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accused relates to the specific nature of the legal system in Russia and claims that a new legal definition of magic introduced in 1716 in the military code was a crucial factor. After the legislation the number of accusations of witchcraft increased significantly amongst soldiers and government officials. Before that, anti-witch laws had the primary function of protecting the Tsar and the main categories of accused were clergymen - usually minor rural clergy or people associated with them - and members of the court or tsarist administration. Magic was practiced by both genders at all levels of society from the earliest historical times, and the statistical advantage of convicted men was due to conflicts in male-dominated areas. When women were accused, they were related to the same categories; they were often wives of soldiers or clergymen or were in some way connected with the court or important figures of the state. According to this theory, witch-hunts in Russia can be interpreted as a political rather than a religious phenomenon.
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trials is not known. Some scholars speak of 99 cases between 1622 and 1700, others of 136. There is no complete number of those accused of sorcery in Russia, not all cases were referred by the local courts to the central court. The majority of cases were small trials with only one accused sorcerer, but there were bigger trials, such as three with over one hundred witnesses.
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However, that the majority of witch trials did not concern demonic magic did not mean cases of demonic magic was nonexistent. It used to be believed that demonic magic was unknown in Russia, however this theory has been since challenged. It was certainly present, albeit of less importance. During the
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to persecute
Paganism and introduce the death penalty for pagans such as the sorcerers, astrologers and fortune tellers, and allow for the church to banish them and the secular courts to execute them. Ivan the Terrible did not introduce the death penalty for sorcery, but he banned the use of magic
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and viewed the eradication of it as a form of
Christianization against traces of pre-Christian religion, and not as persecutions of people who had made a pact with Satan, and there was no or weak belief in witches who made a pact with the Devil and attended a Witches' Sabbath, only in people - men
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Russia were different in character than the witch trials in Roman
Catholic and Protestant Europe due to the differing cultural and religious background. It is often treated as an exception to modern theories of witch-hunts, due to the perceived difference in scale, the gender distribution of those
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There was a belief that some people had the ability to use the mystic powers of nature to perform magic, which could be used for both good and evil purposes, but there was little connection made between sorcery and the Devil. Similar to the churches of Europe, the
Russian Orthodox church strongly
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While the percentage of accused female witches exceeded 75% in most regions of Europe, Russia in this respect, along with
Scandinavian countries, is a clear exception: in the years 1622–1700 68% of those accused were men. One theory suggests that the reason for the predominance of men among the
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In 1906 Russian scholar
Nikolai Iakovlevich Novombergski published a collection of 17th-century protocols from the Moscow witchcraft trials, which to this day is the most comprehensive source of knowledge about Russian witchcraft. Due to little other documentation the true scale of Russian witch
177:. Sorcery or witchcraft was defined similarly as in Europe and defined as weather magic, fortune telling, dream interpretation, herbal medicine and chants, but the form of magic which was normally the focus of witch trials were magic which had been used to cause harm and were referred to as
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made it clear after her accession to the throne that the death penalty should no longer be used against people convicted of the fraud of sorcery, and from 1775 formally transferred the crime to be handled only by a so-called trial of conscience,
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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Kivelson, V. 1991. Through the Prism of
Witchcraft: Gender and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Muscovy Russia’s Women Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation ed. Clements B. Alpern Engel B. Worobec
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Zguta, Russell. "Witchcraft Trials in
Seventeenth-Century Russia." The American Historical Review, vol. 82, no. 5, 1977, pp. 1187–1207. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1856344. Accessed 19 Apr. 2021.
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Ryan. W. F. 1998. The
Witchcraft Hysteria in Early Modern Europe: Was Russia an Exception? The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 49-84
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introduced the death penalty for all form of
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Lukh trial, one local governor reported the accusation of a man with a cross under his heel who was said to have used satanic rituals to cast spells.
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and authorized secular courts to prosecute it as a crime. In a Decree of 1648, the Tsar
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Levack, B. 2006 The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe. Pearson Education Limited, p. 142
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kept the death penalty for sorcery in the law of 1716. In 1731, empress
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2019:
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1892:Pendle witches
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738:Highest points
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681:Extreme points
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494:Russian Empire
491:
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262:sovestnye sudy
249:Anna of Russia
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150:
147:
116:
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111:
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103:
92:
70:
67:
56:
49:
30:
29:
28:
26:
19:
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10:
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3:
2:
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3094:Faroe Islands
3092:
3090:
3087:
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3078:
3072:
3069:
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3066:South Ossetia
3064:
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2240:
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2201:
2198:
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2176:
2169:
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2160:
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2133:
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2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
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2103:
2100:
2097:
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2078:
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2061:
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2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
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1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Seven Wonders
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Playing cards
1690:
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1397:
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1392:
1388:
1387:Mental health
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Ethnic groups
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
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1068:
1066:
1063:
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1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Civil defense
1048:
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1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
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1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Media freedom
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
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963:
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951:
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936:
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920:
916:
913:
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908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Criminal code
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Civil Service
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
839:
835:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
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798:
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766:
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729:
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712:
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556:
553:
549:
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541:
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536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
524:
522:
521:Russian state
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
488:
485:
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411:
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397:
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385:
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355:
352:
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340:
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263:
258:
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250:
246:
238:
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229:
227:
220:
218:
216:
211:
203:
201:
197:
194:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
174:charodeivstvo
169:
163:
157:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
108:
104:
101:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
3071:Transnistria
2982:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2648:Daemonologie
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2600:Laienspiegel
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2359:(1505, 1518)
2233:Køge Huskors
1937:Bute witches
1819:Witch trials
1665:Coat of arms
1625:Martial arts
1533:Army culture
1523:Architecture
1493:Witch trials
1492:
1448:Prostitution
1394:Human rights
1327:Demographics
1241:Trade unions
1211:Shipbuilding
1171:Homelessness
1131:Central Bank
1126:Car industry
965:Conservatism
875:Constitution
870:Conscription
543:Eastern Bloc
533:Soviet Union
526:Russian SFSR
456:Feudal Rus'
354:
332:
261:
242:
233:
224:
207:
198:
189:
182:
178:
152:
122:witch trials
121:
119:
82:edit summary
73:
42:(April 2021)
40:
32:
3109:Isle of Man
3044:recognition
3018:Switzerland
2953:Netherlands
2568:Formicarius
2530:(1692–1693)
2524:(1642–1790)
2518:(1654–1712)
2512:(1647–1663)
2506:(1626–1730)
2489:(1679–1682)
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1717:tea culture
1570:Fairy tales
1433:Open access
1406:Immigration
1367:Gun control
1106:Agriculture
1075:Term limits
985:Martial law
980:Nationalism
975:Irredentism
970:Imperialism
753:Caspian Sea
669:Environment
664:Earthquakes
560:Union State
548:Dissolution
447:Kievan Rus'
437:Early Slavs
3134:Categories
2988:San Marino
2948:Montenegro
2928:Luxembourg
2908:Kazakhstan
2811:Azerbaijan
2718:Drudenhaus
2706:Witch-hunt
2414:Elsewhere
2380:Benandanti
2073:In Germany
1722:Television
1697:Philosophy
1630:Mass media
1620:Literature
1615:Inventions
1377:Healthcare
1312:Corruption
1302:Censorship
1193:(currency)
1070:Separatism
1015:Opposition
1000:Neo-Nazism
990:Monarchism
960:Liberalism
955:Propaganda
915:Government
782:North Asia
583:Journalism
442:East Slavs
432:Sarmatians
290:References
221:Occurrence
184:maleficium
168:koldovstvo
149:Witchcraft
131:demonology
37:in Swedish
3099:Gibraltar
2923:Lithuania
2416:in Europe
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2016:In France
2002:(1728–29)
1580:Festivals
1473:Sociology
1423:Languages
1342:Education
1246:Transport
1080:Terrorism
925:Judiciary
919:Apparatus
885:Elections
850:Anarchism
824:Far North
775:Volcanoes
760:Mountains
637:Geography
516:Civil war
427:Scythians
100:talk page
3119:Svalbard
3104:Guernsey
3051:Abkhazia
3003:Slovenia
2998:Slovakia
2973:Portugal
2831:Bulgaria
1772:Category
1650:Nobility
1610:Internet
1605:Heraldry
1600:Graffiti
1585:Folklore
1528:Armorial
1458:Religion
1443:Polygamy
1382:HIV/AIDS
1362:Funerals
1352:Feminism
1322:Deafness
1307:Citizens
1297:Cannabis
1282:Abortion
1226:Taxation
1166:Gambling
1156:Forestry
1005:Military
838:Politics
819:Wildlife
765:Caucasus
728:Glaciers
608:Military
593:Internet
571:By topic
465:Vladimir
460:Novgorod
414:Timeline
268:See also
193:Paganism
126:Orthodox
76:provide
3028:Ukraine
2978:Romania
2938:Moldova
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2891:Iceland
2886:Hungary
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2871:Georgia
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2806:Austria
2801:Armenia
2796:Andorra
2791:Albania
2699:Related
1763:Outline
1575:Fashion
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1503:in army
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1463:Slavery
1438:Orphans
1411:Illegal
1287:Alcohol
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1116:Banking
1094:Economy
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787:Siberia
743:Islands
723:Geology
659:Climate
649:Borders
613:Outline
588:Judaism
578:Economy
405:History
239:The end
98:to the
80:in the
39:.
3114:Jersey
3056:Kosovo
3023:Turkey
3013:Sweden
2993:Serbia
2983:Russia
2968:Poland
2963:Norway
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1777:Portal
1732:Sports
1660:Anthem
1548:Cinema
1543:Ballet
1453:Racism
1416:Labour
1372:Health
1337:Doping
1191:Ruble
1176:Mining
1146:Energy
809:Rivers
718:Fjords
618:Postal
470:Moscow
396:Russia
230:Gender
179:porcha
162:ved'ma
3089:Åland
3008:Spain
2933:Malta
2903:Italy
2538:Texts
1682:Opera
1635:Music
1498:Women
1399:LGBTQ
1317:Crime
1251:Waste
770:Urals
748:Lakes
253:fraud
243:Tsar
156:vedun
139:Satan
135:witch
133:of a
60:DeepL
1670:Flag
1558:Wine
1538:Arts
603:LGBT
487:Army
120:The
74:must
72:You
53:View
930:Law
171:or
124:in
62:or
3136::
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