174:– two major influences in Winthrop's studies – stand against false accusations of witchcraft, Winthrop often involved himself in witchcraft cases to ensure that the accused were not executed. His return and involvement in the trials ushered in a period of increasing skepticism towards accusations of witchcraft, and in 1669, it was Winthrop's court that established that multiple witnesses needed to bear witness to the same act of witchcraft simultaneously. This significantly stemmed the flow of accusations, and despite a minor panic during the Salem crisis later, no witches were executed in Connecticut after Katherine Harrison's release in 1670.
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using black magic to kill their daughter. Other claims of black magic from
Hartford were more peculiar: one person claimed Satan caused her to speak with an accent. Another said her neighbors transformed into animals at night. Katherine Branch, servant to the Wescot family, suffered from a series of fits and other instances that Daniel Wescot described as being "beyond nature", like elevating above her bed. A minister from a neighboring village claimed Branch's afflictions were the result of her declining to join a witch coven.
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99:, after she inherited her husband's estate, worth one thousand pounds. Harrison experienced several legal problems, including the death of her livestock and the destruction of crops. Though her losses were supported by eyewitnesses, she received no compensation. In 1668, she was sued for slandering Goody Griswold.
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On
October 6, 2012, descendants of the executed petitioned the Connecticut government to posthumously pardon the victims, but the motion was not passed. In 2007, Addie Avery communicated with the British government in an attempt to acquit the convicted witches. Addie Avery was the descendant of Mary
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During the 1650s, several people were tried for witchcraft through the
Connecticut area. In Wethersfield, Joan and John Carrington were executed in 1651. They were prominent members of the Wethersfield community before being accused of witchcraft. Wethersfield was also the home of Mary Johnson, the
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to people. She was also accused of calling to the devil by the swamp. On May 11, 1669 she was moved to the local jail to await her trial. Harrison's trial faced many complications: the first jury never reached a decision, and the second found her guilty, but the magistrates disagreed as most of the
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In the 1640s, the town of
Hartford saw a surge in witch hysteria. A series of accusations were made among the townsfolk. The first accusation was by Anne Cole, who accused Rebecca Greensmith and Elizabeth Seager of tormenting her through magic. The parents of Elizabeth Kelly accused Goody Ayres of
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The history of witchcraft in
Connecticut is difficult to track, owing primarily to the lack of documentation from the accusations, trials, and executions. Despite this, there is enough existing evidence to gain an insight into the culture of witchcraft trials at the time. In the early days of the
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Mary
Johnson's was the first recorded confession of witchcraft. She worked as a house servant and was accused of theft in 1648. After extensive torture and interrogation, Johnson confessed to "familiarity with the devil". She also confessed to having sexual relations with "men and devils" and to
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the governor of
Massachusetts Bay; and Matthew Grant, the second town clerk of Windsor. There are no further surviving records on Young's trial or specification of the charges against her. Around the time of the trial, an influenza epidemic occurred throughout the New England area, including her
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by nearly thirty years. John M. Taylor lists a total of 37 cases, 11 of which resulted in executions. The execution of Alse Young of
Windsor in the spring of 1647 was the beginning of the witch panic in the area, which would not come to an end until 1670 with the release of Katherine Harrison.
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produced through
Windsor Community Television can be accessed through Internet Archive. Several individuals arranged memorial services for the victims of the witch trials in Windsor in June 2017. The "Memorial For Connecticut's Witch Trial Victims" marked the 370th anniversary of Alse Young's
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was the
Magistrate during the trials. As was the popular belief of the time, the magistrates of Connecticut relied on evidence of "the devil’s involvement in inflicting harm" to secure a conviction of witchcraft, but such evidence could easily be found through "battering interrogations."
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From Hartford, four people were executed for the crime of witchcraft. Nathaniel and Rebecca Greensmith, Mary Sanford, and Mary Barnes were hanged in 1662. Elizabeth Seager was accused of witchcraft, but the charges were dropped due to weak evidence.
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of Hartford, Joseph Haynes of Wethersfield, and Samuel Hooker of Farmington served on a "prosecutorial tribunal" which contradicted the traditional idea that prosecutors should remain skeptical and immune to public pressure to convict.
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evidence was spectral, which relied solely on the accuser. In May of 1670, Harrison was released from prison, and banished from the Connecticut colony; she and her family relocated to New York, as they had already planned to do.
75:, which may have influenced the accusations against her. Young was likely married or related to John Young of Windsor, and may have been eligible to inherit his property, which may have made her an even more attractive target.
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On February 6, 2017, the town of Windsor unanimously passed a resolution to symbolically clear the names of the town's two victims, Alice Young and Lydia Gilbert. A documentary about the passage of this resolution entitled
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was a former maidservant of Captain John Cullick and the widow of Wethersfield's town crier. Harrison was born in England and came to America around 1651. She became a wealthy citizen of
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Walter W. Woodward, “New England’s Other Witch-hunt: The Hartford Witch-hunt of the 1660s and Changing Patterns in Witchcraft Prosecution,” OAH Magazine of History (July 2003): 16-20
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Sanford, who was executed for "dancing around a tree while drinking liquor". Avery has also been involved in many theatrical performances about the Connecticut witch trials, like
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was the first person executed for witchcraft not only in Connecticut, but likely in the whole of the American colonies. On May 26, 1647, she was executed in
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By 1663, the witchcraft trials in Hartford were beginning to wind down, due in no small part to the return of the governor of the Connecticut colony,
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460:"1647 – Influenza, CT (~40–50) and MA (~40–50) Natives and other colonies (?) – >100 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events"
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The jailor was paid ÂŁ6 10s. for twenty-four weeks' charges to June 6, 1650, from which fact it is inferred that she was executed on that date.
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Winthrop was generally regarded as "New England’s quintessential adjudicator of witchcraft cases", due not only to his status as the son of
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first open confessor of witchcraft; and Katherine Harrison. This resulted in the coining of the term "Wethersfield Witches" by historians.
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murdering a child. Her execution was delayed as she was pregnant during her imprisonment in Hartford. Johnson was executed June 6, 1650.
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voted 121 in favor and 30 against, in order to exonerate 12 people who were convicted of witchcraft in the colonial era. On May 26, the
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voted 33–1 to pardon the same group on the 376th anniversary of the first witch-hanging in New England, that of Alse Young.
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Witchcraft Trials of Connecticut: The First Comprehensive, Documented History of Witchcraft Trials in Colonial Connecticut
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Maker, Elizabeth (2007-09-03). "AROUND CONNECTICUT: HISTORY working to clear ancestors name, 300 years after execution".
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Between 1668 and 1669, Harrison was also accused of witchcraft. The accusations against her included breaking the
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The colonial history of Hartford, gathered from the original records: illustrated
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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836:"Where Was The First Woman Condemned For Witchcraft? Not In Salem..."
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Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
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683:"Witches and Witchcraft: The First Person Executed in the Colonies"
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Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
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Riddell, William Renwick (1928). "Witchcraft in Old New York".
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859:"Delayed Justice: Windsor Atones For Its Witch Trial History"
317:"Connecticut Witch Trials (America, 1647–1697) – Witchcraft"
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Delayed Justice: Windsor Atones For Its Witch Trial History
538:"Katherine Harrison and the Adoption of Rules of Evidence"
658:"Little Known Facts About the Connecticut Witch Trials"
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Witch trials occurring in Connecticut from 1647 to 1663
902:"Connecticut 'witches' exonerated by Senate lawmakers"
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Religiously motivated violence in the United States
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1681:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
757:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
734:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
711:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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707:Escaping Salem: The other Witch hunt of 1692
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343:(Hartford: The Bond Press Inc., 1978), 4.
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
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989:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
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1068:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
1058:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
878:"Victims of Witch Trials Remembered"
201:Connecticut House of Representatives
23:, also sometimes referred to as the
1869:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
1587:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
1728:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1326:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
969:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
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1023:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
876:Dennis Hohenberger (2017-06-06).
994:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
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2051:History of women in Connecticut
1559:Witch trials in the Netherlands
1250:Pappenheimer family witch trial
490:. Hartford, Conn. p. 283.
424:Wethersfield Historical Society
1712:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1505:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
1404:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
394:Support, Museum (2015-08-14).
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2036:Witch trials in North America
1938:Salem witchcraft trial (1878)
1130:Northern Moravia witch trials
1034:Northamptonshire witch trials
484:DeLoss Love, William (1914).
400:Museum of Connecticut History
160:the governor of Massachusetts
1847:accusations against children
1752:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1199:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
1052:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
974:Channel Islands Witch Trials
863:Windsor Community Television
834:Ray Cavanaugh (2017-10-26).
321:www.witchcraftandwitches.com
2046:17th century in Connecticut
1943:Witch trials in Connecticut
1169:Aix-en-Provence possessions
21:witch trials in Connecticut
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1776:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1623:Liechtenstein witch trials
1304:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
1164:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
1017:North Berwick witch trials
882:Hartford Community Courant
114:, as well as appearing in
2014:Flowing Wells witch trial
1808:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
1493:Val Camonica witch trials
1473:Witch trials in Catalonia
1381:Vardø witch trials (1621)
1124:Kasina Wielka witch trial
1063:Alloa witch trials (1658)
749:Godbeer, Richard (2005).
726:Godbeer, Richard (2005).
703:Godbeer, Richard (2005).
97:Wethersfield, Connecticut
2041:Women sentenced to death
1997:Witch trials in Maryland
1991:Witch trials in Virginia
1949:Witch trials in New York
1816:The Discovery of Witches
1688:Directorium Inquisitorum
1658:Witch trials in New York
1646:Connecticut Witch Trials
1640:Witch trials in Virginia
1478:Witch trials in Portugal
1292:Mergentheim witch trials
1286:Baden-Baden witch trials
1054:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
904:. BBC News. 27 May 2023.
420:"Governor Thomas Welles"
205:Connecticut State Senate
1913:Witch trials in America
1744:De praestigiis daemonum
1696:De maleficis mulieribus
1593:Bredevoort witch trials
1540:Witch trial of Nogaredo
1421:Kastelholm witch trials
1357:Copenhagen witch trials
1336:Witch trials in Iceland
1331:Witch trials in Finland
1321:Witch trials in Denmark
1238:Rottenburg witch trials
1232:Wiesensteig witch trial
1114:Witch trials in Hungary
1097:Islandmagee witch trial
979:Witch trials in England
1800:Compendium Maleficarum
1792:Magical Investigations
1683:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
1499:Mirandola witch trials
1483:Witch trials in Sicily
1346:Witch trials in Sweden
1341:Witch trials in Norway
1298:Esslingen witch trials
1268:Eichstätt witch trials
1226:Derenburg witch trials
1159:Witch trials in France
1119:Witch trials in Poland
464:www.usdeadlyevents.com
1859:Werewolf witch trials
1652:Maryland Witch Trials
1617:Salzburg witch trials
1534:Terrassa witch trials
1488:Witch trials in Spain
1468:Witch trials in Italy
1439:Katarina witch trials
1433:TorsĂĄker witch trials
1409:KirkjubĂłl witch trial
1386:Akershus witch trials
1274:WĂĽrzburg witch trials
1262:Ellwangen witch trial
1221:Rottweil Witch Trials
1193:Affair of the Poisons
1187:Normandy witch trials
1142:Doruchowo witch trial
199:On May 10, 2023, the
25:Hartford witch trials
2056:Connecticut folklore
1986:Sea Witch (Delaware)
1599:Roermond witch trial
1569:Stedelen witch trial
1522:Witches of LaspaĂşles
1398:Rosborg witch trials
1375:FinspĂĄng witch trial
1280:Bamberg witch trials
1181:Louviers possessions
1079:Bideford witch trial
984:Witchcraft in Orkney
962:In the British Isles
1760:Newes from Scotland
1720:Malleus Maleficarum
1581:Geneva witch trials
1575:Valais witch trials
1528:Basque witch trials
1451:Thisted witch trial
1445:RugĂĄrd witch trials
1392:Ramsele witch trial
1363:Gyldenstierne-sagen
1351:Põlula witch trials
1136:Szeged witch trials
1932:Salem witch trials
1664:Salem witch trials
1510:Lisbon witch trial
1461:In Southern Europe
1415:Vardø witch trials
1314:In Northern Europe
1256:Fulda witch trials
1244:Trier witch trials
1175:Loudun possessions
1091:Pittenweem witches
1046:Witches of Belvoir
1040:Samlesbury witches
1011:Witches of Warboys
839:The New York Times
813:The New York Times
166:, and having seen
93:Katherine Harrison
88:Katherine Harrison
36:trials, Reverends
29:Salem Witch Trials
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1611:Lukh witch trials
1107:In Eastern Europe
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150:End of the trials
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68:John Winthrop
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43:Thomas Welles
39:
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1959:Mid-Atlantic
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1784:Daemonologie
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1736:Laienspiegel
1734:
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1686:
1495:(1505, 1518)
1369:Køge Huskors
1073:Bute witches
955:Witch trials
896:
885:. Retrieved
881:
871:
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853:
842:. Retrieved
838:
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790:. Retrieved
788:. 2015-03-26
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688:November 29,
686:. Retrieved
677:
666:. Retrieved
664:. 2016-11-29
662:History Hole
661:
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641:. Retrieved
639:. 2016-11-28
636:
613:. Retrieved
610:Before Salem
609:
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545:. Retrieved
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172:Robert Fludd
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79:Mary Johnson
71:hometown of
58:
38:Samuel Stone
34:
24:
20:
18:
1999:(1654–1712)
1993:(1626–1730)
1951:(1642–1790)
1945:(1647–1663)
1934:(1692–1693)
1927:Eunice Cole
1920:New England
1704:Formicarius
1666:(1692–1693)
1660:(1642–1790)
1654:(1654–1712)
1648:(1647–1663)
1642:(1626–1730)
1625:(1679–1682)
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1246:(1581–1593)
1240:(1578–1613)
1234:(1562–1563)
1201:(1742–1745)
1195:(1679–1682)
1013:(1589–1593)
547:November 9,
196:execution.
123:Major sites
112:black magic
50:Key figures
2030:Categories
1854:Drudenhaus
1842:Witch-hunt
1550:Elsewhere
1516:Benandanti
1209:In Germany
887:2018-12-06
844:2018-11-26
792:2018-10-24
668:2018-12-13
643:2018-10-02
615:2018-09-27
542:jud.ct.gov
470:2018-09-24
429:2022-09-09
405:2022-09-09
326:2018-09-06
243:footnoting
211:References
110:and using
60:Alse Young
55:Alse Young
1976:Moll Dyer
1552:in Europe
1542:(1646–47)
1512:(1559–60)
1447:(1685–86)
1417:(1662–63)
1189:(1669–70)
1177:(1633–34)
1152:In France
1138:(1728–29)
821:848042369
637:Listverse
584:0885-4173
507:cite book
496:166621992
178:Aftermath
2007:Out West
817:ProQuest
786:Fox News
239:citation
168:John Dee
137:Hartford
64:Hartford
1835:Related
592:1134645
164:alchemy
104:Sabbath
73:Windsor
2016:(1971)
1827:(1751)
1819:(1647)
1811:(1627)
1803:(1608)
1795:(1599)
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1674:Texts
588:JSTOR
690:2023
580:ISSN
549:2020
513:link
492:OCLC
241:and
170:and
19:The
572:doi
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