetitive, iterative, transitive, stative, privative.
974:
960:
168:
2781:
2730:
2625:
932:
918:
672:
3164:
3130:
2926:
2846:
2469:
2165:
2152:
996:
989:
762:
665:
640:
565:
558:
58:
2919:
2405:
658:
540:
3015:
2543:
2474:
1180:
occurring within words (for example, following certain prefixes and preceding some auxiliaries and enclitics).
939:
925:
606:
192:
3179:
3115:
2505:
1893:
791:
599:
433:
426:
91:
2281:
846:. In the manner of articulation, velars and post-velars can be glottalized and non-glottalized (voiceless).
2835:
2738:
2241:
2185:
2171:
2016:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1050:
1031:
1021:
857:
850:
843:
839:
835:
828:
824:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
787:
781:
723:
506:
499:
459:
372:
33:
3107:
2430:
2344:
2338:
2326:
2178:
2159:
693:
686:
3125:
2037:
2030:
1548:
2 position class. Inflectional =inevitable future, potential temporal simultaneity, jussive, hortative
2332:
2312:
2002:
1947:
298:
family of languages. The Wintun family of languages was spoken in the Shasta County, Trinity County,
3070:
2910:
2868:
2812:
2720:
2463:
2319:
2023:
2009:
1992:
1221:
It has two phonetic features: a fully realised pause accompanied or preceded by glottal stricture.
533:
473:
466:
291:
2873:
2821:
2804:
2657:
2604:
2456:
2412:
2305:
2267:
2253:
2232:
2128:
2066:
1774:
492:
367:
2444:
3033:
2994:
2933:
2878:
2674:
2521:
2492:
2479:
2450:
2438:
2398:
2388:
2351:
2206:
2145:
2139:
2073:
1831:
1812:
1793:
1752:
1724:
1709:
1620:
1533:
1 position class derivation class=patient suffix, comitative suffix, generic comitative suffix
1028:
419:
401:
396:
389:
307:
283:
111:
1421:
is a voiced trill but when it occurs between vowels it becomes a voiced flap, as for example
3120:
3094:
3059:
3003:
2983:
2960:
2899:
2890:
2855:
2715:
2705:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2652:
2620:
2614:
2598:
2562:
2531:
2485:
2374:
2274:
2191:
2087:
2049:
1980:
1966:
384:
362:
331:
303:
299:
256:
79:
1508:: optional in occurrence, when affixed directly to roots are followed by a hyphen juncture.
3088:
3083:
3078:
3048:
3009:
2862:
2710:
2662:
2537:
2499:
2419:
2368:
2299:
2247:
2201:
2119:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2080:
2059:
1955:
1920:
711:
680:
379:
103:
1680:
3145:
3053:
3042:
2974:
2967:
2953:
2609:
2578:
2363:
2357:
2260:
2196:
2134:
1973:
1936:
1929:
160:
3158:
2828:
2572:
2287:
2219:
2212:
1960:
1704:
54:
44:
2510:
1677:"Indigenous Language Activists - Living Tongues Institute For Endangered Languages"
886:
881:
613:
72:
1232:
It is the juncture with the greatest magnitude and it has four phonetic features:
1256:
Ex. baꞏs-boꞏsin+ mat, mis+ λiya. They threw rocks at you because you were eating.
1036:
All vowels are voiced and oral (except for the above-mentioned nasal allophones).
1729:
893:
740:
173:
911:
898:
315:
62:
1734:
1253:
Ex. baꞏ-s-boꞏsin+ net, nis+λiya. They threw rocks at me because I was eating.
1718:
982:
947:
790:
is a rare phoneme that occurred, only word finally, in only one of Pitkin's
624:
551:
413:
351:
153:
137:
1764:
1133:
second syllable is heavier, in which case the second syllable is stressed.
1862:
144:
311:
200:
188:
853:
is apico-postalveolar retroflex. It is occurs as a flap between vowels.
408:
323:
319:
196:
1705:"Beedi Yalumina" (Don't Give Up!): The Winnemem Wintu Language Project
1245:
A terminal pitch contour that drops sharply in pitch level and voicing
2773:
1287:
A vast number of phonological processes occur in the Wintu language.
327:
295:
1625:
870:
287:
225:
215:
1358:
is an anomalous phoneme and it occurs only in two borrowed forms
1323:
is pronounced with more friction at the point of articulation as
1851:. Reports of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
2777:
1866:
1267:
It consists of very high pitch and particularly heavy stress.
16:
Extinct Native
American language formerly spoken in California
1469:
Ex. lEla-/lila/ "to transform" and lElu-/lelu/ "transform".
274:
1725:
Wintu at the Survey of
California and Other Indian Languages
1144:
stressed and follows immediately after a phonemic juncture.
794:(his main consultant. In other speakers, it has merged with
1110:
Vowels may be long, but sequences of vowels do not occur.
199:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
262:
1024:
is a phoneme that only occurs in borrowed
English words.
1545:
1 position class inflectional suffixes=warning, passive
1435:
a lateral apical-alveolar, is sometime confused with
265:
259:
1242:
A preceding phrasal accent of unpredictable location
271:
3106:
3069:
3032:
2993:
2943:
2909:
2889:
2845:
2811:
2729:
2698:
2645:
2638:
2588:
2560:
2519:
2429:
2386:
2231:
2118:
2047:
1990:
1946:
1919:
1910:
1475:Ex.cewVlVlVha=/ceweleleha/ "many to be wide open".
1377:, a retroflexed post-alveolar slit before or after
1057:Some examples of a generic syllable structure are:
268:
241:
231:
221:
211:
167:
151:
135:
130:
100:
90:
78:
68:
50:
40:
21:
3175:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1714:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1730:OLAC resources in and about the Wintu language
1453:suffixation, which occurs primarily in verbs.
1335:and becomes backed with all the other vowels.
823:In the speech of older speakers, postalveolar
2789:
1878:
1249:Period juncture delimits phonemic sentences.
784:are nonnative phonemes borrowed from English.
8:
1830:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1811:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1792:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1751:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2796:
2782:
2774:
2642:
1916:
1885:
1871:
1863:
1779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1319:. In a similar way, the glottalized velar
356:
18:
1542:4 position class: reciprocal, benefactive
1198:Ex./+ʔelwine+/ with, along, accompanying.
842:and retracted before non-low back vowels
838:are advanced before non-low front vowels
310:. Wintun is a branch of the hypothetical
875:
294:. It was the northernmost member of the
1637:
1525:Stem suffixes (added to the stem form):
302:Valley and in adjacent areas up to the
193:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1772:
1029:nasalized before the glottal consonant
827:is retroflex adjacent to back vowels
208:
1769:. University of California, Berkeley.
1327:. It is in a frontal position before
1271:Ex. Sukuyum+ límcada.=my dog is sick.
1155:Ex. Syllable with secondary stress: n
359:
7:
1351:occur finally as well as initially.
816:, and retroflex after non-low back
84:2003, with the death of Flora Jones
3170:Indigenous languages of California
1655:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
14:
1399:becomes a glottal spirant before
1007:
995:
988:
973:
966:
959:
952:
938:
931:
924:
917:
761:
754:
745:
722:
692:
685:
671:
664:
657:
647:
639:
630:
612:
605:
598:
588:
577:
571:
564:
557:
539:
532:
522:
512:
505:
498:
472:
465:
442:
432:
425:
286:language which was spoken by the
2756:
2755:
1018:Wintu has short and long vowels.
394:
255:
1339:Among the stop consonants only
1278:kuyum+ límcada.=my dog is sick.
1239:An associated glottal structure
1209:/ to look straight in the eye.
1:
1749:California Indian languages
1555:Indicative Stem Suffixation
1539:3 position class: causative
1536:2 position class: reflexive
1529:Imperative Stem Suffixation
1425:tear (imperative form) and
1389:while younger speakers use
1148:Ex. Extra heavy syllable: b
3196:
1905:indicate extinct languages
1845:Schlichter, Alice (1981).
1429:to tear (infinitive form).
3139:
2751:
1900:
1369:Older speakers pronounce
994:
987:
885:
880:
878:
739:
710:
679:
623:
570:
407:
388:
383:
378:
371:
366:
361:
179:
31:
26:
1826:Shepherd, Alice (1989).
1311:and it is backed before
1299:becomes prevelar before
1184:Ex./+maꞏtceki+/ ear wax.
1027:All vowels are slightly
812:, post-dental after low
86:1 partial speaker (2011)
1894:Languages of California
1807:Pitkin, Harvey (1985).
1788:Pitkin, Harvey (1984).
1763:Pitkin, Harvey (1963).
1307:but it is velar before
2739:American Sign Language
1747:Golla, Victor (2011).
1283:Phonological processes
1236:A fully realised pause
181:This article contains
2345:Southern Sierra Miwok
2339:Northern Sierra Miwok
1721:at nativeamerican.org
1415:, to keep on yawning.
1362:'Fourth of July' and
1162:Ex. Light Syllable: L
869:Wintu has 10 (or 11)
350:Wintu has 28 (to 30)
2333:Central Sierra Miwok
1653:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
2670:Californian Spanish
1735:Wintu Language site
1666:Golla 2011: 128–168
1138:Degree of intensity
528:⟨ch'⟩
292:Northern California
3131:Southern Tsimshian
2805:Penutian languages
2658:California English
2589:Language isolates
2282:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2268:Kings River Yokuts
2254:Buena Vista Yokuts
1576:morphological word
1041:Syllable structure
653:⟨sh⟩
518:⟨ƛ'⟩
3165:Wintuan languages
3152:
3151:
3146:extinct languages
2927:Northern Kalapuya
2771:
2770:
2747:
2746:
2634:
2633:
2166:Southeastern Pomo
2153:Northeastern Pomo
1837:978-0-520-09748-3
1818:978-0-520-09613-4
1799:978-0-520-09612-7
1757:978-0-520-26667-4
1621:Wintuan languages
1015:
1014:
856:The glottal stop
778:
777:
767:⟨y⟩
728:⟨ṛ⟩
618:⟨'⟩
594:⟨j⟩
584:⟨ƛ⟩
554:
495:
462:
422:
308:San Francisco Bay
249:
248:
207:
206:
189:rendering support
185:phonetic symbols.
3187:
2920:Central Kalapuya
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2759:
2758:
2653:American English
2643:
2626:Plains Sign Talk
2591:and unclassified
2406:New River Shasta
1917:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1848:Wintu dictionary
1841:
1822:
1809:Wintu Dictionary
1803:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1712:overview at the
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:on March 9, 2012
1679:. Archived from
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1479:Consonant ablaut
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:The labiodental
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1033:
1023:
1011:
999:
992:
977:
970:
963:
956:
942:
935:
928:
921:
876:
859:
852:
845:
841:
837:
830:
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
797:
789:
783:
768:
765:
758:
749:
729:
726:
696:
689:
675:
668:
661:
654:
651:
643:
634:
619:
616:
609:
602:
595:
592:
585:
581:
575:
568:
561:
550:
543:
536:
529:
526:
519:
516:
509:
502:
491:
476:
469:
458:
446:
436:
429:
418:
357:
304:Carquinez Strait
300:Sacramento River
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
209:
163:
147:
140:
106:
35:
19:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3135:
3116:Coast Tsimshian
3102:
3065:
3028:
3016:Southern Patwin
2989:
2939:
2905:
2885:
2841:
2807:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2743:
2725:
2694:
2663:Chicano English
2630:
2624:
2590:
2584:
2556:
2544:Southern Patwin
2515:
2475:Northern Paiute
2464:Luiseño-Juaneño
2425:
2382:
2227:
2114:
2043:
1986:
1942:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1771:
1762:
1744:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1617:
1571:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1459:
1450:
1439:as in the word
1285:
1226:Period Juncture
1195:/one split ear.
1173:Hyphen Juncture
1119:Syllable stress
1116:
1106:=you put it in.
1043:
867:
766:
727:
652:
617:
593:
583:
582:
527:
517:
412:
374:
348:
343:
258:
254:
187:Without proper
159:
143:
136:
126:
107:
104:Language family
102:
85:
27:Northern Wintun
17:
12:
11:
5:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3180:Winnemem Wintu
3177:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2639:Non-Indigenous
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2261:Gashowu Yokuts
2257:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1785:
1760:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1719:Wintu Language
1716:
1710:Wintu language
1707:
1700:
1699:External links
1697:
1694:
1693:
1668:
1659:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1394:
1367:
1352:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1262:Phrasal Accent
1258:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1215:Comma juncture
1211:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1166:láꞏ=to accuse.
1160:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
944:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
907:
904:
901:
896:
890:
889:
884:
879:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
847:
832:
821:
802:
799:
785:
776:
775:
773:
771:
769:
759:
752:
750:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
730:
720:
718:
716:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
690:
683:
677:
676:
669:
662:
655:
645:
636:
627:
621:
620:
610:
603:
596:
586:
569:
562:
555:
547:
546:
544:
537:
530:
520:
510:
503:
496:
488:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
470:
463:
455:
454:
452:
450:
448:
439:
437:
430:
423:
416:
405:
404:
399:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
370:
365:
360:
347:
344:
342:
339:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
205:
204:
191:, you may see
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
157:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
131:Language codes
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:
110:
108:
101:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
59:Trinity County
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2836:Upper Chinook
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:Lower Chinook
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:Sign language
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:Indo-European
2644:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:Valley Yokuts
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:Klamath-Modoc
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:Southern Pomo
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:Northern Pomo
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1790:Wintu Grammar
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1766:Wintu Grammar
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1431:
1417:
1395:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1295:For example,
1290:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:Plus juncture
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
984:
981:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
883:
877:
874:
872:
864:
855:
848:
833:
822:
803:
800:
793:
786:
780:
779:
774:
772:
770:
764:
760:
757:
753:
751:
748:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
731:
725:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
709:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
597:
591:
587:
580:
574:
567:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
525:
521:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
415:
410:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
391:
386:
381:
376:
369:
364:
358:
355:
353:
345:
340:
338:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
253:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
134:
129:
121:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
109:
105:
99:
95:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
55:Shasta County
53:
49:
46:
45:United States
43:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3141:
3093:
3058:
3041:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3002:
2982:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:Coast Oregon
2932:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2760:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2530:
2520:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2462:
2455:
2443:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2373:
2356:
2337:
2327:Plains Miwok
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2240:
2218:
2211:
2184:
2179:Central Pomo
2177:
2170:
2160:Eastern Pomo
2158:
2151:
2144:
2127:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2048:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1935:
1928:
1902:
1853:. Retrieved
1847:
1827:
1808:
1789:
1765:
1748:
1742:Bibliography
1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1671:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1644:Golla (2011)
1640:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1554:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1463:Vowel Ablaut
1462:
1460:
1457:Vowel ablaut
1451:
1443:a corn meal.
1294:
1286:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1094:=poison oak.
1085:
1056:
1044:
868:
804:The lateral
349:
336:
251:
250:
235:
180:
152:
119:
73:Wintu people
32:
3108:Tsimshianic
2506:Tübatulabal
2431:Uto Aztecan
2313:Coast Miwok
1828:Wintu Texts
1737:(in German)
1657:, Edinburgh
1609:conjunction
1601:attributive
1393:everywhere.
1364:/frihoꞏlis/
1360:/foriĴulay/
1100:=my father.
741:Approximant
195:instead of
3159:Categories
2721:Vietnamese
2320:Lake Miwok
2017:Purisimeño
1948:Athabaskan
1912:Indigenous
1855:2011-03-01
1687:2012-09-02
1632:References
1584:non clitic
1448:Morphology
1152:ꞏs= house.
1004:Anomalous
849:The trill
792:informants
352:consonants
346:Consonants
316:California
290:people of
245:Wintʰu Pom
63:California
3144:indicate
3071:Yok-Utian
2911:Kalapuyan
2874:Nez Perce
2869:Sahaptian
2822:Kathlamet
2813:Chinookan
2605:Chimariko
2457:Kitanemuk
2413:Okwanuchu
2306:Bay Miwok
2275:Palewyami
2129:Chimariko
2074:Ramaytush
2067:Chochenyo
2038:Ventureño
2031:Barbareño
1993:Chumashan
1775:cite book
1605:satellite
1578:, can be
1441:/lileter/
1187:Ex./+maꞏt
1064:=and, or.
625:Fricative
552:voiceless
460:aspirated
414:Affricate
341:Phonology
332:Costanoan
154:Glottolog
138:ISO 639-3
69:Ethnicity
2934:Yoncalla
2879:Sahaptin
2762:Category
2675:Armenian
2493:Tataviam
2480:Panamint
2451:Kawaiisu
2439:Cahuilla
2399:Konomihu
2233:Penutian
2207:Kumeyaay
2146:Atsugewi
2140:Achomawi
2003:Obispeño
1615:See also
1588:sentence
1518:Suffixes
1506:Prefixes
1413:/haꞏsma/
1411:, as in
1366:'beans'.
1201:Ex./+ʔel
1098:CVC.CVːC
1051:CV(ː)(C)
914:(close)
836:/k,kʼ,x/
493:ejective
375:alveolar
368:Alveolar
312:Penutian
232:Language
201:Help:IPA
161:nucl1651
116:Northern
34:wintʰuːh
3142:Italics
3126:Nisga’a
3121:Gitksan
3060:Nisenan
3034:Maiduan
3004:Nomlaki
2995:Wintuan
2984:Siuslaw
2900:Takelma
2891:Takelma
2856:Klamath
2847:Plateau
2716:Tagalog
2706:Chinese
2690:Russian
2685:Punjabi
2680:Persian
2621:Takelma
2615:Salinan
2599:Esselen
2532:Nomlaki
2522:Wintuan
2486:Serrano
2389:Shastan
2375:Nisenan
2352:Maiduan
2192:Kashaya
2088:Awaswas
2024:Ineseño
2010:Cruzeño
1981:Wailaki
1967:Mattole
1903:Italics
1104:CVC.CVC
1092:CVC.CVC
985:(open)
834:Velars
829:/u,o,a/
409:Plosive
402:lateral
397:central
390:Glottal
324:Miwokan
320:Maiduan
242:Country
236:Wintʰuh
226:Wintʰun
197:Unicode
112:Wintuan
92:Revival
80:Extinct
3095:Ohlone
3079:Yokuts
3049:Konkow
3010:Patwin
2961:Coosan
2954:Alsean
2863:Molala
2711:Korean
2563:Yukian
2538:Patwin
2500:Tongva
2445:Cupeño
2420:Shasta
2369:Konkow
2248:Yokuts
2202:Mojave
2109:Chalon
2102:Rumsen
2095:Mutsun
2081:Tamyen
2060:Karkin
2050:Ohlone
1956:Tolowa
1834:
1815:
1796:
1755:
1607:, and
1592:clause
1580:clitic
1569:Syntax
1427:/yura/
1347:, and
1114:Stress
1082:=food.
903:Front
871:vowels
865:Vowels
782:/f,dʒ/
420:voiced
385:Uvular
363:Labial
330:, and
328:Yokuts
296:Wintun
222:People
216:Wintʰu
212:Person
51:Region
3089:Miwok
3084:Utian
3054:Maidu
3043:Chico
3023:Wintu
2975:Miluk
2968:Hanis
2699:Asian
2610:Karuk
2579:Wappo
2551:Wintu
2364:Maidu
2358:Chico
2300:Miwok
2295:Wintu
2197:Washo
2135:Karuk
2120:Hokan
1974:Cahto
1937:Yurok
1930:Wiyot
1921:Algic
1626:Wintu
1512:Roots
1496:Verbs
1487:Nouns
1423:/yor/
1325:/qʼˣ/
1274:EX. S
1070:=tree
906:Back
894:Front
882:Short
844:/u,o/
840:/i,e/
818:/u,o/
810:/i,e/
712:Trill
681:Nasal
380:Velar
373:Post-
288:Wintu
284:Wintu
282:is a
252:Wintu
174:Wintu
120:Wintu
22:Wintu
2573:Yuki
2470:Mono
2220:Yahi
2213:Yana
1961:Hupa
1832:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1781:link
1753:ISBN
1597:head
1461:The
1407:and
1385:and
1331:and
1321:/qʼ/
1315:and
1309:/ʔa/
1303:and
1297:/kʼ/
1205:wine
1191:ceki
1171:The
1159:= I.
1080:CVːC
1076:=pus
912:High
899:Back
887:Long
851:/ɽr/
806:/tɬ/
796:/tɬ/
524:t͡ʃʼ
514:t͡ɬʼ
96:2011
2511:Ute
1582:or
1437:/r/
1433:/l/
1419:/r/
1409:/a/
1405:/o/
1401:/u/
1397:/h/
1391:/s/
1387:/u/
1383:/o/
1379:/a/
1375:/ṣ/
1373:as
1371:/s/
1356:/f/
1349:/k/
1345:/t/
1341:/p/
1333:/e/
1329:/i/
1317:/o/
1313:/u/
1305:/e/
1301:/i/
1228:/./
1217:/,/
1074:CVC
1068:CVː
1032:/ʔ/
1022:/æ/
983:Low
948:Mid
858:/ʔ/
825:/ʃ/
814:/a/
788:/θ/
590:t͡ʃ
573:t͡ɬ
541:qχʼ
444:d͡ʒ
306:of
183:IPA
169:ELP
145:wnw
3161::
2618:,
2612:,
2608:,
2602:,
2576:,
1777:}}
1773:{{
1603:,
1599:,
1403:,
1381:,
1343:,
1062:CV
997:aː
975:oː
968:eː
940:uː
933:iː
873::
724:ɽr
644:)
635:)
576:~
534:kʼ
507:tʼ
500:pʼ
474:tʰ
467:pʰ
447:)
354::
334:.
326:,
322:,
318::
275:uː
61:,
57:,
2797:e
2790:t
2783:v
1886:e
1879:t
1872:v
1858:.
1840:.
1821:.
1802:.
1783:)
1759:.
1690:.
1276:ú
1207:-
1203:-
1193:-
1189:-
1164:i
1157:í
1150:ó
1053:.
1009:æ
990:a
961:o
954:e
926:u
919:i
831:.
820:.
798:.
763:j
756:l
747:w
694:n
687:m
673:h
666:χ
659:x
649:ʃ
641:θ
638:(
632:f
629:(
614:ʔ
607:q
600:k
579:ɬ
566:t
559:p
441:(
434:d
427:b
411:/
278:/
272:t
269:ˈ
266:n
263:ɪ
260:w
257:/
203:.
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