136:
clergy, nobility and merchant class, and witch trials were instrumental in the persecution of
Paganism and efforts to ensure religious conformity and safeguard Christianity. In 1637, the Superintendent of the Livonian Church stated that the Consistory should persecute the widespread "Paganism, witchcraft and idolatry" still practiced by the peasantry and ordered the local vicars to report if the peasants still gathered in holy places in nature to worship Pagan gods and perform sacrifices. In 1667-68, the Church Commission performed an investigation in Southern Estonia and reported that in almost every parish, there were Pagans who gathered in holy Pagan places or houses and celebrated Pagan gods to whom they drank and performed rituals under the supervision of certain men and women who acted as Pagan priests and priestesses. Many peasants were hostile toward Christianity and refused to go to church. This Paganism was a cause of great dislike by the Christian German clergy and the German landlords, who referred to the Pagan priests and priestesses as wizards and witches and used the witch trials to exterminate Paganism and enforce Christianity upon the peasantry.
1203:
81:
from 1225, which included death by burning at the stake for sorcery. It was followed by the Riga Synod in 1428, where all
Christian priests were commanded to report anyone practicing or hiring anyone to practice Paganism or sorcery, so that they may be burned. As the documentation of the legal courts
175:
or their relatives. Men appear to have been accused about as often as women and in some regions even more often: of the 206 accused in
Estonia were the gender is known, 60 % were men. The Baltic witch trials were normally against only one or at the most four people at the same time, and large
155:
People in general does not appear to have believed in the Devil's Pact and neither the accusers, witnesses nor the accused normally mentioned Satan at all until they were interrogated by the authorities, who used torture to adjust the confessions of the accused witches to modern demonology and the
135:
A reason for the witchcraft persecutions in the region was that
Christianity was weak. Christianity had been forced upon the indigenous population by the German Baltic elite, and Paganism was still widely popular and practiced in secrecy by the peasantry. This was resented by the German language
154:
The population of
Livonia did believe in sorcery as such, but seldom in witchcraft as it was defined in the modern Christian demonology of the time. People were normally accused by their neighbors for having caused harm on them, their animals or their farm by the use of enchanted food or drink.
167:
were strong and accusations was directed toward people accused of having harmed others while in their wolfe-shape: these form of accusations were also transformed in to witch trials by the authorities, who adjusted the confessions of the accused to fit the modern
Christian witchcraft ideology.
187:
of the nobility and any crime committed by a peasant was thereby under the private jurisdiction of the local landlord, who could conduct a private trial on his or her estate. The German Baltic landlords seldom documented and preserved any protocol over the witch trials they conducted on their
191:
Of those witch trials where documentation is preserved, 140 are known in
Estonia between 1520 and 1725. Of those witchcraft executions where documentation is preserved, 65 were conducted between 1610 and 1650, of which 29 were women and 26 men.
112:
It is not until the 17th century, however, that enough documentary material is preserved to allow for a more systematic investigation of Baltic witch trials. A turning point was the publication of the German witchcraft handbook
168:
Torture was commonplace in Baltic witch trials, as was the ordeal by water, and the method of execution was to be burned alive at the stake, only in rare cases commuted to being decapitated beforehand.
1655:
132:
in 1625, which introduced the
Western European Demonology and witchcraft ideology among the local elite, thus providing an ideological foundation for witchcraft persecution in Livonia.
211:
In 1816, the farmer Jakob was whipped and four accomplices, among them "Anna wife of Vana-Harm" was reprimanded for having claimed to be able to trace thieves by use of sorcery.
200:
Torture was finally banned in
Livonia in 1686 and in Estonia in 1699. The perhaps last executions for witchcraft were the three people executed in a witch trial in
1147:
1060:
37:. They are badly documented, as many would have been conducted by the private estate courts of the landlords, which did not preserve any court protocols.
1660:
447:
437:
163:
described in the witchcraft handbooks of the continent. While the belief in
Satanic witchcraft was rare among the peasantry, however, the belief in
1226:
943:
334:
220:
204:
in 1699, the last of whom were Tattra Santi Michel. A witch trial was conducted in Dorpat in 1723, resulting in a death sentence for Wilo Ado of
1283:
325:
783:
1685:
595:
368:
966:
884:
1690:
1548:
1107:
348:
1675:
402:
188:
estates, and the result is that the majority of the Baltic witch trials are those conducted in the cities during the 17th-century.
68:
1710:
1705:
1680:
373:
1700:
1468:
938:
1720:
1670:
1411:
1091:
1341:
171:
The name of the accused are seldom documented, but the majority appear to have been elderly people of the peasantry, often
509:
413:
1361:
1131:
760:
578:
431:
353:
1609:
1386:
1715:
1533:
548:
1624:
1576:
1473:
1695:
1581:
1443:
1433:
1276:
1155:
1002:
683:
543:
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318:
1586:
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1438:
1187:
872:
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647:
503:
1503:
1463:
1423:
1326:
1614:
1518:
1513:
1488:
1195:
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1037:
1025:
1019:
857:
671:
665:
1634:
1619:
1566:
1346:
812:
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653:
1543:
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1331:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1629:
1571:
1538:
1508:
1458:
1406:
1401:
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1366:
1356:
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1336:
1321:
1123:
1075:
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754:
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611:
521:
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476:
358:
62:
in the 13th century. The Teutonic Order Christianized the territory and introduced a new Christian law, the
34:
1604:
1448:
1528:
1498:
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1428:
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102:
1523:
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1238:
1031:
996:
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572:
566:
311:
147:
794:
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659:
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363:
30:
118:
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1139:
1099:
960:
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907:
830:
771:
742:
629:
515:
160:
156:
63:
1043:
889:
635:
623:
554:
470:
425:
419:
390:
225:
990:
25:
elite of clergy, nobility and burghers against the indigenous peasantry in order to persecute
806:
384:
1243:
984:
464:
378:
748:
289:
287:
285:
283:
281:
279:
277:
275:
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269:
267:
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261:
183:
A difficulty in the research of Baltic witch trials was that the peasantry was under the
259:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
247:
245:
243:
241:
407:
77:
59:
22:
1649:
442:
123:
94:
1163:
1115:
452:
172:
295:
Skrifter. Bd. 13, Häxornas Europa 1400-1700: historiska och antropologiska studier
1083:
83:
1221:
895:
86:
is mostly lacking, it is not known if these laws resulted in any executions.
1261:
948:
164:
26:
205:
184:
98:
90:
51:
55:
1204:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
69:
208:
in Ranno, but the sentence was transformed to a prison sentence.
201:
177:
106:
33:
and witchcraft ideology. In this aspect, they are similar to the
129:
1265:
307:
303:
1595:
1557:
1299:
1214:
1053:
1012:
929:
840:
693:
588:
531:
486:
341:
180:witch trials with nine accused in 1615, was rare.
1656:Establishments in the State of the Teutonic Order
293:Ankarloo, Bengt & Henningsen, Gustav (ed.),
115:Neun AuĂźerlesen und WolgegrĂĽndete Hexen Predigt
1061:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
117:by the Superintendent of the Livonian church,
1277:
1148:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
319:
8:
89:The first confirmed witchcraft execution in
1284:
1270:
1262:
326:
312:
304:
297:, Stockholm: Nerenius & Santérus, 1987
105:in 1542, and five women executed in the
944:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
237:
221:Witch trials in the early modern period
596:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
369:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
7:
448:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
438:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
1249:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
967:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
1108:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
706:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
349:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
19:Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia
14:
403:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
1661:1723 disestablishments in Europe
374:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
939:Witch trials in the Netherlands
630:Pappenheimer family witch trial
1092:Summis desiderantes affectibus
885:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
784:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
1:
510:Northern Moravia witch trials
414:Northamptonshire witch trials
21:were mainly conducted by the
1686:Political history of Estonia
1227:accusations against children
1132:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
579:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
432:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
354:Channel Islands Witch Trials
549:Aix-en-Provence possessions
58:was occupied by the German
1737:
1156:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1003:Liechtenstein witch trials
684:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
544:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
397:North Berwick witch trials
1691:Social history of Estonia
1188:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
873:Val Camonica witch trials
853:Witch trials in Catalonia
761:Vardø witch trials (1621)
504:Kasina Wielka witch trial
443:Alloa witch trials (1658)
101:in 1527, followed by the
93:took place on the estate
1676:Legal history of Estonia
1196:The Discovery of Witches
1068:Directorium Inquisitorum
1038:Witch trials in New York
1026:Connecticut Witch Trials
1020:Witch trials in Virginia
858:Witch trials in Portugal
672:Mergentheim witch trials
666:Baden-Baden witch trials
434:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
50:The area of present day
1711:17th century in Estonia
1706:16th century in Estonia
1681:Legal history of Latvia
1293:Witch trials in Europe
1124:De praestigiis daemonum
1076:De maleficis mulieribus
973:Bredevoort witch trials
920:Witch trial of Nogaredo
801:Kastelholm witch trials
737:Copenhagen witch trials
716:Witch trials in Iceland
711:Witch trials in Finland
701:Witch trials in Denmark
618:Rottenburg witch trials
612:Wiesensteig witch trial
494:Witch trials in Hungary
477:Islandmagee witch trial
359:Witch trials in England
109:witch trials of 1588
35:Witch trials in Iceland
1701:Witch trials in Europe
1342:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1180:Compendium Maleficarum
1172:Magical Investigations
1063:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
879:Mirandola witch trials
863:Witch trials in Sicily
726:Witch trials in Sweden
721:Witch trials in Norway
678:Esslingen witch trials
648:Eichstätt witch trials
606:Derenburg witch trials
539:Witch trials in France
499:Witch trials in Poland
75:, based on the German
1721:Persecution of Pagans
1671:Early modern politics
1239:Werewolf witch trials
1032:Maryland Witch Trials
997:Salzburg witch trials
914:Terrassa witch trials
868:Witch trials in Spain
848:Witch trials in Italy
819:Katarina witch trials
813:TorsĂĄker witch trials
789:KirkjubĂłl witch trial
766:Akershus witch trials
654:WĂĽrzburg witch trials
642:Ellwangen witch trial
601:Rottweil Witch Trials
573:Affair of the Poisons
567:Normandy witch trials
522:Doruchowo witch trial
148:Werewolf witch trials
979:Roermond witch trial
949:Stedelen witch trial
902:Witches of LaspaĂşles
778:Rosborg witch trials
755:FinspĂĄng witch trial
660:Bamberg witch trials
561:Louviers possessions
459:Bideford witch trial
364:Witchcraft in Orkney
342:In the British Isles
176:trials, such as the
31:Christian demonology
1558:States with limited
1140:Newes from Scotland
1100:Malleus Maleficarum
961:Geneva witch trials
955:Valais witch trials
908:Basque witch trials
831:Thisted witch trial
825:RugĂĄrd witch trials
772:Ramsele witch trial
743:Gyldenstierne-sagen
731:Põlula witch trials
516:Szeged witch trials
103:Põlula witch trials
1716:History of Livonia
1044:Salem witch trials
890:Lisbon witch trial
841:In Southern Europe
795:Vardø witch trials
694:In Northern Europe
636:Fulda witch trials
624:Trier witch trials
555:Loudun possessions
471:Pittenweem witches
426:Witches of Belvoir
420:Samlesbury witches
391:Witches of Warboys
226:Modern witch-hunts
1696:Trials in Estonia
1643:
1642:
1259:
1258:
1013:Outside of Europe
991:Lukh witch trials
487:In Eastern Europe
1728:
1666:Early modern law
1596:Dependencies and
1300:Sovereign states
1286:
1279:
1272:
1263:
807:Mora witch trial
385:St Osyth Witches
328:
321:
314:
305:
298:
291:
161:Sabbath of Satan
127:
74:
71:
1736:
1735:
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1725:
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1597:
1591:
1577:Northern Cyprus
1559:
1553:
1474:North Macedonia
1295:
1290:
1260:
1255:
1244:Witchcraft Acts
1210:
1049:
1008:
985:Spa witch trial
931:
925:
836:
689:
584:
527:
482:
465:Paisley witches
379:Windsor Witches
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1598:other entities
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1549:United Kingdom
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1362:Czech Republic
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481:
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474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
408:Pendle witches
405:
400:
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376:
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366:
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236:
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216:
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197:
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152:
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119:Hermann Samson
78:Sachsenspiegel
60:Teutonic Order
47:
44:
42:
39:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1733:
1722:
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1610:Faroe Islands
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:South Ossetia
1580:
1578:
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1568:
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1434:Liechtenstein
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23:Baltic German
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1587:Transnistria
1202:
1194:
1186:
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1170:
1164:Daemonologie
1162:
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1116:Laienspiegel
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
875:(1505, 1518)
749:Køge Huskors
705:
453:Bute witches
335:Witch trials
294:
210:
199:
190:
182:
173:cunning folk
170:
157:Devil's Pact
153:
145:
140:Witch trials
134:
114:
111:
88:
76:
64:Livonian Law
49:
18:
17:
15:
1625:Isle of Man
1560:recognition
1534:Switzerland
1469:Netherlands
1084:Formicarius
1046:(1692–1693)
1040:(1642–1790)
1034:(1654–1712)
1028:(1647–1663)
1022:(1626–1730)
1005:(1679–1682)
999:(1675–1681)
993:(1656–1660)
969:(1591–1595)
957:(1428–1447)
951:(1397–1407)
916:(1615–1619)
898:(1575–1650)
881:(1522–1525)
833:(1696–1698)
803:(1665–1668)
780:(1639–1642)
751:(1608–1615)
680:(1662–1666)
674:(1628–1631)
668:(1627–1631)
662:(1626–1631)
656:(1626–1631)
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638:(1603–1606)
626:(1581–1593)
620:(1578–1613)
614:(1562–1563)
581:(1742–1745)
575:(1679–1682)
393:(1589–1593)
122: [
84:Middle Ages
67: [
1650:Categories
1504:San Marino
1464:Montenegro
1444:Luxembourg
1424:Kazakhstan
1327:Azerbaijan
1234:Drudenhaus
1222:Witch-hunt
930:Elsewhere
896:Benandanti
589:In Germany
232:References
165:werewolves
46:Background
29:by use of
1615:Gibraltar
1439:Lithuania
932:in Europe
922:(1646–47)
892:(1559–60)
827:(1685–86)
797:(1662–63)
569:(1669–70)
557:(1633–34)
532:In France
518:(1728–29)
146:See also
82:from the
1635:Svalbard
1620:Guernsey
1567:Abkhazia
1519:Slovenia
1514:Slovakia
1489:Portugal
1347:Bulgaria
215:See also
97:outside
70:Wikidata
27:Paganism
1544:Ukraine
1494:Romania
1454:Moldova
1412:Ireland
1407:Iceland
1402:Hungary
1392:Germany
1387:Georgia
1377:Finland
1372:Estonia
1367:Denmark
1352:Croatia
1337:Belgium
1332:Belarus
1322:Austria
1317:Armenia
1312:Andorra
1307:Albania
1215:Related
206:Valguta
196:The end
185:serfdom
91:Livonia
52:Estonia
41:History
1630:Jersey
1572:Kosovo
1539:Turkey
1529:Sweden
1509:Serbia
1499:Russia
1484:Poland
1479:Norway
1459:Monaco
1429:Latvia
1397:Greece
1382:France
1357:Cyprus
1207:(1751)
1199:(1647)
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1135:(1584)
1127:(1563)
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686:(1703)
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455:(1662)
428:(1619)
422:(1612)
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399:(1590)
387:(1582)
381:(1579)
202:Dorpat
56:Latvia
1605:Ă…land
1524:Spain
1449:Malta
1419:Italy
1054:Texts
178:Paide
126:]
107:Juuru
99:Reval
73:]
159:and
130:Riga
95:Saku
54:and
128:in
1652::
240:^
124:et
1285:e
1278:t
1271:v
327:e
320:t
313:v
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